Free Radical Oxidation Processes Research Articles

FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Aim. To determine the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, the content of SH groups in the blood serum of patients with generalized periodontitis in patients with diabetes mellitus 2 type and in their combination. Materials and methods. The study involved 68 people with a clinically established diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as 32 patients with confirmed generalized periodontitis, divided into 4 groups. The concentration of superoxide dismutase and catalase and the content of SH groups in the blood serum of patients were determined using a biochemical method. Statistical processing of data was carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk criterion. The level of statistical significance of differences between samples was assessed using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Results. The highest levels of catalase activity and the lowest levels of superoxide dismutase activity were found in patients of group 4 with generalized periodontitis against the background of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The indicator of catalase activity in the subjects of the 4th group exceeded by 45.2% the results of the 2nd group and by 28.1% – of the 3rd group. At the same time, the SOD activity of the 4th group was not only lower than the control data, but also 26.8% of the results of the 2nd group (p<0.01) and practically did not differ from the indicators of the 3rd group. It should be noted that the combination of generalized periodontitis and type 2 diabetes causes a decrease in the content of SH groups by 12.7% relative to group 3. This indicates that against the background of type 2 diabetes, the development of combined pathology is accompanied by inhibition of the functional capabilities of antioxidant defense. Conclusions. In the comorbid course of generalized periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the intensity of free radical oxidation processes in the blood serum increases with an increase in the concentration of catalase and superoxide dismutase, which indicates the strain of enzyme antioxidant processes with inhibition of functional glutate reserves.

EFFECT OF MELATONIN ON PLASMA PYRUVATE LEVELS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS UNDER DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIODS

Some studies suggest that melatonin exerts a stimulating effect by reducing lactate dehydrogenase activity and shifting the balance of redox enzymes towards the predominance of the Krebs cycle, thereby favoring aerobic processes that are more efficient for cellular energy production. Therefore, an in-depth investigation of this effect of melatonin is warranted. The aim of this experimental study was to examine the impact of melatonin on the levels of pyruvic acid in the plasma of rats under physiological conditions and in alloxan-induced diabetes, with a focus on hypo- and hyperfunction of the pineal gland. Methods. The study was conducted on 50 sexually mature male outbred white rats weighing 0.18–0.20 kg. Photoperiodic changes were simulated over a one-week period, with the following conditions: 1) natural light/dark cycle from March 19 to 25, 2024, averaging 12:12 hours; 2) artificial 12:12 light/dark cycle (light from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., with illumination at 500 lux); 3) constant light (500 lux) for 24 hours; 4) constant darkness for 24 hours. Alloxan diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a 5% alloxan monohydrate solution at a dose of 170 mg/kg. Fasting glucose levels were measured using the One Touch Ultra Easy device (Johnson & Johnson, USA). The rats were divided into four groups based on lighting conditions: 1) intact rats; 2) a control group, receiving daily intraperitoneal melatonin injections (10 mg/kg) at 8 a.m. for one week (Sigma, USA); 3) rats with diabetes mellitus; 4) rats with diabetes mellitus, receiving melatonin injections (10 mg/kg) starting on the 5th day post-alloxan for one week. Animals were euthanized by decapitation under light ether anesthesia on the 12th day of the experiment. Pyruvate levels in blood plasma were measured using standard methods. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10 (StatSoft Inc.). Results. It is known that the presence of hyperglycemia under the conditions of diabetes intensifies the processes of free radical oxidation. According to the data obtained by us, in diabetic rats, a high level of glucose is accompanied by an increase in pyruvate in blood serum. This happens due to dysregulation of aerobic processes in the conditions of a decrease in insulin. In this case, pyruvate turns into lactate, creating conditions for the development of lactic acidosis. Staying under conditions of dark deprivation (light 24 hours) for a week led to a 15% increase in serum glucose and pyruvate levels in blood serum compared to intact animals. A similar situation was observed in a group of diabetic animals. Under conditions of round-the-clock lighting in diabetic animals, the indicators of glucose and pyruvate content increased even in comparison with the indicators of diabetic animals under equinox conditions and were on average 22% higher. However, exposure to light deprivation (24 hours of darkness) for a week led to a 10% decrease in glucose content and a 13% increase in pyruvate content when compared to intact animals. This happens due to the activation of the processes of aerobic oxidation of glucose under the conditions of an increase in melatonin. In diabetic rats, fasting pyruvate and glucose indicators under conditions of 24-hour darkness were negated by smaller deviations when compared with a group of diabetic animals that were under conditions of the equinox. It has been established that a short daytime photoperiod (8 hours of light: 16 hours of darkness) is characterized by an increase in melatonin secretion. Under these conditions, the indicators of antioxidant protection and the immune system improved in experimental animals. In addition, pinealectomized rats are characterized by reduced activity of glutathione peroxidase in tissues due to the absence of melatonin. The introduction of melatonin led to a decrease in glucose content in diabetic rats (under conditions of darkness - to normalization). The content of pyruvate in the blood serum of diabetic animals regardless of lighting conditions under the influence of melatonin injections did not differ from the control indicators under equinox conditions. The ability of melatonin to improve glucose uptake through glucose transporters has been investigated. In addition, there are data on melatonin as an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase. It has been realised that melatonin has possibility to inhibit the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and activate the pyruvate dehydrogenase thereby allowing the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and sending glucose for oxidation in the mitochondria. Conclusion. Therefore, under both normal and diabetic conditions, melatonin enhances the efficiency of aerobic glucose oxidation pathways.

