Organic Waste Processing Research Articles

Grounding Eco-Enzyme to The Community Of Air Putih Urban Village Through Education and Socialization Of Household Organic Waste Processing

Lack of education in waste management has led to a large amount of waste being dumped in landfills. Organic waste is the largest type of waste disposed of in landfills. If organic waste is not managed properly, it can cause unpleasant odors in the environment and become a risk factor for global warming and explosions in landfills. This is also the case in RW 02 Air Putih Village. The community directly disposes of household waste without sorting the waste by type. In addition, the community also does not know how to process organic waste into useful items such as eco-enzyme and the products of eco-enzyme processing, namely liquid cleaning soap. This community service activity aims to increase community knowledge and skills on how to process household organic waste into eco-enzyme and cleaning liquid soap made from eco-enzyme as an effort to ground eco-enzyme. The targets in this activity are housewives in RT 01, RT 02, and RT 03, RW 02 Air Putih Village, Tuah Madani Subdistrict. The method used in this community service activity is socialization and training on how to make eco-enzyme and multipurpose cleaning liquid. The results obtained from this activity are the increased knowledge and skills of the community in processing household organic waste into eco-enzyme and liquid cleaning soap.

A review of the vermicomposting process of organic and inorganic waste in soils: Additives effects, bioconversion process, and recommendations

Soil nutrient recovery has emerged as a critical issue to maintain the soil fertility. However, the use of some organic and inorganic chemicals in agricultural and industrial systems gives rise to soil contamination. Advances in biological engineering have empowered for developing vermicomposting technology to decompose desired organic and inorganic wastes in soils. Three clusters of earthworms have been applied including epigeic, anecic, and endogeic to break down organic and inorganic wastes in soils, even though epigeic cluster, for instance Eisenia fetida, has been frequently employed for vermicomposting since it can be found readily in soil surfaces and can survive in any environment conditions. This review is designed to cover three potential earthworm clusters for vermicomposting process, earthworm decompose mechanism of organic and inorganic waste, chelation process in earthworm intracellular digestive system to decompose inorganic waste during vermicomposting process, the effect of the presence of materials, microorganism, and treatments during vermicomposting process, and the potential of bio-conversion product. The discovery of complex behaviors of earthworm system for decomposing inorganic waste including heavy metals is also enclosed to contribute a comprehensive overview of the advancements made and forthcoming directions.

Vermicomposting Process of Organic Waste and Paper Mill Sludge

Vermicomposting Process of Organic Waste and Paper Mill Sludge

Analysis and Comparison of Bio-Oils Obtained by Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Organic Waste

This paper presents an analysis of bio-oil quality depending on the type of input biomass, the process conditions and the catalytic systems used. Analysis of various catalytic system choices showed the prospects of using nickel and iron metal salts as homogeneous catalysts given that their use provided increases of 24.5% and 22.2%, respectively, in the yield of light-boiling bio-oil fractions (with a boiling point of up to 350 °C). Composition analysis of the bio-oils carried out using gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that fatty acids are the predominant group of substances in bio-oils produced from sewage sludge. Bio-oil synthesized from bark and wood waste contains phenolic alcohols and a limited range of cyclic hydrocarbons as the main components. In bio-oil produced from macroalgae, oxygen and nitrogen compounds of the piperazinedione and amides type are predominant. The sulfur and nitrogen content in all types of bio-oils is at an acceptable level. The results allow researchers to assert that organic waste processing enables production of sufficiently high-quality fuel, which can then be jointly processed with natural oil. Bio-oil produced from secondary sludge has the best quality, characterized by a high content of low-weight aliphatic compounds (with a boiling point of up to 350 °C), along with insignificant levels of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.

Effect of Variation of Eco-Enzyme Addition on Macro Nutrient Content of Compost with Biopore Infiltration Holes

The waste problem is increasing every year. Organic waste has the largest percentage of all types of waste. Research is needed to process organic waste in a shorter time. Eco-enzyme bioactivators are an alternative to speed up the processing of organic waste into compost. One of the composting media is Biopore Infiltration Holes. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding eco-enzyme to the content of macro nutrients (C,N,P,K) in the compost produced. The stages of this research included preparing tools and materials, loading organic waste into the Biopori Infiltration Holes, determining eco-enzyme dosing scenarios and observing time as well as testing the compost's macro nutrient content. The results of laboratory tests showed that there was an effect of adding eco-enzyme concentrations to the macro nutrient content of the compost. In general, the higher the dose of eco-enzyme, the macro nutrient content in the compost also increases.

