Internationalization Process Research Articles

Protection of public health at the level of supranational organizations

Emergence of international integration processes raises new issues of the development of the legislative and regulatory framework at the supranational level for public health benefit. The paper explains the need to actively protect the interests of public health at the supranational level based on the analysis of relevant aspects of the policy, structure, functioning and experience of the largest regional integration structures – the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union. The review of the basic principles, approaches and measures is carried out, using the example of ensuring food safety, which is directly related to solving the problem of prevention and control of infectious and non-communicable diseases. The relevant regulatory framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as the development of technical regulation, are discussed. The relevance of cooperation between supranational structures and the World Health Organization and other relevant UN organizations in the field of public health is emphasized. Specialists in this field are called upon to participate in the regulation of international integration processes, including the activities of the WTO, trade and investment agreements, and tariff policy.

Strangers in a Strange Land: Legitimacy Formation by Polish Multinationals Venturing into Sub-Saharan Africa

Our paper revisits one of the fundamental questions of International Business (IB) scholarship, investigating the ways through which multinational enterprises (MNEs) establish legitimacy when entering a foreign market. We address this question in a novel context of Central and Eastern European (CEE) firms venturing into Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), employing a multiple case study approach. We investigate the process of legitimacy formation by Polish firms entering SSA for market-seeking reasons. We find that the firms studied use their initial liabilities of foreignness, outsidership, and origin as starting points for pragmatic, moral, and cognitive legitimacy-building by developing narratives that neutralize the distance between themselves and important local stakeholders. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the contingent nature of ‘liabilities’ in IB literature and shed light on the role of narratives in the internationalization process.

The Functionality of Global Quality Management in the Dynamic and Global Environment of Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Partnerships - Adoption of a Systematic Process Concept

<i>Purpose: </i>To explore the functionality of the quality management processes at the global level and understand its complexity and multiple dimensions. <i>Design/methodology/approach: </i>The researchers use a novel systems perspective to explore international standards ISO 9001/9004 capacity to encompass this complexity and analyze the stages by which global multinational organizations develop. In-depth interviews with experts (CEOs, quality managers, and global managers) from 18 international firms were some of the qualitative methods used in the research, along with content analysis, observations, and other methods. The study addresses the philosophy of global quality management and emphasizes the need for inter-organizational coordination and process management. <i>Findings: </i>The results of the qualitative tools showed that the existing definitions in ISO 9004/9001 have made it challenging to address the level of process complexity in international organizations. The main recommendations of the study are the following key points for expanding and refining the existing process concept for a global reality: 1) adopting a systems approach for analyzing the development of a global quality function in complex, multinational companies. 2) extending the classic process approach to open, multi-interface systems oriented towards mutual strategic, operational, and marketing processes.<i> Originality/value: </i>In this article, we suggest an innovative, integrated systems approach to multinational quality management based on shifting from the traditional emphasis on separate operations and manufacturing sites toward a comprehensive perspective that considers the interdependence and coordination among locations. This novel analysis and mapping process offers a comprehensive view of coordinating interdependence between elements comprising an international global process system. It expands the ‎classical approach and provides a basis for ‎developing a global, networked QMS. The current study might be useful for organizations that implement quality management systems in multinational companies. The study is part of vast academic research on international strategy in the global competitive landscape.

Research on the Process of RMB Internationalization under the Belt and Road Initiative

The internationalization of the RMB is of great significance to the further development of China's economy, the reform of China's financial system, and the improvement of the status of the RMB in the international monetary system. The "One Belt, One Road" is a global development initiative proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. The countries along the route are China important strategic direction of opening up to the outside world. Through the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, strengthening trade exchanges and financial cooperation between China and neighboring regions will help China's economic prosperity and development, and this will aslo support efforts to improve the RMB's standing within the global monetary system.The internationalization of the RMB is an important manifestation of the financial integration of Chinese capital under the "One Belt, One Road"initiative and an important support for promoting the construction of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative. Strengthening the research on the process of RMB internationalization under the "One Belt, One Road"initiative has important practical and strategic significance. This article mainly combines the influencing factors of RMB internationalization, summarizes the results of RMB internationalization under the "One Belt, One Road" initiative, and provides prospects for RMB internationalization.

