Information Selection Process Research Articles

An initial but receding altercentric bias in preverbal infants' memory.

Young learners would seem to face a daunting challenge in selecting to what they should attend, a problem that may have been exacerbated in human infants by changes in carrying practices during human evolution. A novel theory proposes that human infant cognition has an altercentric bias whereby early in life, infants prioritize encoding events that are the targets of others' attention. We tested for this bias by asking whether, when the infant and an observing agent have a conflicting perspective on an object's location, the co-witnessed location is better remembered. We found that 8- but not 12-month-olds expected the object to be at the location where the agent had seen it. These findings suggest that in the first year of life, infants may prioritize the encoding of events to which others attend, even though it may sometimes result in memory errors. However, the disappearance of this bias by 12 months suggests that altercentricism is a feature of very early cognition. We propose that it facilitates learning at a unique stage in the life history when motoric immaturity limits infants' interaction with the environment; at this stage, observing others could maximally leverage the information selection process.

The changes in the structure of cognitive functions and anxiety in cardiac surgery patients depending on the severity of carotid arteries

Highlights. The article revealed that severe (more than 50%) carotid artery (CA) stenosis was associated with significant slowdown of the information selection processes, and these patients were characterized by older age and tendency to an increase in trait anxiety compared to the patients without CA stenosis.It was found that the reduced attention and memory was a typical feature of the cognitive status in patients with severe CA stenosis in the early postoperative period of cardiac surgery in comparison with the patients without CA stenosis. At the same time the speed characteristics indicators of the information selection processes in these patients are positively related to state anxiety.Aim. The cardiac surgery patients were studied in order to analyze the postoperative changes in the efficiency of selection information and memory processes depending on the degree of carotid artery (CA) stenosis (including more than 50%) and the age and the role of the trait anxiety indicator assessed before surgery.Methods. The prospective study included 229 patients undergoing elected coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or CABG and carotid endarterectomy (CEE). Each study participant underwent clinical, instrumental and extended psychometric examination before cardiac surgery and at 7-10 days after surgery. The evaluation of the extracranial vessels state was carried out before surgery using color duplex scanning. Based on the results of assessing the extracranial vessels state, all patients were divided into three groups: no stenosis (n = 124), CA stenosis less than 50% (n = 69) and more than 50% (n = 36).Results. It was found out that the patients with CA stenoses more than 50% are characterized by a slower reaction under different conditions of visual stimuli selection and by an older age as compared with patients with no stenoses as well as patients with stenoses less than 50%. In the postoperative period of cardiac surgery in comparison with testing before surgery there was an improvement in the information selection stability (an increase in the number of processed symbols per 4 minute of the Bourdon's test (p<0.00006)) and short-term memory (p = 0.03) only in the group of patients without stenoses. The patients with stenoses of less than 50% had an increase the of the information selection stability but the short-term memory decrease (p<0.05) whereas the group with stenoses more than 50% had a decrease in both the stability of information selection and short-term memory (p<0,05). Additional factors of cognitive deficit in CA stenosis patients were trait anxiety associated with memory impairment and a history of stroke that related to a decrease in the effectiveness of a complex visual-motor reaction.Conclusion. The comprehensive analysis of the cognitive status of cardiac surgery patients with different severity of CA stenosis showed that an increase in the age and stenosis degree is the factor of the reaction time slowdown under different conditions of information selection. To differentiate groups of patients depending on the severity of stenosis in the postoperative period the testing short-term memory and stability of attention is informative. These indicators improve in the group without stenosis but decrease in the group with pronounced stenosis. The trait anxiety and the history of stroke were the additional factors of memory impairment due to CA stenosis.

Personal Management of Digital Information in University Students from a Gender Perspective

The purpose of the present study is to delve into the process of personal management of digital information among Spanish university students in their final year and to analyze whether there are similarities or differences regarding students’ gender. A non-experimental methodological design has been implemented of an exploratory type and based on a questionnaire as a single data collection instrument. The instrument was validated by means of experts’ judgement, cognitive interview, and construct validity. A total of 2,054 students’ surveys were collected, sourced from all areas of knowledge, in 75 public and private universities. These surveys made it possible to obtain information about the information search, selection, organization, processing, and creation processes. The results revealed that university students have a positive self-concept about their own competence for personal management of information. However, they fail to take advantage of all the possibilities that the digital world offers them. Women search the Internet for more diverse resources than men. They have better judgment when it comes to selecting and processing the information they need. Male students rely more often than female ones on digital mediums when organizing and creating information and choose to publish the information in less complex and more popular formats than their female counterparts. The conclusions of the present study match those of the majority of reviewed studies, namely regarding the organization of information, contextual and social factors which influence the management of information, such as third-party support, and also in relation to the increasing implementation of digital technologies in information management processes.

