Process Of Institutional Development Research Articles

Breakdown and reform: the Chilean road to the creation of ministries of hygiene and social welfare 1892-1931.

Doctors have played an important role in the development of health institutions in Latin America. However, they are not the only profession that has had a voice in these matters. There are also other factors influencing the development of ministries of health. This issue has gone unnoticed in the literature. This article suggests that it is possible to identify two distinct trends in the creation of health ministries in Latin America. The first, of an early nature, was seen principally in Central America and the Caribbean in countries dependent on or under the influence of the United States which, from the 1880s, promoted health Pan-Americanism. The second trend, which became apparent from 1924, was characterised by the emergence of ministries in a context of institutional breakdown and the appearance of new actors (military or populist leaders). This second trend was first seen in Chile in 1924. This article analyses the creation of the Ministerio de Higiene, Asistencia y Previsión Social (Ministry of Hygiene, Assistance and Social Security) in Chile in 1924 and its subsequent development through to 1931. The analysis looks at the health measures adopted, the context in which this occurred and the debates triggered by the ministry's process of institutional development, based on parliamentary discussions, presidential speeches, official statistics, legislation, documents prepared by key actors and the press of the time.

Інноваційний фактор делінквентності в економічній сфері (кейси корупції та тіньової економіки)

Corruption and the shadow economy are critical social problems and threats, hindering society’s normal functioning and socioeconomic development. Corruption as a social phenomenon manifests itself to one degree or another in any country, exacerbating all growing contradictions in relations between society and the state, especially in crisis and transformational conditions. When developing an anti-corruption policy, it is less visible, but perhaps the most essential factors of its emergence and overcoming are often overlooked: institutional, cultural, and “cognitive”. The degree of their development is affected by the development of the shadow economy: on the one hand, they contribute to counteracting informal activity and preventing the strengthening of criminalization of society; on the other hand, they contribute to forming a “shadow” culture and institutionalising the shadow economy. The study aims to determine the influence of socio-cultural factors on the development of the shadow economy and corruption and to determine the conceptual foundations of innovative anti-corruption measures. The study examines the shadow economy and corruption as a mechanism of insufficient functionality of state institutions. It is proposed to consider the shadow economy and corruption within the model of the interaction of archetypes as institutions that generate values and the state as a system of institutions that uses these values. Several empirical studies were analyzed, the purpose of which was to determine the influence of culture on the shadow economy and corruption. The experience of Finland, which occupies the leading position in the rating of the corruption perception index as a country with the lowest level of corruption, is published. It was determined that the principles of good governance, ethical norms and recommendations are prescribed in many regulatory acts of Finland and are an essential, integral part of state management. Within the framework of the study, it is proposed to combine Weber’s research approach with the theory of institutional transformations. Institutional and innovative (technological) development includes two components – innovative, which are formed due to natural selection or design, and imitative, which arise from borrowing (transplantation) of institutions from other institutional systems. This approach is appropriate for the institutional-evolutionary strategy of forming an anti-corruption strategy of the national system “sustainable development – security”, the purpose of which can be defined as the support of the natural evolution of the existing institution (complex of institutions) within the limits of a particular strategy, including institutional innovations and borrowing. The initial (existing) institution can be “transplanted” or “developed”, or it can arise in the process of developing the internal institutional environment. According to the author, the advantage of the institutional strategy is the vast possibilities of adaptation and correction in the development process of institutions.

Інституціональне забезпечення розвитку агрострахового ринку

Abstract.Introduction. The article considers the problem of institutional support for the development of the agricultural insurance market in Ukraine. The substantiation of the algorithm of reproduction of dynamic process of institutional development which is offered to be realized in three stages is given: 1) assistance of growth of mutual trust of operating subjects of the agroinsurance market; 2) settlement of consolidated liability of all participants in the insurance process in the agricultural sector; 3) creation of conditions for the functioning of a proper insurance environment in the agricultural insurance market. Results. Strategic directions of improving the institutional environment of the agricultural insurance market on the basis of systematic coordination of relevant formal (various laws and regulations, insurance conditions, etc.) and informal institutions (insurance culture, moral and ethical values, etc.), effective infrastructure and information support, effective transaction cost management are proposed. domestic insurance companies, synergistic interaction of direct (insurers, insurers and intermediaries) and indirect (governmental and non-governmental institutions) participants in the agricultural insurance process. The key condition for optimal interaction of agricultural insurance market participants is to increase the level of development of its institutional support, focused on the distribution or redistribution of risks and liability in the time lag. Conclusions.Thus, the process of institutional support for the development of the agricultural insurance market should be considered in terms of algorithmic settlement of insurance interests and opportunities for integration of formal, informal, functional and structural institutions, which are focused on ensuring a culture of providing and consuming agricultural insurance services. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the institutional support for the development of the agricultural insurance market is based on the formation of stable effective demand of potential policyholders for certain insurance services and their direct generation by various insurance companies to timely cover emerging agricultural insurance risks. To promote the sustainability of the agricultural insurance market is its modernization, which focuses on the systematic adoption of strategic measures to organize the reproduction of a proper favorable insurance environment in agricultural insurance.