Research on the Impact of Digital Currencies on the Internationalisation of the Renminbi and the Role of Promotion

The internationalisation of the RMB faces many opportunities and risks under the current new international development situation. It is precisely for this reason that the Chinese government should take every step carefully, and it should seize the opportunity now that the hegemony of the US dollar is loosening. The Chinese government is at the forefront of the development of the digital RMB and has already put it into practice many times. It has China's unique dual operation system, controlled anonymity and so on. The Chinese government should maintain the advantage, continuously improve the digital RMB standard, and vigorously develop the settlement system of digital RMB. This paper is based on the current status of the preliminary development of the central bank digital currency, analyses the advantages of the Chinese government's legal tender digital currency, for the study of the impact of the digital currency on the process of RMB internationalisation has a certain reference value.

Artificial intelligence orientation and internationalization speed: A knowledge management perspective

This study explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) orientation in facilitating the internationalization speed of enterprises from emerging economies. Based upon a knowledge management perspective, the paper proposes that AI orientation positively affects internationalization speed via broadening the scope of new knowledge, promoting knowledge creation, application, and dissemination within organizations, and hastening the redundancy of existing knowledge to increase adaptability to global dynamics. Moreover, while online local knowledge search facilitates, offline local knowledge search constrains the acceleration effect of AI orientation on internationalization. Using a dataset from China, the paper finds that AI orientation has a significant positive effect on accelerating the internationalization processes of emerging market firms, and home country embeddedness negatively while regional digital development positively moderates this relationship. The findings contribute to the literature by elucidating how AI orientation expedites the process of an emerging market firm's internationalization from a knowledge management perspective, thereby providing insights for the future scholarly investigation and practical applications in this field.

A review of the United Nations working group’s opinion on Nnamdi Kanu’s arbitrary deprivation of liberty

Human rights laws have played a significant role in protecting the human rights of extradites wanted by a requesting state to face criminal charges. However, states in their zeal to secure the presence of these individuals within their territory in order to try them under their domestic laws, tend to circumvent international extradition norms and processes, thereby placing these individuals beyond the law’s protection. Nigeria is no exception: for example, in the case of Nnamdi Kanu, the leader of a group campaigning for the independent Republic of Biafra in Nigeria’s South-Eastern region, who was allegedly forcefully abducted and detained in Kenya before his extraordinary extradition to Nigeria. The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD is established to ensure personal liberty of persons who have been arbitrarily deprived in such circumstance. This article adopts the doctrinal methodology to examine the legal issues raised in the WGAD’s opinion which determines whether Kanu’s liberty was arbitrarily deprived by the Kenyan and Nigerian Governments.

The effect of ESG performance on enterprises’ internationalization : from the perspective of cooperative research and development

ABSTRACT This study constructs a comprehensive and integrated enterprise internationalization (EI) index using data of Chinese A-share listed companies between 2009 and 2019 to explore the effect of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) performance on EI. The study finds that firms’ ESG performance can facilitate internationalization, and the result hold after addressing endogeneity and robustness concerns. The mechanism test shows that cooperative research and development (R&D) is a channel through which the process of ESG performance promotes EI. These findings enrich the literature in ESG related fields and provide new insights for enterprises to accelerate the internationalization process.

Implications of Climate Change Litigation for Environmental Law and Policy in Ghana

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine implications of climate change litigation for environmental law and policy in Ghana Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study found that the implications of climate change litigation for environmental law and policy in Ghana underscore the urgent need for robust legal frameworks and adaptive policy responses to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change. While Ghana has made strides in enacting environmental legislation and participating in international climate agreements, the increasing frequency and severity of climate-related impacts necessitate greater legal clarity, enforcement mechanisms, and stakeholder engagement to enhance climate resilience and adaptation efforts. Climate change litigation provides a crucial avenue for affected communities, civil society organizations, and environmental advocates to hold governments and corporations accountable for their contributions to climate change and their obligations to protect the environment and uphold human rights. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Legal Mobilization Theory, Policy Diffusion Theory & Ecological Modernization Theory may be used to anchor future studies on implications of climate change litigation for environmental law and policy in Ghana. Encourage strategic litigation that targets key actors, industries, and policy arenas to maximize the impact of legal interventions on environmental protection and climate action. This involves identifying leverage points within existing legal frameworks and leveraging innovative legal strategies, such as public trust doctrines and rights-based approaches, to advance environmental objectives. Foster greater integration of climate change litigation outcomes into national and international environmental policy-making processes. Governments and intergovernmental organizations should proactively incorporate legal precedents, court decisions, and settlement agreements into policy development, implementation, and evaluation.