Subjective confidence influences word learning in a cross-situational statistical learning task

Learning is often accompanied by a subjective sense of confidence in one’s knowledge, a feeling of knowing what you know and how well you know it. Subjective confidence has been shown to guide learning in other domains, but has received little attention so far in the word learning literature. Across three word learning experiments, we investigated whether and how a sense of confidence in having acquired a word meaning influences the word learning process itself. First, we show evidence for a confirmation bias during word learning in a cross-situational statistical learning task: Learners who are highly confident they know the meaning of a word are more likely to persist in their belief than learners who are not, even after observing objective evidence disconfirming their belief. Second, we show that subjective confidence in a word meaning modulates inferential processes based on that word, affecting learning over the whole lexicon: Learners who hold high confidence in a word meaning are more likely to use that word to make mutual exclusivity inferences about the meaning of other words. We conclude that confidence influences word learning by modulating both information selection processes and inferential processes and discuss the implications of these results for word learning models.

Adapting the Selective Exposure Perspective to Algorithmically Governed Platforms: The Case of Google Search

Experimental research on selective exposure on online platforms is generally limited by a narrow focus on specific parts of the information selection process, rather than integrating the entire sequence of user-platform interactions. The current study, focusing on online search, incorporates the entire process that stretches from formulating an initial query to finally satisfying an information need. As such, it comprehensively covers how both users and platforms exercise agency by enabling and constraining each other in progressively narrowing down the available information. During a tailored online experiment, participants are asked to search for social and political information in a fully tracked, manipulated Google Search environment. Although the results show a structural impact of varying search result rankings, users still appear to be able to tailor their information exposure to maintain their prior beliefs, hence defying that algorithmic impact. This corroborates the need to conceptually and methodologically expand online selective exposure research.

Synthesizing core nursing skills to support behavioural-based interviews for nurses in the UAE: A nominal group study.

To develop a bank of core clinical and performance skills to inform the future development of structured interview questions to aid the recruitment of nurses in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE depends on expatriate nurses with variable clinical and educational backgrounds. Given the global shortage of nurses, the UAE requires innovative recruitment methods to attract and retain quality nurses and ensure high-quality health care services. Three cycles of a virtual nominal group technique (NGT) were used to elicit consensus from thirty (n=30) frontline nurses on the core clinical and performance skills needed to work in three specialty areas (paediatric, outpatient and telemetry/transitional care). Ten performance skills and ten clinical skills were identified for each specialty area. Performance skills included communication and critical thinking with key clinical skills being medication administration/use, cardiac monitoring troubleshooting and recognizing arrhythmias. The identified core performance and clinical nursing skills provide the basis for the future development of specialty-specific questions or scenarios to aid interviewers in achieving an informed selection process. The identified core performance and clinical skills provide the foundations for an appropriate interviewing/selection process, staff orientation, staff appraisal and continuous professional development.

Emociones básicas y emociones morales complejas: claves de comprensión y criterios de clasificación desde una perspectiva cognitiva

Antecedentes. En los estudios sobre la naturaleza de las emociones y sus rasgos definitorios encontramos diversas taxonomías que intentan clasificar estos fenómenos de la vida humana. En este contexto, este artículo presenta algunas claves de análisis que permiten diferenciar las emociones básicas de las emociones morales complejas que implican procesos de evaluación cognitiva. Si argumentamos que lo cognitivo opera en todo organismo que posee procesos de selección de la información, y si fundamentamos la idea de que el nivel de complejidad cognitiva presente en cada especie determina la aparición o ausencia de particulares estados emocionales, entonces podemos distinguir entre emociones básicas, que compartimos con animales no humanos, de emociones complejas que son características de nuestro mayor desarrollo cognitivo. Al establecer una propuesta interpretativa en torno a los criterios clasificatorios de estos fenómenos de la existencia humana, esta reflexión contribuye al esclarecimiento de una discusión que hoy en día resulta de gran relevancia para la psicología, la filosofía y las ciencias de la educación como es la relación entre emoción y cognición, y el papel que juegan las emociones en la vida moral.

Biased Sampling and Causal Estimation of Health-Related Information: Laboratory-Based Experimental Research.