The Role of Metabolic Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Coronary Syndrome. Results of Own Research

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke are the main causes of mortality and disability worldwide. One of the most controversial issues in modern cardiology is the feasibility of using metabolic drugs for the treatment of patients with angina. The main directions in metabolic therapy are optimization of energy production and expenditure and normalization of the balance between the intensity of free radical oxidation and antioxidant processes. The objective: to determine the clinical effectiveness of combined metabolic therapy with domestic drugs meldonium, ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate and armadin in the complex treatment of military personnel with IHD. Materials and methods. The study included 36 military personnel with coronary artery disease with stable angina pectoris of functional class II–III. Patients were treated in the cardiology department of the Military Medical Clinical Treatment and Rehabilitation Center (Irpin). All examined patients were male, the average age was 43.7 ± 2.7 years, the duration of the disease was 4.2 ± 2.3 years, the onset of angina attacks was 39.6 ± 2.8 years. All patients received standard therapy in accordance with the ESC recommendation. Additionally intravenous drip infusions of meldonium (100 mg/ml, 5 ml per 100.0 saline), ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (50 mg/ml, 2 ml intravenously in a 1:2 dilution in saline, slowly in a jet) and armadin (300 mg, 1 tablet in the evening for 2 weeks, then 1 tablet solution twice a day for 4 weeks) were prescribed. The effectiveness of the prescribed complex was monitored based on the dynamics of clinical status, bicycle ergometry indicators, and Holter ECG monitoring before the start of treatment and after 14–16 days. Results. The use of metabolic therapy significantly improved the general condition of patients, reduced the number of angina attacks, and reduced the need for nitroglycerin tablets. Analysis of the sample with dosed physical activity before the start of therapy revealed a significant percentage of patients with ST segment depression of 2 mm at the height of physical activity, and the total relative number of patients with ST segment depression of 1.5–2 mm was 72.2%. During the repeated examination ST segment depression was not determined in 94.4% of patients. Before treatment, rhythm disturbances in the form of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles were recorded on the background of maximum exercise, and after treatment, no rhythm disturbances were detected. In the dynamics of the therapy, it was possible to achieve a decrease in blood pressure (BP) indicators during exercise, the level of systolic BP decreased by 16.4%, and diastolic BP – by 9.4% (p < 0.05). Recovery time significantly decreased by 35.2%, but oxygen consumption and tolerance index significantly increased. Conclusions. The results of the study demonstrated that combination therapy with domestically produced metabolic drugs (meldonium, ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate and armadine) with a combination of injectable and tablet forms showed high effectiveness in the treatment of military personnel with coronary artery disease. The combination of drugs that patients received during the study demonstrated good tolerability and the absence of adverse reactions.

