Immersion Process Research Articles

Is “luxury” simply a marketing gimmick? Evaluating value in the experiencescapes of developed and developing countries

PurposeLuxury as a construct warrants an assessment of entities promoting themselves as luxurious offerings. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the experiencescapes of luxury trains operating in developed and developing countries to assess the presence of luxury values in the elements affecting tourists' experiences and immersion.Design/methodology/approachTwo different types of luxury trains were selected from across developed and developing countries for a holistic assessment of the experiencescapes. Through netnography and hermeneutic interpretation, this study analyzes 218 experiential descriptions on Tripadvisor from luxury trains of Australia, UK, Peru and India.FindingsAlthough luxury trains in both the regions entailed financial, functional, social and individual value, they struggled to offer these values in conjunction. While the positioning of luxury trains in developing countries under the “inaccessible luxury” segment is exaggerated, developed countries were also found to struggle with customer service and management.Practical implicationsBy emphasizing on areas within the control of the service providers, short-haul luxury trains can be a better fit in developing countries. Better usability testing and employee training should be undertaken to improve the functional values of luxury in long-haul luxury trains of developed countries.Originality/valueThis article not only assesses the validity of luxury trains' positioning but also provides new insights into the nature of the tourist immersion process. Having extensively discussed experiences in the backdrop of luxury, it contributes to the progression of literature on luxury trains, experiencescapes and immersion.

Impact of Alkaline Immersion Time on Nano-Hydroxyapatite Synthesis from Broiler Eggshells with Electrochemical Method Using Constant Direct Current (CDC)

Calcium phosphate is widely used in biomaterials, especially as a bone substitute. One of the calcium phosphate compounds that is widely used is hydroxyapatite. In biomedical applications, nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles have better bioactivity than coarse crystals. Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized from various sources of calcium and phosphate. Broiler eggshells were chosen as a source of calcium in this study because they have a relatively high calcium content. The method used in the synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite in this research is the electrochemical method. This research aims to examine the effect of varying NaOH immersion time on the size and structure of calcium phosphate particles produced using an electrochemical method made from chicken egg shells. The synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite from chicken egg shells was carried out in 4 stages: material preparation, electrolysis, precipitate immersion, and characterization. Nanometer-sized particles can be acquired through an immersion process lasting at least four hours, and it is observed that the longer the duration of immersion, the greater the resemblance of the resulting structure to hydroxyapatite.

Dip-coater revolver machine for layer processing on metallic substrates

This work presents the design and construction of a dip-coater revolver machine to manufacture homogeneous coatings on metallic substrates. The material used for the fabrication of the machine structure was 6061-T6 aluminum. A Nema 23 stepper motor of 4.2 A and 24 V with a speed reducer with a 10:1 ratio that can provide an angular velocity ω between 1-80 rpm was used for the motion system. DC linear actuator was used for the immersion process, which operates in the range of 12-24 V at 7 A, with a stroke length of 50 mm and a maximum linear speed of 12 mm/s. For the coating tests, SayerLack® black and white base paint was used on 6061-T6 aluminum substrates and 304 stainless steel substrates. Finally, the mathematical model and the simulation of an automatic PID control system were carried out to automate the coating manufacturing process.

Investigation of extraction phenomena in continuous circulation coffee brewing and comparison with other brewing methods

AbstractThis study investigated a continuous circulation cold brewing (CCCB) process using a modified single‐serve brewer that allowed recirculation of the brew within the single‐use capsules. The changes of total dissolved solids (TDS), titratable acidity (TA), caffeine and 5‐caffeoylquinic (5‐CQA) concentrations over time during the CCCB process were evaluated using two masses of coffee grounds (10 and 12.5 g). To elucidate the extraction process, Weibull distribution, pseudo‐first order, and pseudo‐second order models were fitted to the extraction kinetics data. The physicochemical quality of the brews produced from the CCCB process were also compared to brews produced though traditional cold brew steeping (separated by gravity and forced filtration) and single‐serve hot brewing processes. Significantly lower (p < 0.05) TDS, TA, and 5‐CQA concentrations than traditional cold brew methods were observed. This observation was due to flow channeling/detachment phenomena in the coffee bed which resulted in localized flow and reduction of coffee‐water contact area. In comparison, the 30 min full immersion processes resulted in approximately 70% of the TDS, TA, and caffeine levels during the first 30 min of brewing, suggesting that cold brewing processes may not have to be >8 h in length if these are the targeted brew quality indices.Practical applicationsThis study examined the kinetics and physicochemical quality of continuous circulation cold brewing of coffee and compared it to traditional full immersion cold brewing methods. The findings in this study indicated that: (1) The brew recirculation method explored was not on par with traditional full immersion cold brewing methods in terms of extraction yield due to flow channeling issues present in single‐use capsules; (2) The extraction time of traditional cold brewing processes can potentially be shortened on the basis of TDS, TA and caffeine content; (3) The choice of filtration mechanism is significant when considering the extraction yield of a brewing process.