INTEGRATED WASTE TREATMENT: Solutions and Utilization of Waste with Economic Value

Garbage is one of the old problems that has not been resolved, the poor awareness of the Indonesian people is one of the causes. However, along with the magnitude of the negative impact of waste on human life, it requires the attention and efforts of all parties. In this regard, as an educated society, it has contributed to the problem. Therefore, this service activity is carried out, in the form of counseling and waste processing practices. This is done in order to raise public awareness of the waste problem, which must be solved together. This activity was carried out in the waste processing community in the city of South Tangerang which is part of the Ganespa organization. There were 20 participants in the activity, and it was carried out on Saturday, May 21, 2022. This activity was packaged in the form of socialization, discussion, question and answer, and practice of sorting waste based on groups and their benefits. As a result of this activity, it turns out that waste with economic value is more responsive than other types of waste. Waste with economic value is generally in the form of plastic, paper, and iron. However, the participants were also enthusiastic about processing organic waste which can be processed into fertilizer or compost for plants. Even organic waste from vegetable and fruit waste can be used as livestock feed, such as maggot food, catfish, and so on.

Prospects of improving biogas technologies by increasing productivity of the methane generation process due to complex processing of organic waste

This paper aimed at analysing the current state of methods of increasing methane generation during treatment of organic sewage sludge. The authors considered the theoretical principles of biogas production and the main directions of intensification of methane fermentation processes. A chemical study of sediments produced at sewage treatment plants in the city of Kharkiv, Ukraine, showed that the C/N ratio in the investigated excess activated sludge is 4–5, in the mixture of primary and secondary sediment - 5–6, in sediment from sludge sites - 6–10, which is significantly less than the ratio of 20:1, which limits the negative impact of increased nitrogen content in organic substrate for methane fermentation. The directions for rising speed of the first phase of sediment fermentation and directions for increasing methane output during fermentation of a complex organic substrate have been determined. The promising technologies of adding organic substrates, richer in carbon compared to sewage sludge, have been noted. This solution will not only make it possible to improve productivity of fermenters, but at the same time resolve the issue of organic waste management.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СТЕРЖНЕЙ ИЗ БИОГУМУСА В РАМКАХ ПРОЕКТА ВЕРМИКУЛЬТИВИРОВАНИЯ

The main aspects related to the implementation of projects for the production of vermiculture vermicompost on the basis of the educational and scientific production complex of the agrarian university are considered. The environmental and economic efficiency of the projects under consideration is substantiated, in particular, due to the processing of organic waste and the production of valuable fertilizer involved in agricultural circulation. The use of Modern technological directions of vermicomposting and the need for valuable fertilizers determine the relevance of this study. A large amount of waste generated from agricultural activities is irretrievably lost, polluting the environment. At the same time, many valuable components of this type of waste can be used in agricultural production. As a substrate for the production of vermicompost, it is proposed to use waste from the production activities of the enterprises of the agricultural university, including waste from the cultivation of champignons, aloe, roses, etc. The existing production base of the university allows to implement a project for the production of vermicompost with minimal capital investment. The environmental effect in this case will be expressed in the reduction of buried waste, improving the quality of soil reclamation, increasing soil fertility, reducing the negative impact of chemical fertilizers, etc. The peculiarity of the biohumus produced is that it can be used not only in agriculture, but also in related industries. As part of the production cycle for the production of vermicompost, the production of fertilizer rods, which are in demand in the organic fertilizer market, is also offered. The peculiarity of these fertilizer rods lies in the ease of manufacture, the low cost of equipment and the marketing attractiveness of the product. Based on the calculations, the high economic efficiency of both the production of vermicompost and vermiculture, and fertilizers in the form of biohumus rods is substantiated.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ОТХОДОВ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ БИОГУМУСА

This article highlights the technology of processing organic waste in order to obtain biohumus. The varietal composition of urban organic waste has been studied. The technology of preparation of raw materials for obtaining a high-quality substrate for further processing, which provides for the purification of the total mass of organic waste from particles of plastic, glass metal, etc., is considered. An experiment was carried out to determine the optimal composition of the substrate for «California» worms (E. Andrei), which have a high productivity. The optimal parameters of humidity and ambient temperature for the vital activity of worms are considered. In the experiment, three experimental groups were formed, which differed in the composition of organic waste. All three groups contained 40% food waste; 10% – branches, wood cuttings, grass; 10% – tea bags, coffee waste, paper and cardboard; 10% soil and 30% animal waste. In each group, animal waste was different: cattle manure, bird droppings and horse manure. The effectiveness of the varietal composition of the substrate was assessed by the increase in the productivity of «California» worms. The highest results were shown by the substrate in which cattle manure was introduced, the growth of worms in which increased by 6.5 times, the lowest results were in a mixture with the addition of bird droppings – by 5.1.