The effect of mexidol on the pro- and antioxidant status of blood cells at the stages of anesthesia and in the postoperative period during cystectomy and nephrectomy

Introduction. In clinical experiments with various pathologies leading to the activation of POL, it was found that one of the most important areas of correction of oxidative stress is the use of drugs with the properties of antioxidants and antihypoxants [6, 7]. Among these drugs, succinic acid and its derivatives deserve special attention, one of which is the synthetic antioxidant mexidol. Objectives. To study the effect of antioxidant drug Mexidol on the dynamics of indicators of lipid peroxidation in pre and postoperative phase in patients, which was shown cystectomy and nephrectomy. Methods. For the study we have chosen two groups of patients, which included patients with pathology of bladder, mostly with tainted tumors. The second group of patients included patients with cancer of the kidney, which was shown nephrectomy. In both groups used different types of anesthesia and premedication with Mexidol. Mexidol was used in the postoperative phase of treatment. To assess the state of the antioxidant system of the organism of patients was determined the activity of antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as the intensity of free radical oxidation at the level of accumulation of malondialdehyde. All of these parameters were determined in plasma and in red blood cells at the following stages: 1 – before surgery, prior to sedation; 2 – traumatic phase on the background of anesthesia, 3 in the postoperative period for 7–10 days. Results. When comparing the results of the study between groups of patients with malignant tumors of the bladder and oncological diseases of the kidneys, a unidirectional change in the balance of POL /AOS was found: against the background of intensification of free radical oxidation processes, inhibition of the activity of erythrocyte SOD and catalase and an increase in the activity of the same enzymes in blood plasma were recorded. The development of oxidative stress caused by changes in the activity of AOS enzymes was more pronounced in group 2 patients. Conclusion. Patients with malignant tumors of the bladder and kidneys discovered inhibition of the activity of erythrocyte enzymes of the first line of antioxidant defense against increase the intensity of the FLOOR. The use of Mexidol as a protective means during operative intervention, the effects of epidural and endotracheal anesthesia, as well as during postoperative treatment caused stabilization of antioxidant enzymes in blood cells and in plasma, exerting a positive effect on the status of cellular membranes.

Біометричний аналіз показників прооксидантно-антиоксидантного стану плазми крові щурів за дії гістаміну і кверцетину

The regularities of the effect of histamine in concentrations of 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 μM were studied and quercetin in concentrations of 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 1; 3; 5 mM, as well as their combined effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant state of blood plasma of rats, using cluster and factor biometric analyses. It was established that the experimental groups according to the investigated indicators (TBА-positive products, lipid hydroperoxides, carbonyl groups of neutral and basic proteins, superoxide anion radical, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, ATP) were distributed among 13 clusters (according to cluster analysis). In one group of similarities, the effect of histamine in concentrations of 0.01 µM and 1 µM was revealed. Quercetin at a concentration of 0.5 mM and histamine at a concentration of 0.1 µM have a similar effect on the indicators of the prоoxidant-antioxidant state of the blood plasma. Combined addition to the blood of histamine at a concentration of 10 μM and quercetin at a concentration of 0.1; 0.5; 3 mM lead to the same changes in the indicated studied indicators. Cluster analysis also combined the combined effects of 0.01 μM histamine and 0.1 and 3 mM quercetin. It is important to note that a decrease in the content of carbonyl groups of proteins was found in those classers whose experimental blood groups were added to histamine and quercetin, which indicates a decrease in protein damage due to free radical oxidation processes. Using factor analysis, it was established the presence of three hidden factors that affect the processes of free radical oxidation of blood under the action of histamine and quercetin. A high correlation of factor I with protein carbonyl groups, reduced glutathione, superoxide anion radical was revealed. Factor II is most correlated with ATP, superoxide dismutase, lipid hydroperoxides. There is a close relationship between factor III and TBА-positive products and catalase. Taking into account the closeness of the relationship, factor I was given the name “factor of action on proteins”, factor II – “factor of action on bioenergetics and initiator of lipid peroxidation processes”, factor III – “factor of enhancement of lipid peroxidation processes”. It was established that quercetin activates factor I (influence on proteins, causing their oxidation) and factor III (intensification of lipid peroxidation processes) depending on the concentration of the drug. Quercetin in a concentration of 1 mM has the property of both factors (I and III).