Genealogi Pengajaran Islam dan Nasionalisme Agama KH. Zaini Mun’im dan KHR. As’ad Syamsul Arifin

Abstract: A thing that makes a difference between intellectual traditions of pesantren and other education, namely the existence of sanad. In the perspective of Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauzy, sanad called exceeding the exotological linearity of Islamic knowledge which is called 'ilm al-jally. Moreover, Imam Syafi'i said that the people of Zindiq would preach on the pulpit if the knowledge was not memorized by the sanad in the book. And a famous aphorism Imam Abdullah bin Mubarak says, sanad is a part of religion, if without sanad the people will say whatever they want. The aim of this research is to find out, analyze and interpret the scientific genealogy and nationalism attitude of KH. Zaini Mun'im and KHR. As'ad Syamsul Arifin. This research used qualitative research method with the phenomenology approach and interpretation. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that in terms of the scientific sanad, the two kiai have a sense of continuity between the ulama '(teacher) with one another, so that based on this scientific sanad it shows that the articulation of Islamic teaching is very accountable in the context of Islamic teaching and the institutional development process in both pesantren continues dynamically by doing the transition from traditional pesantren to modern pesantren. and based on the religious nationalism attitude, it can be concluded that both of them have high enthusiasm in their patriotism by carrying out a multicultural mission.

More than a decade in the making: A study of the implementation of India's Right to Information Act

Abstract India’s progressive Right to Information Act (RTIA) is a global model. The RTIA was adopted a decade and a half ago to serve as a check on corruption and to advance democracy, citizen equity and public accountability. Little primary research has been conducted on the implementation of the RTIA. This research employs a socio-political and technocratic framework to study influences on RTIA implementation over time from the citizen requester ‘demand-side’ and the governmental ‘supply-side’ from an institutional development process perspective. Our constructivist approach utilizes in-depth semi-structured interviews from frequent information requesters and information commissioners (N = 114) and a new dataset of a random stratified sample of information commissioner decisions for release of information under the RTIA (N = 500). We found that political will, bureaucratic culture, and societal activism and engagement were the strongest overarching socio-political factors impacting implementation. Socio-political subfactors that appeared weak or wanting in the RTI regime were leadership, oversight, coordination, positive workplace incentives, reflexivity, and public information officer communication style with citizen requesters. Technocratic constraints, directly influenced by socio-political factors that impact implementation, included follow-through on administrative policies and rules, capacity building, monitoring, oversight, and sanctions. This study found that technocratic factors included in the institutional design of RTI legislation may not be sufficient for short-term institutional change in cultures of bureaucratic secrecy. However, coalitions of citizens, civil society organizations, media, engaged public officials, and interested politicians can drive a transparency agenda in a country when political will and bureaucratic leadership are weak.

Official sector lending during the euro area crisis

In response to the euro area crisis, policymakers took a gradual, incremental approach to official lending, at first relying on the blueprint followed by the International Monetary Fund, then developing their own crisis resolution framework. We describe this process of institutional development, marked by a substantial divergence in the terms of official loans offered to. We use a unique dataset of the characteristics of the various official loans to provide key stylised facts, and use regression and event analysis techniques to study the effect of different lending terms on market borrowing costs and fiscal performance. Euro area loans, when in longer maturities and lower rates, go hand in hand with improved market access. Instead, the terms of IMF loans appear to have no significant effect on market access, but primary balances are larger when IMF maturities are longer. We discuss arguments for refocusing debt sustainability analysis and embed debt management techniques in programme design, while considering the trade-off between adjustment incentives and official lending.

