Palm Oil Processing Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING NEEDS OF SMALL-SCALE OIL PALM PROCESSORS IN IKWERRE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

The study assessed the training needs of small-scale oil palm processors in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. In conducting the study, multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 80 oil palm processors. Data collection were through structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and percentage while ordinary least square multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis formulated for the study. Findings show that the mean age of the oil palm processors was 42.68 years. The mean farm size of the oil palm processors in the study area was 0.69 hectares and the mean household size was 6 persons per household. The mean monthly income of the respondents was N43,603.86 per month and the mean years of processing experience of the respondents was 11.63 years. Findings also reveal that skimming (x= 3.99), accessing loans and grants (x= 3.91), sterilization (x= 3.89), threshing (x= 3.88), digestion (x= 3.86), access to improved oil palm seeds (= 3.81), filtering (x= 3.79), mechanized boiling (x= 3.73), packaging and branding of palm oil (x= 3.71), extraction (x= 3.68) and training on marketing and management skills (x= 3.61) were the training needs of oil palm processors in the study area. The study also reveals that the age of respondents (-2.396**), level of education (2.844***) and farming experience (2.437**) significantly influenced the training needs of small-scale oil palm processors in oil palm processing in the study area. The study concluded that small scale oil palm processors were highly in need of training in various areas such as skimming, sterilization, threshing, digestion, access to improved oil palm seeds, filtering, mechanized boiling, packaging and branding of palm oil, extraction and training on marketing and management skills. The study recommended that the extension agencies should intensify efforts in educating small scale oil palm processors through workshops, seminars and farmer trainings on their identified training needs especially in the areas of accessing improved oil palm seeds and the use of improved oil processing techniques.

Promoting Circular Economy in the Palm Oil Industry through Biogas Codigestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Empty Fruit Bunch Pressed Wastewater

This research aimed to investigate the biogas production and circular economy perspective in the palm oil industry through codigestion of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) pressing wastewater and palm oil mill effluent (POME). The EFB pressing method constitutes an alternative new technology used to extract the remaining oil, increasing palm oil product; however, it produces highly polluted wastewater. Batch experiments were carried out at 35 °C to investigate the optimal ratios of EFB wastewater, inoculums, and POME. The optimal condition was 45% POME + 50% seed + 5% EFB wastewater. This condition was then used in semicontinuous fermentation where the optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) totaled 25 days. The accumulated biogas was 18,679 mL/L while the accumulated methane totaled 6778 mL/L. The methane content was 62%, and the COD removal efficiency was 67%. The sludge produced from the HRT 25-days digester complied with the organic compost standard which could be further used to nourish the soil. An economic analysis of the EFB pressing project revealed a higher internal rate ratio with shorter payback compared with the conventional process. These results provide information on the circular economic approach to promote sustainable palm oil processing.

Bagaimana Harga Komoditas Unggulan dan Volume Ekspor Sumatera Selatan sebelum dan saat Pandemi Covid - 19

This research is not only aimed at analyzing whether there are significant differences in the price levels of world rubber and palm oil commodities, and the value of exports in South Sumatra. But also, to find out how the influence of world rubber and palm prices on export levels in South Sumatra. The data in this study are monthly data on world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export values before the pandemic (January 2018 - February 2020) and data on world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export values during the pandemic (March 2020 – April 2022). Data analysis techniques in this study used SPSS and Eviews. This study uses SPSS in conducting an independent sample t-test to find out differences in world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export values before and during the pandemic. Meanwhile, to find out whether there is an effect of world rubber prices and world palm prices on export levels in South Sumatra, a multiple regression test was carried out using Eviews. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in world rubber prices, world palm prices, and South Sumatra's export levels before and during the Covid-19 outbreak. Based on the results of the regression test, world rubber prices have an effect on export levels in South Sumatra, while world palm prices have no significant effect on export levels in South Sumatra. However, world rubber prices and world palm prices simultaneously affect the level of exports in South Sumatra. The government is expected to be able to support the development of downstream rubber and palm oil processing industries in order to increase the added value of rubber and palm products, increase production of rubber and palm oil, and export activities.