BackgroundThe internet is a relevant source of health-related information. The huge amount of information available on the internet forces users to engage in an active process of information selection. Previous research conducted in the field of experimental psychology showed that information selection itself may promote the development of erroneous beliefs, even if the information collected does not.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between information searching strategy (ie, which cues are used to guide information retrieval) and causal inferences about health while controlling for the effect of additional information features.MethodsWe adapted a standard laboratory task that has previously been used in research on contingency learning to mimic an information searching situation. Participants (N=193) were asked to gather information to determine whether a fictitious drug caused an allergic reaction. They collected individual pieces of evidence in order to support or reject the causal relationship between the two events by inspecting individual cases in which the drug was or was not used or in which the allergic reaction appeared or not. Thus, one group (cause group, n=105) was allowed to sample information based on the potential cause, whereas a second group (effect group, n=88) was allowed to sample information based on the effect. Although participants could select which medical records they wanted to check—cases in which the medicine was used or not (in the cause group) or cases in which the effect appeared or not (in the effect group)—they all received similar evidence that indicated the absence of a causal link between the drug and the reaction. After observing 40 cases, they estimated the drug–allergic reaction causal relationship.ResultsParticipants used different strategies for collecting information. In some cases, participants displayed a biased sampling strategy compatible with positive testing, that is, they required a high proportion of evidence in which the drug was administered (in the cause group) or in which the allergic reaction appeared (in the effect group). Biased strategies produced an overrepresentation of certain pieces of evidence at the detriment of the representation of others, which was associated with the accuracy of causal inferences. Thus, how the information was collected (sampling strategy) demonstrated a significant effect on causal inferences (F1,185=32.53, P<.001, η2p=0.15) suggesting that inferences of the causal relationship between events are related to how the information is gathered.ConclusionsMistaken beliefs about health may arise from accurate pieces of information partially because of the way in which information is collected. Patient or person autonomy in gathering health information through the internet, for instance, may contribute to the development of false beliefs from accurate pieces of information because search strategies can be biased.

“I’ve never really thought about it”: the process of news construction and perception of underrepresentation of women’s sport media coverage by editors-in-chief in mainstream Polish media

In recent decades, a lot of work has been dedicated to gender bias in sports media coverage. However, there have been far fewer studies on gatekeeping processes in sports media. Using 11 in-depth interviews, this study analyses the information selection process to see if and how section processes influence sports media coverage on women’s sport in the Polish media. The study showed that for the participants the superiority of men’s sport was a given and editors did not feel obliged to promote women’s sport, despite being involved in the promotion of other disciplines or coverage in the media. Furthermore, the way of producing information in the Polish sports media depends on the personal beliefs of editors-in-chief. The ideology of the superiority of male sports adopted by the participants makes coverage on women’s sports biased, despite the journalists’ conviction about the objectivity of media coverage.

PERILAKU MEMBACA SISWA SMA NEGERI 1 TAKALAR

This research aims to examine the reading behavior of Takalar 1 High School students by using the information selection process analyst . The research was conducted because it was motivated by the low level of literacy in Indonesian society , including in Takalar District in the midst of the huge penetration of information technology . Research carried out by using a qualitative narrative method . Informants from the group of students is determined by random stratification , while the informant of the group of employees of the library is determined based on criteria specified . Results of the study showed that the behavior of reading students SMA Negeri 1 Takalar not support to the direction of the acceleration of literacy because they are actively doing the selection of the information that is up to him . Selection of these include selective exposure , selective attention , and selective retention . Selection is done based on the needs of affective , needs the integration of social , and needs escapist. Suggested perform interference to evoke the need cognitive them in order to conduct read them not just read for the need to look for entertainment and fun self

Periodic Information-seeking Behaviors of First-time Mothers in China

Abstract First-time mothers have a unique and varied set of information needs, but at present, these needs are seldom adequately addressed by libraries in China. As a first step in making libraries more helpful to this group, this study reports the results of a series of interviews aimed at understanding new mothers’ current information seeking behaviors. Thirty-seven first-time mothers (children from first year of birth to six years of age) took part in semi-structured in-depth interviews, answering questions about their information demand, information source selection (and factors influencing this selection), and obstacles encountered in the process of information search. It was found that first-time mothers’ information-seeking behavior varies from stage to stage, e. g. between pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period. Internet search plays an important role because of its perceived convenience and accessibility, but trust is the key factor during the process of information selection, regardless of source. Overall, the mothers we interviewed seldom use the library. This paper puts forward some suggestions to remedy that situation: libraries might consider opening a first-time-mothers reading room, increasing cooperative promotions with other institutions, providing diversified service projects, and organizing reading-promotion activities for first-time mothers at different stages. If implemented, these suggestions promise to help mothers navigate the transitions of pregnancy, childbirth, and childcare.