Lactoferrin-polyphenol composite nanocoating with enhanced chemical stability and cell-compatibility

Lactoferrin is a functional whey protein that exhibits beneficial bioactivities to human health. To utilize the wide range of lactoferrin's biomedical advantages, much effort has been devoted to developing lactoferrin coating strategies. However, lactoferrin coating has been still limited to the conventional protein modification techniques, which hamper the practical applications of lactoferrin. Here, we demonstrate lactoferrin composite nanocoating by layer-by-layer assembly with lactoferrin and Fe(III)-tannic acid complex. The simple immersive processes are able to deposit lactoferrin composite nanolayers on planar substrates with precise thickness tuneablility. Also, the optimized deposition condition for lactoferrin composite nanocoating is applicable to particulate substrates. Further, lactoferrin composite nanocoating shows enhanced nanofilm stability against pH changes and digestive enzyme treatments, and improves cell compatibility greatly, compared to that of Fe(III)-TA complex. We envisage that lactoferrin composite nanocoating not only paves the way for exploiting full potential of lactoferrin's bioactivities, but also leads to stimulating the tailored design of composite nanomaterials containing multiple enzymes for customized applications in nanomedicine and nanobiosensor.

Okanagan Waterways Past, Present and Future: Approaching Sustainability through Immersive Museum Exhibition

This paper presents Waterways Past, Present and Future, a research project and exhibition in Okanagan Syilx territory, aimed at increasing awareness of the relationship between people and water towards catalyzing sustainable water practices. The exhibition’s multi-channel audio-visual media was designed to immerse, provoke, destabilize, transform and move visitors to take responsibility for water. Drawing on many ways of knowing and doing in the creative process, the exhibition opens different entry points to the research, thus encouraging an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural audience to engage with it. Waterways’ contribution to sustainability discourse lies in its empowerment of collaborative inquiry as a way of knowing, understanding and representing our world. The epistemological dimensions of the exhibit present multiplicities embedded in the social life of water, inviting dialogues, shaping cultural narratives and developing new forms of creativity. Through the sensual process of immersion and activation of lateral thinking, the exhibition facilitates connections across cultures, connections that act as agents for social transformation. Waterways’ experiential journey transcends our personal and dominant socio-cultural patterns, reaching beyond normative structures to new creative realms shared ethical space.

ROBOT ASSISTED STABILIZATION FOR FLEXIBLE WORKPIECES SUBJECTED TO HIGHLY INTERRUPTED CUTTING

In many facets of industry, slender workpieces are formed by means of milling processes. These workpieces are especially prone to experience harmful chatter vibrations, which limits quality and productivity. In this paper, a novel solution is proposed where a robotic arm is used to support the workpiece, improving its modal properties and reducing the occurrence of chatter. The paper presents some numerical, analytical and limited experimental results for improving the material removal rate using the robot assisted milling method for low radial immersion processes, such as finishing operations.

Effect of Processing Methods on the Postharvest Quality of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

The cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is an exotic tropical fruit of great national and international importance due to its nutritional and organoleptic properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate different postharvest treatments—coating, vacuum impregnation, and immersion—on the conservation of several quality characteristics of cape gooseberry fruit. Moreover, the different conditions of the selected treatments were studied. Weight loss was assessed with a gravimetric analysis of the fresh and treated fruit. Firmness was determined by the instrumental texture. A sensory analysis was conducted using a multidimensional profile approach. Of the treatments evaluated, the lowest weight loss was recorded with the use of coating and immersion. However, the immersion process resulted in the product with the highest overall quality according to the sensory analysis and presented the most appropriate texture according to the firmness values. Finally, in the evaluation of the immersion, a significant influence of the CaCl2 immersion time (p < 0.05) on the firmness values of the product was found, resulting in longer times leading to less firm products. Considering 10% as a commercial standard limit for weight loss, the fruit treated under immersion and coating processes can be stored for at least 12 days. The immersion process is highlighted because it improved the sensory characteristics with respect to the control (i.e., without treatment). Therefore, it is a promising alternative for the postharvest treatment of cape gooseberries.