INOVASI MODEL KEMITRAAN USAHA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT BERBASIS BUDAYA LOKAL DI KONAWE UTARA

The aims of the study: (1) to identify partnership patterns between land-owning smallholders and oil palm plantation companies in North Konawe, and (2) to design a fair partnership model with the principle of equality in order to improve the welfare of oil palm smallholders in North Konawe. The data collection method was carried out by interviewing farmers and company managers and focus group discussions (FGD). Data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive and system approach. The research results can be explained as follows: There are 2 (two) plantation partnership patterns between smallholders and oil palm companies in North Konawe, namely the nucleus-plasma partnership pattern between oil palm smallholders and state plantation companies (PTPN-14) and the one-roof partnership pattern with the profit sharing 40:60 between farmers and private companies (PT SPLi and PT DJL). This pattern shows many weaknesses, including not considering land productivity, farmer's land is not counted as capital, price and production information is not known to farmers quickly and openly, there is no increase in farmer capacity both in plantation management and in social and institutional strengthening. In PKS partnerships, farmers are given access to share ownership (maximum 49%) to obtain additional benefits from increasing the added value of palm oil processing. The partnership model offered to increase the institutional effectiveness of managing the oil palm plantation business in North Konawe is corporate farming by utilizing the culture and local wisdom of the community, especially the Tolaki ethnic group.

Fractionation of Oil Palm Fiber Using Green Solvent for Lignin Separation

Oil palm processing produces more than 70-wt% of its lignocellulosic content as by-product, the bulk of which is empty fruit bunches (EFB). EFB contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which makes it a potential source of bio-based chemicals. This research explores the utilization of ethanol as a potentially green, sustainable, and low-cost organic solvent (organosolv) for EFB fractionation. Organosolv processes target extraction of lignin (delignification). Conventional delignification use an acid hydrolysis process with lignin yields of approximately 18-wt%. In this study the EFB was treated in 2 stages, (1) soaking EFB for 1 hour followed by (2) delignification using ethanol as the organic solvent under variable process conditions. Temperature (140°C, 170°C), liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S-w/w) (6:1, 15:1), and wt%-ethanol (20-wt%, 50-wt%) were varied while residence time was constant at 30 minutes (experiments were run in duplicate). Data analysis using 2k Factorial Design Method showed the significant variables were temperature, L/S-ratio, wt%-ethanol, interaction of L/S ratio and temperature, temperature and %wt-ethanol interaction, and L/S-ratio and %wt-ethanol. The optimum operating conditions (170°C, 15:1, 20wt%-ethanol) produced a lignin yield of up to 31%wt. This preliminary study shows ethanol in an organosolv process is a potential delignification option.

DETERMINANTS OF GENDER ROLES AND DECISION MAKING IN SMALL-HOLDER PALM OIL PRODUCTION IN POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN DELTA STATE

Palm oil production in Nigeria is mainly by traditional methods. Its high dietary content has made it an increasingly demanded household edible oil. Beyond the immediate palm oil productivity challenges, the Covid-19 pandemic created gaps in resource delivery across the supply value chain. Determinants of gender roles and decision-making in the palm oil production process are the focus of this article. Four randomly selected LGAs in Delta State were covered. A total of 160 palm oil processors (80 males and 80 females) were selected. Frequencies, percentages, and pie charts were employed in analyzing the data. The genderactivity profile showed that fruits sterilization (81.2%), milling (70%), preservation (90 %), and marketing (90.6%) were mainly female dominated while bunch harvesting (98.7%), quartering of the bunch (98.1 %) and stripping (61.9 %) were predominantly male activities

The Effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Supplementation on Post-Weaning Goat Performance