Dinamika Pengembangan Ilmu di UIN Malang dan UIN Yogyakarta

This article intends to look at the latest issues of Philosophy of Science related to the ‎issue of scientific integration, especially those that developes in Islamic State University ‎‎(UIN) Malang and Yogyakarta. In some way, the scientific dynamics of UIN are ‎interesting to study regarding UIN’s success that has been done in building a new ‎scientific paradigm accompanying long-period process of institutional development from ‎Institute to University as its most crucial issue. It is understandable that such a ‎development is a very brilliant stage of scientific achievement recorded in history. The ‎scientific dynamics of UIN also continues to be in a spotlight along with the great ‎expectations -and even a concern- of the community. It is on account that in fact, the ‎development of any scientific paradigm connect or impact broadly on religious ‎understanding of general public. If religion (with all its teachings) is understood as being ‎contrary to science all the time, accordingly, it is impossible for science (with all its ‎characteristics and criteria) to meet with religion. Coming through an advanced scientific ‎paradigm, UIN reconstructs both religious and scientific understanding so that they can ‎meet and even negotiate. Moreover, the two Universities have developed new academic ‎traditions as well, characterized by development patterns in the field of research and ‎scientific works of their academic communities.‎

Institutional development and public control: Analyzing the Brazilian accountability system.

This paper aims to analyze the institutional development process of accountability institutions in Brazil. Scholars have identified an incremental development process of horizontal accountability institutions in Brazil, stimulating an important process in democracy. Our argument is that the incremental development process of accountability institutions was not followed by systemic developments able to encompass all accountability institutions. The reason for this is that, in spite of incremental advances, there has been no development regarding the procedural ecology of accountability institutions, thus hampering coordinated and cooperative actions between institutions. We analyzed the procedural flow from the Public Sweepstakes Program of the Comptroller General in Brazil as well as the performance of the institutions of the accountability system. We also conducted interviews with the leaders of accountability institutions in order to address the issue of cooperation and strategic coordination of the system of institutions.

Determinants of the income velocity of money in Portugal: 1891–1998

This paper performs a long-run time series analysis of the behaviour of the income velocity of money in Portugal between 1891 and 1998 by assessing the importance of both macroeconomic and institutional factors and looking for particularities in the Portuguese case. We estimate two cointegration vectors for the income velocity of money, macroeconomic variables and institutional variables. It is apparent that one of these vectors reflects the relationship between income velocity and macroeconomic variables, while the other reflects the relationship between income velocity and institutional variables. Moreover, a regression analysis reveals that the usual U-shaped pattern is displayed with a relatively late inflection point located around 1970, which is consistent with the Spanish case. It is further noted that this is a feature of countries with a late economic and institutional development process.

БАНКІВСЬКА СПРАВА ДРОГОБИЧА У 1919 – 1939 рр. ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РИНКУ КАПІТАЛОВКЛАДЕНЬ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

The article analyzes the process of institutional development of Drohobych's banking institutions in the period after the end of the Polish-Ukrainian war, until the start of the stormy events of September 1939. It was established that during this short period of time in Drohobych, the Polish authorities organized an efficient system of private and state banks that mainly concentrated on the capital of Polish and Jewish bankers, whereas Ukrainian capital had a sporadic balance in this system, and even partly some restrictions. On the other hand, Drohobych among the many provincial cities of Galicia occupies the second place after Lviv due to the movement of funds and the diversity of banking institutions. Thus, a brief history of the development of the banks of the «capital of Galicia California» is being reconstructed.

PENGEMBANGAN KAPASITAS INSPEKTORAT DALAM MENINGKATKAN KINERJA PENGAWASAN DI KOTA TUAL

In order to improve supervision performance process in the local area, Inspectorate is currently faced with the proportional and accountable mechanisms problems and the development of inadequate capacity. This qualitative research is using a case study approach with asserting participant involvement of informants drawn from the structural position, functional, technical and administrative staff Inspectorate Tual scope. The results show that: (1) institutional development process based on three aspects of development, namely the development of human resources, institutional development and organizational aspects, (2) Various factors have determined the quality of the performance results of the implementation of institutional development in the Inspectorate office of Tual City, including the human factor is still relatively weak, the issue and aspects of coordination between and across agencies, and problems of cooperation and leadership support. The study was expected to provide recommendations for performance improvement in Tual control through institutional development efforts Tual Inspectorate Office.