Analisis Impregnasi Nanopartikel Tembaga (Cu) Pada Non Woven Polypropylene

Abstract
 To determine the density with copper nanoparticles and the addition of mass of polypropylene non-woven fabric and the characteristics of the crystal structure of the formed copper nanoparticles. Synthetic copper nanoparticles using substances which is precursor of copper from copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), ascorbate acid (C6H8O6) as an antioxidant, and reductor solution using sodium borohydrate (NaBH4). The ex-situ formation of copper nanoparticles was then impregnated on non-woven polypropylene through an immersion process with different variations of time. Based on characterization of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), formed copper nanoparticles characterized of face centered cubic with high increasing of crystalinity at [1, 1, 1] with average size is 65 nm and the wavelength showed at the peak of 730 cm-1 and 710 cm-1 identified as copper nanoparticles. The addition of the highest density in the sample is 5.37%..
 Keywords: Copper, Crystal Structure ,Density, Nanoparticle.

Inhaltliche Gamification im aufgabenorientierten Fremdsprachenunterricht (IGAF)

Gamification can be more than rewards. For this study, an application was developed, which conveys the usual content of a Spanish textbook via a detective case in a playful and narrative way. Therefore, approaches of task-based language learning (TBLL), content-based gamification, and storytelling are used. The content-based gamification approach combines playful elements, storytelling, and learning objects. Learning content, such as sociocultural knowledge or linguistic resources, becomes part of a playful setting. Within the design-based research study, the app was cyclically tested with several groups of 7th graders. Qualitative data were collected and evaluated. The results show that this approach leads to a high level of problem orientation. The learners work on the tasks primarily in order to solve the detective case. The virtual space has the potential to promote perspective-taking and immersion processes so that learners immerse themselves in a target language world. Finally, these results culminate in a model for content-based gamification in TBLL (IGAF), which can be used for the development of similar teaching and learning arrangements.

Processing in different solutions to obtain dried beans with reduced cooking time

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of immersion processing in different solutions on the quality parameters of common beans, aiming to obtain a dried product with reduced cooking time. A Plackett & Burman design was used to evaluate the effects of six different solutions and immersion times under different conditions on the processing of beans. After selecting the factors, two central composite designs (CCD) were performed using immersion time, Na2CO3 concentration, and K2CO3 concentration. A four-hour immersion time was sufficient for processing. The use of Na2CO3 solution up to a concentration of 3 g.100 mL−1 in the immersion processing of beans did not increase the product damage level and did not affect hydration capacity. Processing beans with increased Na2CO3 and K2CO3 concentrations from 0 to 3 g.100 mL−1 reduced cooking time by approximately 98% and 94%, respectively. However, increasing the concentrations of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 resulted in darkening of the bean's skin, resulting in a greater color difference of the beans after processing.

A Facile one-step fabrication of a fibrous nylon sponge for oil-water separation and absorption in batch and continuous process

An efficient and cost-effective remediation method for chemical leaks and oil spills is necessary. In order to meet these requirements, a simple one-step immersion procedure was implemented to create nylon fibrous sponges with superoleophilic/hydrophobic surfaces capable of absorbing organic solvents and hydrocarbons from contaminated water. The prepared M-FNS (modified fibrous nylon-sponge)'s physical absorption properties were examined by batch and continuous process. Furthermore, the changes through chemical modification of M-FNS were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). M-FNS exhibited excellent absorption capacities up to 22–37 times its weight used for common oils and organic solvents and excellent recyclability was above 99% (sunflower oil) and 98% (used engine oil) after 15 cycles of absorption and desorption with easy mechanical squeezing process. It can continuously and quickly absorb large amounts of organic solvents and oils off the water's surface. Furthermore, the inherent high porosity of prepared M-FNS with successful chemical surface modification permits high flux capacity oil-water separation of 66 L/g.h, with a separation efficiency of over 99%. Preparing M-FNS with the solution immersion process is simple, easy to scale, and only requires one step. Therefore, its proven affordability, ease of use, higher absorption and separation efficiency (M-FNS) showed an excellent capability to fulfill the requirements of chemical clean-ups, industrial oil separation, and future oil spill recovery.