The status of erythrocyte glutathione in clinical medicine: reality and possibilities

The review examines the current state of free radical oxidation processes in clinical medicine. Based on many years of our research and analysis of the literature, we consider the most promising assessment of the activity of glutathione reductase and the level of glutathione reduced in erythrocytes, as a characteristic of the thiol-disulfide redox system of glutathione, not only to indicate oxidative stress, but also a possible prognostic marker of “free radical diseases”.

The Role of Changes in the Redox Status in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a hemoblastosis of CD5+ B lymphocytes with lymphocytosis, damage to the lymphatic organs, occurring in the older age group, the etiology and pathogenesis of which are not fully understood. Oxidative stress is an important factor in the regulation of stem cells and the activation of intracellular survival signaling pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. The aim of the study was to analyze the current data on the role of redox status changes in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A review of published relevant studies 2018-2023, scientific articles in scientific electronic bibliographic databases PubMed and Social Sciences Citation Index, devoted to the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the role of free-radical oxidation processes in it was carried out. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, oxidative stress with a systemic excess of reactive oxygen species, an imbalance in the effectiveness of antioxidant defense is caused mainly by activation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, low levels of NADPH-oxidase type 2, increased expression of heme oxygenase-1, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione recycling enzymes, superoxide dismutase-2, thioredoxins and decreased expression of catalase. One of the mechanisms of resistance to drug therapy and oxidative stress of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is the intracellular signaling pathway dependent on erythroid nuclear factor-2, due to the activation of expression in cells of superoxide dismutase-2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxiredoxin-3 and-5, heme oxygenase-1, thioredoxin-1 and -2, reduced glutathione, natural killer cell activity, which is associated with lifespan, chemotaxis, proliferation, and survival. FOXO family proteins are believed to suppress carcinogenesis. FOXO3a increases the expression of superoxide dismutase-2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxiredoxin-3 and -5, and the activity of natural killer cells, which promotes the survival of tumor cells. The development of new targeted pharmacological agents that are capable of accumulating reactive oxygen species and reducing antioxidant protection due to the degradation of erythroid nuclear factor-2 and activation of NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 is underway, which modernizes the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Dynamics of Free Radical Oxidative Processes During the Latent Period of Experimental Metastasizing to the Liver

Purpose — to investigate the dynamics of the content of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPO1), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidation products diene conjugates (DC), malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spleen and liver during the latent period of growth and metastasis of experimental tumor.Materials and methods. Using 28 white male rats, a model of hematogenous liver metastasis was created by transplanting sarcoma 45 cells (S45) into the spleen, previously lead out under the skin 3 weeks before. Previously, was determined that a tumor visualized in the spleen at 5 weeks, and liver metastases at 7 weeks after transplantation S45. Levels of SOD1, GPO1, GR and MDA were determined using ELISA and DC by biochemical method in spleen and liver homogenates during the latent period of tumor growth and metastasis (1–2 weeks post-transplantation).Results. Significant changes (1.5–5.2 times, р < 0.050–0.001) in studied factors levels were observed compared to intact rats and rats with the spleen lead out. Activation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system was noted in the spleen (tumor-carrying organ) during tumor growth and metastasis. At the same time, in the liver (the target organ of metastasis) observed also increased lipid peroxidation but simultaneously a pronounced decreased GR levels (5 times, p < 0.001) without affecting SOD1 levels.Conclusion. Liver tissue exhibited the inferiority of antioxidant protection and the formation of pro-oxidant condition during the latent period of tumor growth, which may prepare the soil for metastasis.

ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF TEST ANIMALS IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE WOUND PROCESS AT LOCAL APPLICATION OF HYDROGEL DRESSINGS

Introduction. The development of the inflammatory process is always accompanied by the activation of lipid peroxidation, which is caused by tissue hypoxia. This, in turn, catalyzes a change in the physiological parameters of the antioxidant system. The aim of the study is to analyze the dynamics of the antioxidant balance of wounds in an experiment using hydrogels saturated with silver ions and an antioxidant drug for the local treatment of inflammatory processes. Object and research methods. The experimental study was carried out on 80 Wistar rats weighing 150 to 200 grams. Animals were removed from the experiment. for 3, 7, 10, 14 days. Catalase activity in the dynamics of the wound process was determined. Research results and their discussion. The content of catalase on the 7th day in the third experimental group is 0.51±0.03 μKat/l. On the 10th day, the indicator of the antioxidant system in the second (0.44±0.05 μKat/l) and third experimental groups was 0.42±0.02 μKat/l. At the final stage of the study on the 14th day, the analysis of catalase content showed that in all animals with a simulated inflammatory process, the indicator of antioxidant activity had no significant differences between themselves and, importantly, with the indicators of intact animals (0.33±0.01 μKat /l). The indicators of the control (0.33±0.04 μKat/l) and experimental groups were as follows: the first experimental group – 0.32±0.06, the second experimental group – 0.36±0.04, the third experimental group – 0, 38±0.06 μKat/l. Antioxidant protection was supplemented by local release of a drug with antioxidant action from the hydrogels, which contributed to a reduction in the intensity of free radical oxidation processes. That is, in almost all groups of animals, which were simulated purulent-inflammatory wounds, indicators of catalase activity approached the level of intact animals already on the 14th day. Conclusions. Application for local treatment of hydrogel bandages saturated with an antioxidant drug, which is released into the wound surface for a long time, promotes the activation of antioxidant protection and suppresses the processes of free radical formation.

DEPENDENCE OF OXIDATIVE BALANCE AND CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN MUSCLE TISSUE ON EXERCISE INTENSITY

Intriduction. Changes in oxidative balance and lipid metabolism have the leading role in performance limitation, adaptation and maladaptation to physical activity. It is especially important to analyse the direction of metabolic changes at the subcellular level. The aim of the study is to examine the state of oxidative balance and cholesterol metabolism in muscle tissue at moderate and maximal swim-ming load. Material and methods. A comprehensive study of indicators for free-radical oxidation (content of diene conjugates, TBA-active products, chemilu-minescence intensity), antioxidant defense (total antioxidant activity, antiradical activity) and cholesterol metabolism in tissues of heart muscle and thigh muscle of white male rats at moderate and maximum swimming load was carried out. Results. The patterns of metabolic changes in muscle tissue depending on the intensity of muscular work have been established: these are the forms of compensated oxidative stress at moderate and decompensated at maximum load, against the background of decreasing cholesterol content. In cardiac tissue oxidative stress phenomena were less expressed, and changes in cholesterol content were multidirectional: a tendency to decrease at moderate load and a significant increase at maximum load. Conclusion. The reduction of antioxidant defence resources and intensification of free-radical oxidation reactions constitute one of the leading mecha-nisms for metabolic disorders due to extreme physical load, which is confirmed by reliable changes in the studied parameters. The complex study of indicators characterizing the processes of free-radical oxidation, antioxidant protection and cholesterol content is an informative criterion for the influ-ence of physical exercise on the organism. The obtained data allow us to recommend the inclusion of antioxidants in the complex prevention and ther-apy of acute physical overstrain.