Palm oil mill effluent (POME), which is the one of by-product of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) processing, contains high nutrients and has the potential as an animal feed ingredient. This study aims to determine how supplementation of POME in the ration affects feed consumption, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in post-weaning goats. Thirteen Bligon goats were divided into two groups, the control group was given forage and concentrate feed, and the treatment group was supplemented with 10% POME. The study was conducted for one month. The data studied were feed consumption, ADG, and FCR. Data analysis using T-Test. The results showed that the dry matter consumption of the treatment group compared to the control group was 0,53 ± 0,02 vs 0,39 ± 0,02 kg/head/day 63,07 ± 3,72 vs 55,34 ± 3,31 g/ kg0,75, crude protein consumption was 0,07 ± 0,04 vs 0,05 ± 0,04 kg/head/day 7,85 ± 0,46 vs 6,52 ± 0,36 g/ kg0,75, total digestible nutrients consumption was 0,30 ± 0,01 vs 0,22 ± 0,01 kg/head/day 35,47 ± 2,09 vs 31,05 ± 1,77 g/ kg0,75 (P<0.05), ADG was 67,85 ± 19,42 vs 55,61 ± 10,68 g/head/day (P<0,05) and FCR was 8,54 ± 2,85 vs 7,44 ± 2,03 (P>0,05). In conclusion, the supplementation of POME significantly improves the performance of weaning Bligon goats so that they can be used as supplementation feed to reduce production costs.

SISTEM INFORMASI MONITORING STOK MOTOR LISTRIK ALAT PRODUKSI BERBASIS MOBILE ANDROID

PT. Musim Mas is a business entity engaged in the processing of palm oil and soap in the city of Medan. In carrying out the processing, PT. Musim Mas uses several means of production. Every production tool used requires an electric motor to drive the tool, so PT. Musim Mas must provide stock of the electric motorbikes that will be used. In processing electric motor stock data, PT. Musim Mas still uses the manual method. Electric motor stock data is recorded and processed in a book by officers. In this way, the problem persists. Recording and processing data requires a significant investment of time and effort on the part of staff. The author conducted research to design an Android-based mobile information system that can be used to process and record electric motor stock. The waterfall method is used for system development, while the Kodular framework and Airtable database are used to build information systems. With this information system, it can help the warehouse staff of PT. Musim Mas in processing and recording as well as facilitate monitoring the stock of electric motor online via an Android smartphone.

Free Fatty Acid Formation Points in Palm Oil Processing and the Impact on Oil Quality

Background: The level of free fatty acids (FFAs) is an important oil quality index that is consistently measured at mills and refineries to ensure that palm oil is within specification limits. FFAs can accumulate at any point throughout the process, for example, during fresh fruit bunch (FFB) harvesting or during the mill process before sterilisation. Another key contributor to FFA build-up is loose fruit (LF), which is collected following FFB harvesting and is commonly processed together with FFB into crude palm oil (CPO) at the mill. The aim of this study was to identify pivotal points of FFA formation during the process of crude palm oil production. Results: The present study shows that the highest FFA accumulation occurred during the conveying process at the mill before sterilisation due to significant fruit damage. The rapid formation of FFA occurred during the first 15 min of oil palm fruit bruising. A minimum temperature of 60 °C for one hour was needed to deactivate the lipase activity, which is responsible for FFA formation. Blending high-FFA CPO with standard CPO affected indices of palm oil quality, such as the deteriorated peroxide value (PV) and anisidine value (AV), and particularly worsened the bleachability index (DOBI). Conclusions: This study suggests that the conveyor system in the mill could be the prime area to focus on in terms of FFA reduction, along with minimising bruising events. In addition, loose fruits (LF) with high FFA content should be processed separately from FFB, and high-FFA CPO derived from LF should not be mixed with standard CPO.