Effect ofblack soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens)larvae bioconversion duration in processing household organic waste and market waste in Jakarta on the efficiency of the bioconversion process

The organic waste issue in Jakarta must be immediately addressed because it can harm the environment. Jakarta produces organic waste reaching 45.43% of the total waste generation with organic waste reduction of effectiveness only 4,981 tonnes/year (+1%). One solution to process organic waste is to use black soldier fly (BSF) larvae as decomposers of organic matter. The research examined the effect of bioconversion time/duration for household and market waste in Jakarta on bioconversion efficiency. The research was carried out by opening biopon samples each containing 2 kg of organic waste which were given 11.2 g of BSF 7DOL (day of life) larvae, varied with the duration of bioconversion, including 7, 12, 14, 17 and 21 days. The results demonstrated that the optimal time for the bioconversion process for household foodwaste and market waste was 12-14 days. It was based on the value of the bioconversion process efficiency indicator, which achieved the highest score for theEfficiency of Conversion of Digestedfeed(ECD) value on the 12thday and theoverall reduction(D) indicator on the 14thday. The low RGR and WRI values on the 17thand 21stdays also implied that the bioconversion process was not optimal

Biogas Alternative Soursce of Energy for Republic of Moldova

The paper presents several aspects related to the production ofbiogas from vegetable demerara and sludge resulting in wastewater treatment plants.The history of biogas production, the legislation in force, as well as the principles of the biogasprocessare presented.At the end of the workthere are several economic advantages and environmental protection by processing organic waste to obtain biogas.

Benchmarking of sustainable waste management models

The paper examines the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) recycling in sustainable and economically viable organic waste treatment. Recent studies demonstrate effective biowaste conversion and nutrient recycling abilities of BSFL. However, comparisons with other waste treatment methods require further investigation in terms of quantification of environmental and economic efficiency parameters. The aim of this study is to analyze the performance and viability of the BSFL model against alternative organic waste processing approaches. The research employs a case study methodology using operating data from a commercialscale BSFL recycling facility in Central Europe specializing in food industry residuals. The results show a 22% higher bioconversion rate compared to regular composting translated into 170 kg of product output per ton of organic substrate. BSFL processing leads to lowered greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment by an average of 35% owing to significant biogenic carbon sequestration. The reduced environmental impacts coupled with marketable BSFL-derived products create the prospects for sustainable waste management. The study concludes that incentivizing businesses in the waste management sector to integrate BSFL-centered approaches leads to achieving dual economic and environmental sustainability goals. The paper contributes to knowledge on the viability of insect-based waste recycling. Further research needs include lifecycle assessments of the BSFL value chain and evaluating scaling potential.

UTILIZATION OF ORGANIC WASTE AS LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Garbage accumulation is still a problem that pollutes the environment. There is still a lot of waste or organic waste that has not been managed properly because people think that organic waste can decompose naturally. If left unchecked, this will cause an unpleasant odor and disturb the environment. One way of processing organic waste is to make it into Liquid Organic Fertilizers (LOF). LOF is a liquid resulting from the fermentation of organic waste. LOF contains nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, and others that are beneficial to plants and soil. The method used in carrying out community service activities is through lecture and demonstration methods. The material is presented through lectures using an LCD and direct demonstrations of making LOF from organic waste. Increased understanding of participants will be measured through pre-test and post-test. This community Service activity was carried out at the Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital for 10 participants who acted as cleaners. The result obtained is Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) which is brownish-yellow in color and gives off a rotten aroma after being fermented for 1 week. In addition, all 10 participants experienced an increase in post-test scores compared to pre-test scores after participating in this activity, where the average score increased by 31.5. This value can be interpreted as seminar participants having experienced increased understanding and being able to participate in this community service activity properly.