Advanced sustainable interior design concept as methodological approach in the process of architectural design

Implementation of sustainable interior design in contemporary buildings is one of the most important parts of architectural design. Scientific research has shown that there is a meaning of incorporation of sustainable advanced interior design, and that the sociocultural, environmental, biophilic effects that this type of interior design has, can be manifested by physiological and emotional aspects of people in the interior design. In the analysis of the sustainable advanced interior design process, it is necessary to identify and define the phases and methods in interior design. The methods in the design process are focused on: divergence (exploration of possibilities and limitations by critical thinking, through qualitative and quantitative research methods for creating new activities towards better sustainable interior design solutions, transformation (redefining specifications for sustainable design solutions for traditional and contemporary design), convergence (analysis of prototypes of possible scenarios for better design solutions leading to gradual or significantly improved design solutions), sustainability (managing the research process, and redefining sustainable design solution prototypes over time), articulation (visual relationships between parts and the whole unit). Sustainable interior design includes several phases, such as information phase, analysis of specific requirements, specification, problem solving, presentation, idea development, implementation and evaluation of the project. Specific attention in this research has been paid to analysis of sustainable advanced interior design, as a concept of combining natural environment with interior design organization by minimal interior design, flexible interior design, ecological interior design and green interior design, The concept and the principles of sustainable interior design, sustainable green wall system and its benefits in aesthetics and usability of green space, natural look in sustainable advanced interior design, environmental values, biophilia, that create natural environment, increase productivity for the workers and costumers of interior design, define cultural and social values as integral part of the cultural environment, social interaction and artistic presentation. The expected outcome in this scientific paper is to identify contemporary design approaches in sustainable interior architectural design with specific emphasis on green technologies that contribute to the aesthetics and architectural concept of buildings and create application in international educational processes.

The Role of AI for Business and Companies’ Leadership and Internationalization in Globalization: A Background with Analysis

Abstract This paper analyzes and describes an analytical approach on the role of Artificial intelligence for business and companies leadership within the outlines of globalization. The research methodology focused first on a literature review by reviewing some previous relevant articles to the research topic and focusing on the relevant points. The reviewed articles provided in the part of references below were from different databases. The literature review was followed by a descriptive analysis that based on data interpretation and analysis according to the illustrations of the available data in the created figures that are showed in the part of analysis and results. The results showed that the potential of artificial intelligence may help companies to control their internal and external systems to bid and trade well in the markets. Artificial intelligence can help companies advance with their businesses by offering their services, products, operations or whatever offers in forms of e-sales with the help of artificial intelligence. Under the outlines of globalization and digitalization that are intertwined, competitiveness becomes increasingly stronger because companies business holders compete with companies that apply technology and innovation, delivering increasingly better products, operations, services and offers with the possibility of high costs for the third world countries and lower costs for developed countries and the Companies that internationalize their processes greatly need artificial intelligence, which has already become a leader in leading some businesses. In conclusion, many companies are clear that artificial intelligence is the next step in digital transformation for business and companies’ leadership since AI is needed for their services, offers and internationalization processes to compete strongly in the foreign markets.

Strategic Regionalism of the Pacific Alliance: An Outlook throughout the Investment

The Pacific Alliance (PA) is considered a strategic regionalism in Latin America due to the pragmatic policy trade of the members. One of these pragmatic elements is investment. This article analyzes intra-regional investment flows in the PA in the period 2010–2021 as evidence of strategic regionalism. This article examines the characteristics of the strategic regionalism and the theoretical approaches to foreign direct investment (FDI) from the perspective of capital localization and the internationalization processes of companies. Based on official statistics from the countries, annual FDI and intra-regional investment flows are studied, along with a qualitative analysis of the Pacific Alliance Investment Facilitation Initiative. It concludes that the PA's intra-regional investment is explained by the internationalization and economic importance of multilatina companies, and that it should consider alliances with Chinese enterprises.

80th Jubilee of Professor Nikolay Yanev

Abstract This Special Issue is dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Nikolay Yanev, a renowned Bulgarian mathematician and an eminent member of the international branching processes community. We present a brief description of his academic career path and his role as a founder of the Bulgarian school of branching processes and their applications.