English

This paper revisits and builds on the work of Ishmael Kosamu, Wouter de Groot and Patrick Kambewa who, in 2016, proposed a management system for the Elephant Marsh Wetland Fishery in Malawi, and identified key issues that would help the fishery to be sustainable in the short to medium term. They postulated that a sustainable three-pillared (locally based, weak, and amorphous) institution for the Elephant Marsh Wetland Fishery would rest on: (i) the social reputation of the leaders of local fishery institutions (beach village committee leaders), and (ii) the power dynamics between traditional chiefs and local fishery leaders. This paper suggests additional attributes and new insights which, if included in the design that Kosamu and his colleagues proposed, could make the institution more relevant in the long term. The suggested supplementary priorities embrace both financial and legal issues in the institutional development process. Key words: Elephant Marsh, institutions, Malawi, small-scale fisheries, sustainability, wetlands.

Climate for Business: Opportunities for Financial Institutions and Sustainable Development in the Chinese Carbon Market

Considerable efforts are being organized to build a functioning carbon market in China. This paper presents an overview of the development of the Chinese carbon market and offers an industry perspective on the domestic regulatory and investment environments. It is based on a review of relevant publications and interviews with Beijing-based finance executives. We found that few financial institutions with the expertise required have been brought into the process of institutional development. Corporate demand for advanced financial services linked to emission trading is weak. Current regulations permit limited trading options, significantly reducing investment opportunities. The market scale is too small to attract investors and financial service providers. Consequently, the Chinese carbon market remains illiquid. Domestic financial institutions have not assumed a critical role in market development. It is suggested that policy-makers minimize administrative intervention in the market, but a modest degree of direct administrative control is still considered to be instrumental. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

La era Vargas y la trayectoria del Supremo Tribunal Federal de Brasil: un análisis histórico institucional 1930-1945

This article analyzes the process of institutional development undergone by Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court during the Vargas Era (1930-1945), by studying the institutional shifts to have taken place during the period. To do so, the work focuses on the significant legislative modifications, the trend toward jurisprudence and the fluctuations in the composition of the Supreme Court. We pay particular attention to the three periods characterizing the Vargas Era: the provisional government, the constitutional one, and finally, the Estado Novo [New State]. We conclude with several brief final considerations on the distinctive features of the Supreme Federal Court’s institutional development in the period under study. It is our aim to contribute to studies on Latin America’s supreme courts from a historical and interdisciplinary perspective.

A Era Vargas e a trajetória do Supremo Tribunal Federal do Brasil: uma análise histórico-institucional (1930-1945)

This article analyzes the process of institutional development undergone by Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court during the Vargas Era (1930-1945), by studying the institutional shifts to have taken place during the period. To do so, the work focuses on the significant legislative modifications, the trend toward jurisprudence and the fluctuations in the composition of the Supreme Court. We pay particular attention to the three periods characterizing the Vargas Era: the provisional government, the constitutional one, and finally, the Estado Novo [New State]. We conclude with several brief final considerations on the distinctive features of the Supreme Federal Court’s institutional development in the period under study. It is our aim to contribute to studies on Latin America’s supreme courts from a historical and interdisciplinary perspective.

Developing markets for water reallocation: Revisiting the experience of Spanish water mercantilización

Economic instruments are being promoted as a desirable alternative to public sector action in the allocation and management of natural resources. A wide body of literature has developed that critically analyzes this phenomenon as part of a wider project of ‘neoliberalization of nature’, trying to uncover the underlying rationale and commonalities of geographically specific phenomena. The case of water is at the vanguard of these processes and is proving to be particularly contentious. In the European Union water policies are increasingly emphasizing the application of economic instruments to improve the allocative equity and economic efficiency in the use of scarce resources. However, there are few analyses of how these instruments are really working on the ground and whether they are meeting their objectives. This paper aims to contribute to this debate by critically analyzing the experience with water markets in Spain, the only country in the European Union where they are operative. It looks at water permit sales during the 2005–2008 drought period using the Tajo–Segura transfer infrastructure. The paper describes how the institutional process of mercantilización of water works in practice in Spain. It shows that the use of markets requires an intense process of institutional development to facilitate and encourage their operation. These institutions tend to favor the interests of clearly identifiable elites, instead of the public interest they supposedly promote.