More‐than‐“bird”

AbstractBird language is an emerging practice among nature‐connection enthusiasts in which practitioners strive to comprehend the signals emitted by birds and other nonhuman beings. This practice shares much with contemporary academic interests in more‐than‐human sociality and foregrounds relational ways of knowing. Beyond merely classifying birds as communicative and social beings, the practice of bird language involves cultivating instinctive attentiveness to their presence, subjective faculty, and relatability. Fieldwork among Israeli practitioners illustrates immersive processes of becoming in‐the‐world with others, emphasizing passionate immersion, nonsymbolic interaction, and sensuous experience over detached observation, symbolism, and categorical knowledge. In this process, relationality becomes ingrained, intuitive, and prerational, a disposition of engaging the world by relating rather than classifying. However, we also observe that both relational and categorical modes of attention are temporary, reversible, complementary, and contextual. We argue for more nuanced ethnology of the dynamic interplay between relational and objectivist/categorical modes of attention.

Sabbatai, Sebastião: immersion and dissimilation in “A balada do falso messias”

ABSTRACT The short story “A balada do falso messias”, by the Brazilian Jewish writer Moacyr Scliar, is an anachronistic version of the arrival of Jews to Rio Grande do Sul in the early 1900s, which includes the historical character of Sabbatai Zevi. Scliar’s use of anachronism, parody and non-realistic representation, as well as the amalgamation of different literary traditions and historical references, serves to problematize the inherent conflicts within Jewish Brazilian identity. His version of the titular false messiah echoes and parodies not only the historical Zevi but also Christian and Lusophone messianic figures. By introducing a series of paradoxes and contradictions, the narrative suggests a process of Jewish immersion in Brazilian society not by assimilation, but rather by seclusion and rebellion. An analysis of the story’s implicit author presents it as the result of such process.

Study on different types of car coolant used in Libyan market: additives dropout

In this research, the effect of four types of coolants used in the local market, (namely Abrad, Freezetone, Algabl Green, and Algabl Red), on the rate of additive dropout quantity was studied, and the cylinder block alloy of the Chevrolet Optra engine car was used as the study material, The results of the chemical analysis technique show that the investigated material is Al-Si alloy. The cylinders have a rectangular cross-section. The samples were placed inside a glass container for each type of coolant, three samples were used. A sensitive balance was used with an accuracy of 1/10000 to measure the weight of the samples before testing and their weight after the immersion process for different periods of time to calculate the rate of additive dropout in g/h/cm2. Preliminary results showed that the additives were deposited on the samples surfaces in different quantities. In addition, after cleaning the samples with distilled water and drying them, these deposits remained stuck to the samples. Through the results obtained after weighing, it was found that the Algabl green coolant has the lowest rate of sedimentation. The additive dropout quantity was about 0.00000478 g/hr/cm2, followed by Freezetone with 0.00000713 g/hr/cm2, while the amount of additive dropout with the Abrad type was 0.00002543 g/hr/cm2. The additives dropout causing deteriorating cooling system performance, where deposit the additive on cylinder block wall will reduce the transferred heat generated inside composition chambers, cylinder heads and blocks are highly and dynamically loaded structures that transfer a lot of heat, so the choice of coolant type for engine is very important to ensure that engine is operating properly.

Physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan flour by immersion method using Eucheuma cottonii seaweed from Takalar waters of South Sulawesi

Indonesia consists of seas which have various types of biological resources and their environmental potential. Carrageenan is known to have high potential in the food and non-food fields. In the food division, carrageenan mostly used as a thickener and gelling agent. The most of the problems faced by seaweed farmers are not optimal processing of harvested seaweed, the seaweed tends to leave a lot of salt crystals after drying due to the absence of the immersion process before making carrageenan. The purpose of this research is to increase knowledge of the physicochemical properties of carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii in the non-immersion method and the aquadest immersion method. Before extraction, seaweed was compared without immersion and with distilled water for 36 hours. The extraction process was carried out using 8% potassium hydroxide and then observed the physicochemical properties of carrageenan flour. The results of the study showed that the physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan were shown in the immersion method with a water content of 9.11%, ash content of 21.49%, yield of 41.96%, and viscosity of 157.33cP. The immersion method with a water content of 12.55%, yield of 30.16%, ash content of 30.84%, and viscosity of 101.67cP.