Pembentukan Bank Sampah Dan Pemanfaatan Sampah Rumah Tangga Menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair

People tend to throw garbage even though garbage has a fairly high economic value. Utilization of waste by separating organic and anorganic waste. Anorganic waste in the form of plastic, bottles, paper and others, can be stored in the form of money through a waste bank. Meanwhile, organic waste can be processed into compost. The community in Keranji Guguh Village did not yet have a Waste Bank. Waste Bank was established by means of each house sorting organic and anorganic waste, utilizing household domestic waste, by making Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The targets in this activity are housewives and the people of Kampung Keranji Guguh. The methods used are awareness, counseling, demonstration, and evaluation. There has been an increase in understanding of processing organic waste into Liquid Organic Fertilizer by 80% to 100%, with an average increase of 98%. The results of making Liquid Organic Fertilizer can be used for plant fertilizers, thereby reducing spending on buying fertilizer.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF ORGANIC POULTRY WASTE AND ITS USE IN AGRICULTURE

Up-to-date biotechnologies are involved in the biological transformation of organic poultry waste into an environmentally friendly fertilizer that can preserve soil fertility and significantly improve yields. Currently, no more than 35% of livestock manure is used as a fertilizer in Uzbekistan. The use of poultry manure at poultry farms in Uzbekistan has been poorly addressed today. Poultry manure is discarded outside the poultry farms, where it is either filled with pits not suitable for storage or unloaded in a specially designated area. Afterwards, it is not used and causes tremendous damage to the environment. At the same time, bird droppings contain high macro and microelements, which form the basis for their value as organic fertilizers. The article analyzes and summarizes the practical use of biotechnological processing of bird droppings into a fertilizer and its further application on strawberry seeds as one of the reasonable solutions to the economic and environmental safety of poultry production under industrial conditions. The relevance of the topic. The solution to the problem of manure recycling is to improve the environmental situation, soil fertility and crop yields. The research is aimed at processing organic poultry waste and the impact of organic fertilizer, which is based on chicken manure, on soil fertility and crop yields. The laboratory and field studies on poultry waste management have been carried out on the territory of OOO Silver Eagle Plus (LLC) poultry farm in Tashkent region using the method of anaerobic fermentation and assessment of organic fertilizer quality as the most rational one for agriculture. The studied objects have been organic waste from OOO Silver Eagle Plus (LLC) poultry farm in Tashkent region, meadow soil and Joydori strawberry seeds. The research results have shown that the method of methane digestion is effective against pathogens in organic poultry waste; the process increases the number of useful bacteria and the generation of metabolites such as organic acid. Biotechnological poultry waste disposal reduces the processing time of the source material by 1.5 times. The study has revealed that the application of organic fertilizer based on chicken droppings has had a positive impact on soil structure, which has enhanced its aeration and ensured proper vegetative root system development. KEYWORDS: biotechnological processing, poultry farming, organic waste, anaerobic digestion, biofertilizer, soil fertility, ecology.

Strategi Optimasi Jaringan Distribusi Sampah Organik di Tangerang Selatan

South Tangerang City is the youngest city that officially separated from the Tangerang Regency in 2008. Area of South Tangerang City 147,19 km2 or 1,63 percent from the area of Banten Province with the widest area of Pondok Aren subdistrict with an area of 2.988 hectares. While administratively, South Tangerang City has 7 sub-districts namely Pamulang, Setu, Ciputat, East Ciputat, Serpong, North Serpong and Pondok Aren, and has 54 villages. Optimizing the distribution network of organic waste supply chain can be formulated in Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) model. Variants of VRP include Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) can be used as a model in optimizing the waste transport route and the determination of the fastest route for the transport process of organic waste in all intermediate transfer points spread in South Tangerang city. The results of this research formulate some models of optimization organic waste transport routes in each sub-district in South Tangerang city. As in Setu district there is one optimum route, Serpong district there are 7 optimum route, Pamulang district have 6 optimum route, Ciputat district have 3 optimum route, East Ciputat District have 1 optimum route, Pondok Aren district have 4 optimum route, North Serpong there are 2 optimum routes.