Electoral Politics: A Case Study of Pakistan (1947-1985)

Electoral politics effects democracy and political system. Elections are essential component of modern democracy.The authoritarian pattern of government is harmful for institutional development process. The constitutional and institutional developmental process is weak in Pakistan. The federal system government is not work in Pakistan in true sense. These issues weakened political system of Pakistan. The institutions may get proper development to strengthen democratic system. The political structures and governing experience is not matched to democratic world. The power politics contributed to inability of parliamentary democracy to govern new country effectively. Democracy remained poor in Pakistan. Military rulersgoverned in Pakistan more than half of time. The assumption is that democracy is controlled by the electoral process. The paper covers electoral politics of Pakistan from 1947 to 1985.

Policy Analysis in Brazil: Emergence and Institutionalisation

Government decisions are taken based on circumstantiated studies and analyses o f the policy in question. These studies, backed up by theory, research and good practices, indicate the alternatives available and their consequences, thus allowing the decision maker to choose with knowledge and confidence the most convenient programme or policy for the objectives proposed. Does this ideal, modern, rational world correspond to the practices of decision-makers? Is this comfortable situation, in which validated options are offered in order to inform decisions taken in the public and private spheres, the norm? That is not always the case. It is even less true if one considers all countries. This is because this ideal situation assumes that certain “normal” prerequisites will be in place, i.e. a degree of evolution in the process of modernisation of the state and a legalinstitutional framework that requires and legitimises processes of the type described; in short, the availability of technical and bureaucratic personnel endowed with competence and ability to manage the methods and instruments of policy analysis. However, such conditions cannot be created overnight. They result from long and complex processes of institutional development and the modernisation of organisations and procedures. Even then, it still takes time for those practices to become widespread and take root. What are the characteristics of the Brazilian practice of public policy analysis? This is the question that Policy Analysis in Brazil attempts to answer. The 18-chapter collection is edited by Jeni Vaitsman, Jose M. Ribeiro and Lenaura Lobato and was published in mid-2013 by Policy Press, introducing its International Library of Policy Analysis Series. It is a timely publication, with work of very good quality, by 27 authors of renowned experience and competence. This is also true of the editors, Jeni Vaitsman and Jose Mendes Ribeiro, senior researchers and professors of the National School of Public Health of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in the area of Public Policy. Lenaura Lobato is a professor at the Federal Fluminense University, where she coordinates the Centre for Social Policy Evaluation and Analysis. The Brazilian experience is examined in different domains and dimensions, in articles that blend together research and reflection. The compilation is organised in four parts.

Prioritizing actions for coastal management: A methodological proposal

Coastal Zone Management Plans (CZMP) are important instruments legally defined in National Coastal Management in Brazil. In order to put coastal management into practice, the development of strategic actions (involving the processes of institutional development and coastal governance) and operational actions (directly applied to marine and coastal territories) are required, thus ensuring environmental quality. However, the lack of prioritization among the various actions that are listed as important has led to the development of coastal management plans at various levels (national, regional, state or local) which are not actually carried out. The large number of actions considered important lead to the need for prioritization of the most essential ones, those with a drag potential or driving force in relation to others. The prioritization method developed and presented in this study enables to focus on the most relevant actions by establishing a numerical rating of options. This methodology also enables to list a number of coastal zone management projects which prioritize strategic and operational actions. Prioritization is necessary as it gives guidelines for coastal managers to choose which projects should be implemented first, considering the scarcity of financial and human resources, a common situation in many coastal regions. As a result, prioritization turns coastal management plans into actions.

Institutional influences on firm level HRM: some evidence from the Vietnamese garment and footwear sectors

The paper examines the changing institutional framework within which export manufacturing takes place in Vietnam and its influence on the management of export oriented companies. The paper draws on research undertaken in two companies in the garment and footwear sectors respectively. The paper examines the context of export oriented manufacturing within a framework defined by international treaty arrangements, supply chain relationships and the framework of employment relations law and institutions, as a basis for understanding the range of HR issues which managers in export oriented companies must face. This overview suggests that the economic development pathway being pursued by the Vietnamese government imposes a range of obligations on export companies. The paper observes that there are strong pressures for institutional reform emanating from foreign‐owned export companies, but that the process of institutional development is yet to deal with bargaining systems and conflict resolution in a way which provides a reliable basis for companies in export industries.