The dilemmas of Russian diplomacy in the context of fundamental geopolitical changes

The strategic goals formulated in the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2023, pose complex and non-standard tasks for our diplomacy, the achievement of which requires a deep understanding of the essence of the ongoing geopolitical changes, as well as a critical understanding of the previous period of our foreign policy. The dynamics of international processes are very high, and the transatlantic community, despite the weakening of its dominance, is making incredible efforts to maintain its positions. In fact, Russia and the countries of the world majority are carrying out a peace enforcement operation, limiting the West's ability to unleash a global military conflagration.

Simultaneous quantification of terpenes and cannabinoids by reversed-phase LC-APCI-MS/MS in Cannabis sativa L. samples combined with a subsequent chemometric analysis

Cannabis sativa L. has been the most discussed medicinal plant in recent years. In particular, the dynamic shift from a formerly illicit and tightly controlled substance to a plant recognized for both medicinal and recreational purposes has brought C. sativa into the global spotlight. Due to the ongoing international legalization processes, fast and convenient analytical methods for the quality control of C. sativa flowers for medicinal and recreational purposes are of tremendous interest. In this study, we report the development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based method applying atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) to fully quantify 16 terpenes and 7 cannabinoids including their acidic forms by a single chromatographic method. The method presented here is unique and simple, as it eliminates the need for derivatization reactions and includes the unconventional analysis of volatile compounds by liquid chromatography. Samples were prepared by a simple and fast ethanolic extraction. Separation was accomplished within 25 min on a reversed-phase C18 column. Method validation was conducted according to international guidelines regarding selectivity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and linearity. Detection was done in multiple reaction monitoring, which allowed the simultaneous quantification of co-eluting analytes applying two selective mass transitions. In addition, due to reproducible in-source decarboxylation, the acidic forms of cannabinoids were reliably quantified using mass transitions of the neutral forms. The accuracy given as the bias was below 15% for all analytes. Matrix effects for cannabinoids were studied by spiking Humulus lupulus extracts with the analytes at varying concentrations. APCI did not show susceptibility toward ion suppression or enhancement. In addition, the recovery effect after spiking was between 80 and 120% for terpenes. Further, 55 authentic C. sativa extracts were fully quantified, and the obtained results for the terpene profiles were compared to state-of-the-art gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection. Comparable results were achieved, emphasizing the method’s applicability for cannabinoids and terpenes. Further, acquired metabolite patterns for C. sativa samples were studied, identifying a relationship between cannabinoid and terpene patterns, as well as the abundance of myrcene in CBD-dominant C. sativa strains.Graphical

Quản lý di sản văn hoá trong tiến trình hội nhập quốc tế

The article mentions some general content about cultural heritage, the role of cultural heritage, and the current status of cultural heritage management in our country during the recent international integration process. From there, the author focuses on proposing a number of solutions to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of state management of cultural heritage in Vietnam's current international integration process.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AS AN ANTECEDENT TO THE RAPID INTERNATIONALIZATION OF MOROCCAN SMES IN THE WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP FIELD

Purpose – This article aims to explore the importance of the international entrepreneurial orientation (IOE) of Moroccan women entrepreneurs (based on innovation, risk-taking and proactivity) in the speed of internationalization of Moroccan SMEs through the niche strategy as an intermediate variable. Research methodology – We adopted a quantitative study on a sample of 45 Moroccan SMEs to test the research hypotheses using the structural equation method, under Smart-PLS software. Findings – A significant relationship between the international entrepreneurial orientation of Moroccan women entrepreneurs and the speed of internationalization with the intermediation of the niche strategy. Despite well-calculated steps, innovative products and the courage to take risks on foreign markets, women entrepreneurs tend to adopt niche strategies to be more protected in the internationalization process: both to avoid direct competition from large companies and to speed up the internationalization process Research. Limitations – Theoretically, it was difficult to operationalize the phenomenon studied, for several reasons: the large number of movements in this approach, the number of variables mobilized. Methodologically, the criteria used to select the sample made it difficult to find more than 45 eligible companies (Exploratory quantitative study). Originality/Value – This article is one of the very few to combine international and women’s entrepreneurship. Furthermore, this is the first article in the field of women’s international entrepreneurship, as far as I know, that addresses the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and the speed of internationalization of exporting SMEs.

Exploring the internationalization pathways of luxury SMEs: is there an asset of foreignness?