Research on Damage Mechanism and Mechanical Characteristics of Coal Rock under Water Immersion

This study aims to reveal the impact of immersion duration on the internal structural damage and mechanical property degradation of coal rocks. Coal rocks from the post-mining area of Liangshuijing Coal Mine were selected as the research subject. Physical and mechanical tests were carried out on these with different immersion durations (0 d, 15 d, 30 d, 60 d, 120 d, and 240 d) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), acoustic emission (AE), digital image correlation (DIC), and compression testing, further elucidating the damage degradation mechanisms of water-immersed coal rocks. The research demonstrates that changes in the pore structure of coal rocks can be divided into two stages as the soaking time varies: the stage of water swelling (saturation process) and the stage of soaking damage (long-term immersion process). The water swelling stage of coal rock extends from surface drying and contraction to water swelling, and the soaking damage stage of coal rock extends from expansion to soaking damage. During the stage of soaking damage, the water showed dynamic changes from macropores to mesopores to micropores, with a gradual increase in the number of micropores. The AE count and cumulative count of coal rock decrease first and then increase, and the four stages’ acoustic characteristics and macroscopic characterization phenomena appear. The mechanical properties declined. After 240 d of immersion, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decreased by 48.93% and 29.53%, respectively, and the plastic characteristics were enhanced. These research results provide a beneficial reference for understanding and predicting the instability and destruction of water-immersed coal rocks.

Study on Disintegration and Infiltration Characteristics of Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Embankment Soil

Flood season embankment due to long-term high water immersion environment creates situations where its soil properties will deteriorate, quickly triggering bank slope instability and other dangerous situations. In order to study embankment slope soil in the disintegration and permeability characteristics under the long-term water immersion process, disintegration tests and variable head infiltration tests were carried out on embankment-disturbed clays in Jiangxinzhou, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. The results showed that the disintegration rate decreased with increasing dry density. Moreover, the samples gained weight quickly when the water content was low. Moreover, there is a threshold water content of around 20%, and it is assumed that the disintegration pattern of the soil may be significantly different depending on the optimum moisture content. The effect of moisture content on the disintegration of the samples was more significant. There were three main typical disintegration modes of the samples. The primary influencing factors resulting in the various disintegration patterns are the soil matrix suction, the change in consistency following water immersion, and the water membrane on the surface of the clay particles. The coefficient of permeability decreases with increasing dry density, and the variation of the coefficient of permeability with dry density coincides with the exponential function relationship. Long-term immersion conditions will change the permeability of the soil. An electron microscope test of immersed and unimmersed samples shows that the internal structure change is an essential factor affecting the permeability. After water immersion, with the dissolution of cementing material between soil particles, the particles move to fill the intergranular pore space so that the permeability coefficient decreases.

KARAKTERISASI LAPISAN OKSIDA HASIL ANODIZING PADA ALUMINIUM DENGAN VARIABEL WAKTU PENCELUPAN

Anodizing is an electrolytic coating process that converts aluminum into aluminum oxide. The anodizing process is widely used in the manufacturing industry, especially in automotive components. Its utilization has benefits such as resistance to scratches, ease of maintenance, and added decorative value. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of time variations on the hardness and thickness of the oxide layer in the 6xxx series of aluminum anodizing processes. The variation of time used in the immersion process is 20, 30, and 40 minutes, with an electric current of 2 amps and a voltage of 24 volts. After that, the dyeing and sealing process is carried out. The tests carried out included testing of hardness (Vickers) and the thickness of the oxide layer (coating thickness gauge). The results of the highest hardness test of 112.9 VHN were obtained at a time variation of 40 minutes, with an average layer thickness of 5.07 m. It can be said that the amount of time spent in the anodizing process has an effect on how hard the oxide layer gets and how thick it is on the 6xxx series of aluminum metal.

Surface morphology and corrosion behavior of pure aluminum and its alloys in aqueous sulfuric acid medium

AbstractAluminum and aluminum alloys are light materials with some of the preferences such as lightweight, high specific strength, good elasticity, and good workability that play an important role in today's modern and industrial world. The economic loss and environmental and safety problems are also the most concerning aspects of these materials. As a result, numerous studies are performed by the researchers to improve the overall environment throughout the materials world. That is why, in this study, the surface morphology and corrosion behavior of pure aluminum and its alloys, such as 7S10 and 7003H, were investigated in aqueous sulfuric acid medium through immersion process at different temperatures. Open‐circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used to evaluate the resistance to corrosion of pure aluminum and its alloys 7S10 and 7003H. The current density increased with increasing temperature in the case of the alloys, and pure aluminum showed the highest corrosion resistance properties. The surface roughness measurement was performed using atomic force microscope to find out the amount of roughness of the used materials before and after the immersion process. Surface roughness was higher on the alloys than in pure Al, which indicates that less corrosion was formed in pure Al than in the alloys. The surface morphology analysis was also carried out using scanning electron microscopic data. The results revealed that the alloy 7003H undergoes more corrosion than pure aluminum and 7S10 in sulfuric acid medium, which clearly indicates that pure aluminum has higher corrosion resistance than the alloys 7S10 and 7003H. The corrosion rate of the test materials decreased with increasing immersion time.