Enabling chlorophyll photo-response for in-line real-time noninvasive direct probing of the quality of palm-oil during mill process

During the milling process of palm oil, the degree of palm fruit ripeness is a critical factor that affects the quality and quantity of the oil. As the palm fruit matures, its chlorophyll level decreases, and since chlorophyll in oil has undesirable effects on hydrogenation, bleachability, and oxidative degradation, it’s important to monitor the chlorophyll content in palm oil during the milling process. This study investigated the use of light-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LICF) for non-invasive and real-time monitoring of chlorophyll content in diluted crude palm oil (DCO) located at the dilution and oil classification point in palm oil mill. An LICF probe was installed at the secondary pipe connected to main DCO pipeline, and the system communicates with a computer located in a separate control room via a Wi-Fi connection. Continuous measurements were recorded with an integration time of 500 ms, averaging of 10, and a time interval of 1 min between each recording during the oil mill’s operation. All data were stored on the computer and in the cloud. We collected 60 DCO samples and sent them to the laboratory for American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) measurement to compare with the LICF signal. The LICF method achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.88 with the AOCS measurements, and it also provided a direct, quantitative, and unbiased assessment of the fruit ripeness in the mill. By incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and cloud storage, this LICF system enables remote and real-time access to data for chemometrics analysis.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Edible Palm Oil Adultrated with Plant Dye: Experimental Investigation

From generation to generation, edible palm oil has been a staple of the human diet and has improved both nutrition and health. The goal of the current research was to determine whether it was possible to tamper with palm oil by adding natural potash (lake salt) and red dye made from the leaf sheath of sorghum bicolor. In order to create tainted palm oil with known concentrations and adulterant ratios, concentrations of potash and red dye ranging from 0.01-0.1% and 0.1-1.0%, respectively, were produced in water and added to fresh palm oil at oil/adulterant ratios ranging from 10:1-10:10. Adulterated samples underwent visual inspection for appearance, as well as sensory evaluation for quality indicators. Even at concentrations below 0.01%, the addition of potash caused the typical orange red hue of palm oil to become yellowish red, and it also produced a product with improved consistency. Zn 8.060.06, Cd 1.010.05, Ni 1.000.00, Co 125.910.09, Pb 9.300.07 Cobalt, Lead, and other heavy metals were found to be over the detectable level of the WHO standard, whereas Cd and Ni were within the permissibility limit. The findings of this study suggest that if sufficient oversight is not provided by regulatory bodies, palm oil might pose a risk to the public's health. As a result, from the point of production to the point of consumption, our local processed palm oil has to be better screened.

Protection coordination analysis applied at biogas power generation plant

Biogas from liquid waste from palm oil processing, palm oil mill effluent (POME), can be utilized in biogas power plants as a source of renewable energy (PLTBg). The PLTBg electrical system is equipped with a coordinated protection system. Then, the protection system must also maintain the continuity of electrical service in parts that are not affected by disturbances. Coordination of the protection system is essential. In this research, the electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) carries out the short circuit current analysis, and the coordination of overcurrent protection is constructed from its inverse-definite minimum time characteristics. The analyzed data contributed to selecting the right protection devices. A combination of overcurrent protection, directional protection, and frequency protection change rate supported a reliable electrical power system for a biogas power generation plant as distributed generation. The result shows that modern microprocessor-based protection relays support several protection features in one device and can be integrated into a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)-controlled protection system to enhance their capabilities.

Pendampingan Pembuatan Gula Merah Berbahan Nira Batang Kelapa Sawit di Desa Sei Musam, Kecamatan Sei Batang Serangan

Community service is carried out as part of the implementation of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education which aims to assist the community in increasing knowledge and skills in the field of making brown sugar that utilizes the sap of palm oil stems. Oil palm stem sap can be processed into brown sugar which is an alternative for processing palm oil waste in Sei Musam Village, Sei Batang Serangan District, Langkat Regency. The method of implementing this community service activity is in the form of assistance to brown sugar producers in the form of technology transfer, management, and equipment support. Assistance activities carried out for 2 (two) days. The result of the mentoring activities is an increase in palm sap processing skills, and an increased understanding of business management, especially in financial governance with simple bookkeeping. Assistance to brown sugar artisans needs to be done considering the quality of brown sugar produced so far is still low and the shape of the brown sugar produced is not uniform. The assistance team provided equipment in the form of a brown sugar molding tool to produce a uniform brown sugar mold so that when it is packaged it looks neat for marketing. From the community service activities that have been carried out, it shows that the craftsmen are able and successful in making brown sugar uniform shapes and are able to calculate the cost of producing brown sugar from palm oil stem sap.