A Soft-Rough Set Based Approach for Handling Contextual Sparsity in Context-Aware Video Recommender Systems

Context-aware video recommender systems (CAVRS) seek to improve recommendation performance by incorporating contextual features along with the conventional user-item ratings used by video recommender systems. In addition, the selection of influential and relevant contexts has a significant effect on the performance of CAVRS. However, it is not guaranteed that, under the same contextual scenario, all the items are evaluated by users for providing dense contextual ratings. This problem cause contextual sparsity in CAVRS because the influence of each contextual factor in traditional CAVRS assumes the weights of contexts homogeneously for each of the recommendations. Hence, the selection of influencing contexts with minimal conflicts is identified as a potential research challenge. This study aims at resolving the contextual sparsity problem to leverage user interactions at varying contexts with an item in CAVRS. This problem may be investigated by considering a formal approximation of contextual attributes. For the purpose of improving the accuracy of recommendation process, we have proposed a novel contextual information selection process using Soft-Rough Sets. The proposed model will select a minimal set of influencing contexts using a weights assign process by Soft-Rough sets. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has been extensively evaluated using “LDOS-CoMoDa” dataset, and the outcome signifies the accuracy of our approach in handling contextual sparsity by exploiting relevant contextual factors. The proposed model outperforms existing solutions by identifying relevant contexts efficiently based on certainty, strength, and relevancy for effective recommendations.

Refugees in the media: Exploring a vicious cycle of frustrated psychological needs, selective exposure, and hostile intergroup attitudes.

Two research objectives underlay the present research. First, we tested how frustrated psychological needs caused by the refugee‐influx influence the endorsement and selection of refugee‐relevant information. Second, we tested how information selection processes contribute to the development of exclusionary attitudes that counteract the integration of refugees into host countries. In a laboratory study (n = 181), frustrated psychological needs decreased participants’ endorsement of a refugee‐friendly essay (vs. a control essay). Additionally, frustrated needs led to a biased selection of refugee‐hostile over refugee‐friendly information and such selection biases, in turn, predicted higher levels of ingroup defense and prejudice toward refugees. The findings imply that host societies’ receptiveness to refugees is influenced by the maintenance of basic psychological needs.

Tutorial: guidelines for the experimental design of single-cell RNA sequencing studies.

Single-cell RNA sequencing is at the forefront of high-resolution phenotyping experiments for complex samples. Although this methodology requires specialized equipment and expertise, it is now widely applied in research. However, it is challenging to create broadly applicable experimental designs because each experiment requires the user to make informed decisions about sample preparation, RNA sequencing and data analysis. To facilitate this decision-making process, in this tutorial we summarize current methodological and analytical options, and discuss their suitability for a range of research scenarios. Specifically, we provide information about best practices for the separation of individual cells and provide an overview of current single-cell capture methods at different cellular resolutions and scales. Methods for the preparation of RNA sequencing libraries vary profoundly across applications, and we discuss features important for an informed selection process. An erroneous or biased analysis can lead to misinterpretations or obscure biologically important information. We provide a guide to the major data processing steps and options for meaningful data interpretation. These guidelines will serve as a reference to support users in building a single-cell experimental framework-from sample preparation to data interpretation-that is tailored to the underlying research context.

Uptaking Race: Genre, MSG, and Chinese Dinner

Scientific research demonstrates that monosodium glutamate (MSG) is neither solely found in Chinese food nor a cause for health panics. Nonetheless, such a narrative still persists in the public sphere. I conduct a rhetorical analysis of the original debate on MSG to illuminate how the process of genre uptake – the process of information selection and translation from medical discussion to popular news – facilitated this prejudiced understanding. In the original debate about MSG’s effects, doctors trivialized this issue via satire that was based on latent stereotypes of Chinese identity. Although performed as insider humor, these responses were sufficiently aligned to genre expectations so as to appear to outside readers as unquestionable medical fact. As this knowledge was taken up and disseminated in the public sphere, the markers of humor disappeared, but the prejudicial views remained. This case demonstrates how the process of genre uptake can perpetuate prejudiced ideological narratives even in the absence of overt discrimination.