PEMBUATAN KOMPOSTER MENGGUNAKAN SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN AKTIVATOR EM4

Garbage becomes a problem, when waste is perceived as useless material, creates bad smells, is harmful to the environment, causes pollution to the surrounding environment, invites disease bacteria, kills marine life, spoils the view, and many other negative perceptions. One strategy for dealing with waste is to teach children at SMP Negeri 2 Wagir, Sukodadi Village, Wagir District, Malang Regency about turning waste into useful things, namely by making a simple composter using used bottles that function as a means of converting organic waste (leaves and paper) into solid and liquid fertilizers. This service activity focuses on organic waste that can be turned into compost (solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer). The skill of making compost is actually simple, but it must be taught because it turns out that not many children know about it, let alone practice it in everyday life. The purpose of this activity is to study the method and process of making compost by means of anaerobic fermentation with the help of EM4 bioactivator as decomposing bacteria and brown sugar for bacterial food, and to determine optimal operating conditions in order to obtain maximum compost both qualitatively and quantitatively. The method in this activity goes through 5 stages, namely the first stage is presentation of the material, the second stage is the practice of making a simple composter using used bottles, the third stage is making composter liquid consisting of EM4 bioactivator, sugar and water, the fourth stage is mixing organic waste with composter liquid , the fifth stage is forcing the trash into the bottle. The results of the activities that have been carried out are training in making compost as a result of processing organic waste. Based on the activities that have been carried out, students are able to practice environmentally friendly waste management both at school and in everyday life.

Socialization and Assistance in the Processing of Organic Waste Into Eco-Enzyme in 16 Ulu Village, Seberang Ulu II Sub-District, Palembang City

Organic waste is waste that contains elements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and is easily degraded by microorganisms. The existence of abundant fruit and vegetable waste is rarely used by the community, even though this organic waste can still be reused as material for making eco-enzymes. Eco-enzyme is a liquid extract produced from the fermentation of leftover vegetables and fruits with brown sugar or molasses as a substrate. The process for making eco-enzymes is in principle similar to how compost is made, but water is added as a growth medium so that the final product is a liquid that is easy to use and has many benefits. This activity aims to provide knowledge and skills to the community about reusing household organic waste by processing it into eco-enzymes. The location of the community service was carried out in one of the houses of the residents of RT.071 RW.016, 16 Ulu Village, Seberang Ulu II District, Palembang City, on September 4 2021. The method used was counseling and training for the community about processing organic waste into eco-enzymes. This activity was attended by 15 participants who actively conducted discussions. The results of this community service show that the method of service in the form of counseling, training and question and answer is very appropriate in providing motivation to the community in processing household organic waste into eco-enzymes.

Steam gasification of digestate after anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce syngas with high hydrogen content

Anaerobic conversion technologies are common for organic waste processing. However, the overaccumulation of digestate remaining after anaerobic conversion of biomass requires consideration of new economically viable ways of its disposal. In this work, the possibility of using steam gasification of digestates after anaerobic digestion (AD) and dark fermentation (DF) of lignocellulosic biomass, in order to obtain syngas with high hydrogen content, was investigated. Several digestates were used as feedstocks: (1) after AD of cow manure and mixture of cow manure and amaranth, and (2) from a dark fermentation (DF) reactor fed with by-products of cereals, bran, sunflower meal and rape cake, and operating at hydraulic retention time of 1 and 2.5 days. A methodology for determining the performance indicators of gasification is presented. The thermochemical conversion temperature was 1000 °C. The main indicators of the gasification process were determined at steam to digestate ratios from 0.45 to 0.65. Syngas obtained by steam gasification of digestates contained up to 62.7% H2 and up to 40.4% CO. The syngas from digestates after DF had high values of the molar ratio of H2 to CO, from 1.9 to 2.3, which makes it promising for conversion to liquid fuel by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The lower heating value of the syngas from all digestates was in the range from 12.1 to 12.4 MJ/m3. A combination of biological and thermochemical conversion can be used to generate the maximum amount of hydrogen from agro-industrial waste. This study contributes to the creation of a closed technological cycle for the processing of large-tonnage waste in the agro-industrial complex with the production of high value-added products.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Organik Rumah Tangga Untuk Pembuatan Eco-Enzyme

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many people's lifestyles. Restrictions on community activities require the community to be smart in dealing with the situation to be able to maintain economic conditions and the health of their families. In the development of society which is now instantaneous, the increase in public consumption is also followed by an increase in waste which is a source of environmental problems (pollution). With the majority of the livelihoods of the residents of Beringin Raya Village being informal, they are most affected by the pandemic. Therefore, there needs to be other activities that provide direct benefits to the community. An activity that is easy to do and provides great benefits, one of which is to process organic household waste for something more valuable, in this case eco enzyme. With housewives as the spearhead of change, their involvement in outreach activities to increase knowledge and skills is important. Not only the provision of materials but also demonstrations of making eco-enzymes and distribution of samples became the motivation to make changes.