TRAINING ON ANIMAL FEED PROCESSING AND TREATMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS IN PALM INTEGRATED CATTLE FARMING AREA IN WEST KALIMANTAN

West Kalimantan Province is one of the provinces that has a large area of oil palm plantations which can become integrated cattle farms. Oil palm plantations provide a source of feed that comes from palm oil processing waste and green grass around the oil palm trees. However, this waste contained not sufficient nutrients if given directly, so needed feed processing to increase the nutrition. The community service team from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga carried out activities to increase the knowledge and skills of farmers in processing palm oil waste feed and carried out reproductive examination activities on female cattle. The output target to be achieved is increasing the ability of farmers to make feed from palm oil waste that can sufficient for livestock nutritional needs and increased of reproductive health of cows. This activity held on 20 – 23 July 2023 in Tonang Village, District. Sengah Temila, Kab. Landak, West Kalimantan. The activity was attended by 40 participants consisting of breeders, medical officers and veterinarians from the Dinas Ketahanan Pangan, Pertanian dan Perikanan Kabupaten Landak dan Dinas Perkebunan dan Peternakan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. The first day's activities were carried out by delivering outreach and training materials on processing palm oil waste feed through silage and fermentation methods, making UMB and UMMB, and carrying out reproductive examinations and treatment of female cattle. The outcomes that have been achieved include increasing farmers' understanding and skills regarding how to make silage and palm frond fermentation, as well as UMB and UMMB as additional feed. Health and reproductive disorders examination of female cattle were carried out on 2 female cattle belonging to the Koperasi Produsen Landak Mandiri and 17 female cattle belonging to the Alam Raya Hijau Group. Based on the examination, data was obtained that 7 cows were pregnant, 1 cow had endometritis, and 11 cows were declared to be in normal reproductive condition. The conclusion that can be drawn from this activity is that the participants' knowledge about the given topic increases and the reproductive health of female cattle can be handled with appropriate examination and treatment.

Perception and adoption of free fatty acid reduction techniques by small scale palm oil processors: Evidence from Ghana

The study examined the perception of small-scale palm oil processors on safe processing practices and the factors influencing the adoption of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) reduction techniques in Ghana using cross-sectional data from a census of 99 palm oil processors who had received training on safe processing practices. The Logit model and Kendal's coefficient of concordance were used in analyzing the factors influencing the adoption of FFA reduction techniques as well as constraints in producing safe palm oil. The findings indicated that the adoption of FFA reduction techniques was influenced by age, experience in processing palm oil, source of fresh fruit bunches for processing, perception on regular training for processors and perception on using improved technology for palm oil processing. Most palm oil processors are also challenged with financial and marketing constraints for the processing of quality palm oil. The study recommends that government and other stakeholders should come up with opportunities that can help processors of palm oil access credit. The study makes a contribution to the body of knowledge on palm oil processing by enhancing the understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of FFA reduction procedures as well as constraints to producing safe palm oil.

NIGERIAN PALM OIL: QUALITY DISPARITY, CONTAMINATION AND PROCESSING WASTES HANDLING

The review article intended to provide an overview of quality variation and various contaminants in locally processed palm oil (PO). The paper also deliberates on the pros and cons of wastes generated during PO processing. There is a serious concern about the quality and safety of crude PO in Nigeria resulting from poor quality raw materials, inadequate processing know-how, inappropriate packaging and storage facilities, poor handling and transportation system and more importantly adulteration by producers and marketers. Wide disparities in the chemical and physical composition were reported in the literature. This may result from the variations in the chemical composition of the palm fruit, environmental factors, variation in processing operations which is determined by the location and abuse during handling and transportation. Microbial contamination is the foremost safety challenge in Nigerian crude PO processing. Higher microbial counts and the presence of toxic microorganisms including aflatoxins-producing fungi were reported by many researchers. Oil palm production in contaminated soil account for PO heavy metals contamination, though, heavy metals contamination below permissible limits was reported in most cases. Wastes generated from PO processing can be detrimental to the environment. Alternately, various benefits can be derived from the proper handling and utilisation of PO processing wastes. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a good substrate for the production of organic manure, biomolecules and amendment of oil-contaminated soil. Recommendations on how to tackle various challenges along the PO supply chain were presented at the end of the paper.