Feature Selection Algorithm Based on Conditional Dynamic Mutual Information

Abstract Aim at existing selection algorithm mutual information inaccurate valuation problem, a condition dynamic concept of mutual information. On this basis, the conditions proposed based on dynamic mutual information (CDMI) feature selection algorithm to overcome the traditional mutual information selection process dynamic correlation problem; conditions of dynamic mutual information throughout the selection process is dynamic valuation, those the samples can be identified after each selection features removed so that they no longer participate in conditional mutual information calculation process, accurate measurement sample. Accurate measurement sample on the degree of importance characteristics and at the same time ensure that the characteristics of information content. The experimental results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the algorithm.

Information selection by managers: priorities and values attributed to the dimensions of information

Purpose– The purpose of the paper is to understand the values perceived and the priorities attributed by the managers to four dimensions of information quality associated with meta-information commonly used in the initial selection (scanning) of content by managers: source credibility, comprehensiveness, timeliness, and confidentiality.Design/methodology/approach– The study involved conducting simulations of information selection for decision making with 124 professionals from 11 different companies. The results were analysed with content analysis techniques, nonparametric statistics, and cluster analysis.Findings– Three levels of priority were found in the managers’ information selection process: the credibility and timeliness dimensions were the most highly prioritised, the comprehensiveness dimension was the least prioritised, and the confidentiality dimension occupied an intermediate position. The preferences of the managers are for current information and a well-known source with respect to the timeliness and source credibility dimensions, respectively. Regarding the confidentiality dimension, the preference is for restricted information, valued for the desire to know. For the comprehensiveness dimension, there was no well-defined preference for managers with respect to the quantity of text in a managerial report.Practical implications– The knowledge of priorities and values attributed to the dimensions of information quality is critical for the definition of characteristics to be incorporated into information projects.Originality/value– This study's contribution is related to the process of information selection in a dynamic situation in which little time is available to information analysis.

Information Selection by Managers:Priorities &amp; Values Attributed to Information Quality Dimensions

The increasing quantity of information available to organizations requires attention to the information selection process by managers. The evaluative judgment in the psychology of decision making associates the value of information with its characteristics, which are known as the dimensions of information quality. The goal of the study is to understand the values perceived and the priorities attributed by the managers to four dimensions of information quality: source credibility, comprehensiveness, timeliness, and confidentiality. The field study involved simulations conducted with 124 managers of multinational organizations. The results were analyzed with content analysis techniques, nonparametric statistics, and cluster analysis. Three levels of priority were found in the information selection process of the managers: the credibility and timeliness dimensions were the most highly prioritized, the comprehensiveness dimension was the least prioritized, and the confidentiality dimension occupied an interme...

Consumer Behavior In Selecting Retail Format: The Perspective Of Theory Of Planned Behavior

The economic growth and income improvement will alter the consumer behavior. Consumer defines what kind of the retail store that they will go shopping. The implementation of the Theory of Planned Behavior is to explore consumer behavior in selecting retail format at shopping can be conducted; the aim is to understand the factors that motivate the behavior. Phenomenological qualitative approach is utilized to investigate the retail format selection behavior through the implementation of the Theory of Planned Behavior. The research informants are six Javanese women who are married and have children; the information selection process employed snowball approach. This research generates some useful propositions for the foundation to examine and for further research. The proposed model is Mataraman Javanese consumer behavior model which is not originated from the intention to behave but from the habit and past experience. Thus, it can identify the antecedents of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control among Mataraman Javanese consumer behavior. Social status becomes the background of the consumer behavior in selecting retail format.

Why do learning goals (not) work: a reexamination of the hypothesized effectiveness of learning goals based on students’ behaviour and cognitive processes

Explicitly informing students about learning goals has been argued to foster intentional learning. This study tested three theoretical hypotheses regarding the facilitating effects of learning goals by investigating 72 students’ actual reading behaviour and cognitive processes (i.e., the use of learning goals). Participants studied a text presented on 15 separate computer screens with/without learning goals. In line with the three hypotheses, the analyses focused on three aspects: students’ interpretations of the learning goals, information selection processes and monitoring behaviour. Results indicated variability among students in their perceptions of the learning goals in terms of goal consistency and specificity. Students in the learning goal condition recorded more goal-relevant information in their notes. However, only few students deliberately used learning goals to monitor their goal-directed activities while studying the text. Analysis of students’ reading behaviour and cognitive processes suggests that the absence of significant performance differences between the conditions can be explained by referring to students’ actual use of learning goals.