PurposeThe paper delves into the international expansion of luxury SMEs to investigate their internationalization pathways, namely how the internationalization process unfolds in terms of timing of entry into foreign markets, the geographic scope of operations and the scale. The paper examines also the determinants of the internationalization pathways as a set of factors that contribute to developing an asset of foreignness.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a multiple case study approach and reports findings from four cases of Italian SMEs operating in the luxury fashion industry.FindingsSMEs’ specific characteristics at the firm and entrepreneurial levels (i.e. craftsmanship, quality, product creativity, entrepreneurial mindset), country of origin attributes (e.g. Italy’s positive image) and the inherently global nature of the luxury industry, can turn foreignness into an asset of foreignness that allows luxury fashion SMEs to pursue internationalization pathways of born globals.Originality/valueThe paper highlights that the global luxury market is not the exclusive domain of MNEs and sheds light on luxury SMEs, overlooked by extant literature. The paper also contributes to understanding early internationalization by highlighting a potential link between internationalization pathways and foreignness and discussed the asset of foreignness by extending it to SMEs.

The Utility of International Negotiation: Four Hundred Years of Attempts to Negotiate Political and Diplomatic Stability

Abstract This article examines the challenges to international negotiation processes in a world where attempts have been made to create order, but, at present, disorder is on the rise again. Several historical cases are analyzed and compared to detect both positive and negative factors influencing the utility of negotiation processes as an instrument of conflict management and international governance. How has mankind managed to use negotiation as an alternative to warfare? What are the conditions for negotiation effectiveness? What is the utility of negotiation if the context is not ripe for solving problems in a peaceful way? What does history tell us about the ways to deal with interstate wars in the 21st century?

How Does Foreign Capital Impact Urban Green Development? Evidence from Central China

Background: Foreign capital, a significant component of the contemporary export-oriented economy, helps to solve ecological and environmental issues and encourages the green transformation of urban development techniques. This study develops an assessment framework for urban green development using panel data from 80 cities in Central China between 2007 and 2022. Simultaneously, the impact of foreign capital on urban green development was tested through the mechanism of green technological innovation using the panel mediating effect model, and the impact of economic development level on the impact of foreign capital on the same was tested using the threshold effect model. The primary research findings are as follows: (1) Foreign capital has greatly enhanced urban green development in Central China; (2) Green technology innovation acts as a major mediating variable in the process by which foreign capital influences urban green development; (3) Economic development has a single threshold effect on foreign capital influencing urban green development. This article suggests that the government focus more on the prudent use of foreign capital in light of the findings above. The study's findings offer an empirical foundation for more effectively encouraging urban green development as well as some theoretical direction for the long-term growth of human society in underdeveloped nations or areas. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the key factors affecting urban green development in Central China, including the direct impact of foreign capital, the mediating effect of green technology innovation and the threshold effect of economic development, with the aim of improving urban green development in Central China. Theoretical Framework: This study mainly refers to Sustainable Development Theory and Schumpeterian Innovation Theory. Because urban green development belongs to the category of sustainable development, and the mediating analysis in this article is consistent with Schumpeterian Innovation Theory. Method: The entropy method is used to measure the degree of urban green development. Baseline regression is used to analyze the direct impact of foreign capital on urban green development. The mediating model is used to analyze the mediating role of green technology innovation in the impact of foreign capital on urban green development. The threshold model is used to analyze the threshold effect of economic development on foreign capital in affecting urban green development. Results and Discussion: The results confirmed the hypothesis. First, foreign capital has a positive impact on urban green development. Second, green technology innovation plays a mediating role in the process of foreign capital affecting urban green development. Third, economic development plays a single threshold effect in the process of green technology innovation affecting urban green development.However, this study still has certain limitations. Because there are certain differences between official statistics and reality, and the indicators selected in this article are limited, they cannot fully reflect the actual results. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing new ideas for urban green development in Central China from the perspective of foreign capital. And the role of green technology innovation and economic development cannot be ignored. This is not only in line with the world theme of green and sustainable development, but also conducive to accelerating the internationalization process of Central China. And this research also provides theoretical support for green development in developing countries or regions. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by being based on official data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China and using a series of recognized empirical methods to study Central China's urban green development and key influencing factors. The value of this article is that it not only enriches the research on urban green development in Central China. It also provides a reference for green development and international development in other developing regions in China and other developing countries or regions around the world.