The Potential Utilization of Oil Palm Production Waste at PT. Tata Hamparan Eka Persada

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the commodities that is expected to increase the economic income of the community, especially plantation farmers. The palm oil industry in Bangka district in 2020 is 41.88 thousand tons. The production process of crude palm oil produces waste that has the potential to pollute the environment, namely solid waste and liquid waste. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains methane gas (CH4) which has the potential to be a source of energy that can be processed into biogas and solid waste in the form of shells, fiber, EFB has the potential to become biomass. The results obtained from the calculation of the total power that can be generated for 2.5 years of liquid waste (POME) is 6.9462 MW in the category of high heat waste, followed by solid waste (TKS) of 1.4881 MW, fiber waste of 0.9864 MW and shell waste of 0.5646 MW. The total CO2 emissions generated from the generator for 2.5 years for solid waste are 73893.63 tons of CO2 in the category of high-heat waste, and for liquid waste, it is 65867.09 tons of CO2.

Pemanfaatan Bioplastik dari Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit untuk Peningkatan Nilai CBR (California Bearing Ratio) Tanah Lempung

The massive increase in palm oil production in Indonesia has created problems in the large volume of palm oil processing waste that must be managed. One of the efforts made to reduce this impact is by reusing the empty fruit bunches waste of palm oil as a material for making bioplastics. This bioplastic is then used to improve soil bearing capacity by increasing the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value in expansive clay soils. The effectiveness of the use of bioplastics was measured by comparing the test results of laboratory CBR values of soil samples mixed with bioplastics with varying levels of 0%, 4%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. The test results showed that samples that had been treated with bioplastics had a greater soaked CBR value than sample without bioplastics. The highest soaked CBR value obtained was 21.14%, namely in sample with 10% bioplastic content. Bioplastic from empty fruit bunches of palm oil has the potential to be developed as a material to improve soil bearing capacity.

Implementation of Bin System Units for Efficient Harvest Transportation in the Palm Oil Agroindustry

This study aims to determine the effect and effectiveness of transporting fresh fruit bunches using the Bin System. This study method uses direct observation in the field regarding the Transportation of fresh fruit bunches from the collection point to the palm oil processing factory using the Bin System. Then carry out an analysis of the benefits obtained from transporting fresh fruit bunches using the Bin System, the time required to fill the bins, the number of fresh fruit bunches transported, the rate of fresh fruit bunches sent to the palm oil processing factory, and the total costs incurred for Transportation of fresh fruit bunches using Bin System per month.Based on the results of the studies that have been carried out, it appears that the time required to fill the bins is 81 minutes. The number of transporters is two people, the daily rate of fresh fruit bunches sent to the factory is six rates, and the total costs incurred for transporting fresh fruit bunches with Bin System in one month for Rp 23.985.222.

Evaluation of Occupational Health and Safety at the Sterilizer Station with the HIRARC Method at PT. Beurata Subur Persada

PT. Beurata Subur Peusada is a factory engaged in the palm oil processing industry (PMKS). PT. Beurata Subur Persada is in the area of Babah Dua Village, Tadu Raya District, Nagan Raya Regency. Based on the company's historical data during the 2019-2022 period there have been 5 cases of accidents at the PT. Beurata Subur Peusada. The purpose of this research is to condition a significant level of work accident rates at the sterilizer station. The method used is Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC). The results of the risk assessment of the PT. The potentially dangerous Beurata Subur Peusada consists of 25% extreme risk, 50% medium risk, and 25% high risk, and 0% low risk. Control measures that can be taken are to provide instructions to workers to work according to company SOPs and always use PPE, conduct training or seminars for workers in which there are recommendations for using PPE and always work according to SOPs and tighten regulations.