Effectiveness of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in alcohol withdrawal

BACKGROUND: Alcohol (ethanol) use disorder is a destructive condition with alterations in impaired energy and metabolic processes and activation of free radical oxidation processes. Therefore, the use of antioxidants in the complex therapy of this pathology is pathogenetically justified, one of which is the original domestic drug ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate.
 AIM: To examine the effectiveness of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in intravenous, intramuscular, and intragastric methods of administration to male ICR mice in modeling alcohol withdrawal.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed on 9- to 10-week-old male specific pathogen-free mice of the ICR outflow with an average weight of 25.4 ± 0.2 g. Alcohol dependence in animals was modeled by a gradual increase in ethanol in the drinker from 1% to 3%, 6%, and 10% every 2 days. Upon reaching a concentration of 10%, the animals were given one bottle of alcohol and one bottle of water every other day and two bottles of alcohol on intermediate days. The position of the bottles (left/right) was changed between each alcohol access session. After 6 weeks, 10% alcohol was removed. The administration of ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate and saline solution (control group) was started twice a day for 7 days. Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate was administered intravenously (50 and 100 mg/kg), intramuscularly (50 and 100 mg/kg), and intragastrically (100 and 150 mg/kg).
 RESULTS: Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate was administered intravenously (50 and 100 mg/kg), intramuscularly (50 and 100 mg/kg), and intragastrically (100 and 150 mg/kg) two times a day for 7 days resulted in the manifestations of alcohol withdrawal in ICR mice with alcohol dependence. It had pronounced pharmacological activity, which manifested in a decrease in alcohol consumption, improvement of horizontal and vertical activities, improvement of movement coordination, and a decrease in the severity of withdrawal syndrome detected in the nesting ability test.
 CONCLUSION: When administered intravenously (50 and 100 mg/kg), intramuscularly (50 and 100 mg/kg), and intragastrically (100 and 150 mg/kg) to male mice, ICR had a pronounced therapeutic effect in modeling alcohol withdrawal.

Chromatographic determination of volatile compounds of Achillea micranthoides Klok. et Krytzka

The processes of free radical oxidation are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Therefore, the use of antioxidants is considered both pathogenetically justified and rational. Plants belonging to the genus Achillea L. are noted for their diverse content of biologically active substances, which contributes to their antioxidant activity. Given the availability of raw materials and the high biological activity of volatile compounds, it is particularly advisable to explore promising species within the genus Achillea L., such as yarrow (Achillea micrantoides Klok. et Krytzka). Yarrow is widespread in Ukraine, characterized by a long vegetation period, and holds promise for further pharmacognostic study. Aim. The purpose of the work is to study the volatile compounds of the yarrow extract (Achillea micrantoides Klok. et Krytzka) and to establish their component composition. Materials and methods. The Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) method and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) on an Agilent Technology 7890 B chromatograph were employed to determine the component composition of volatile compounds in Achillea micranthoides Klok. et Krytzka. The NIST14 mass spectral library was utilized for identifying the components of the samples. Results. Identification of volatile compound components was carried out by chromatography of ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves and inflorescences of the subject TLC in the mobile phase ethyl acetate – toluene (5:95). By the gas method Chromatography-mass spectrometry determined the presence of 30 volatile compounds of grass A. micranthoides Klok. et Krytzka, 26 of the compounds were identified, which accounted for 86.76 % of the total number of compounds.

Parameters of oxidative, nitrasive and anti-oxidative status in men with erectile dys-function due to combat trauma

The development of oxidative and nitrative stress and the processes of free radical oxidation are associated with many pathological processes. Damage of any origin leads to the activation of free radical processes not only in the place of damage, but also in the whole organism. The aim of the study is to assess the state of lipid peroxidation, content of GSH and GSSG and the activity of NO-synthase and arginase in lymphocytes and peripheral blood serum in men with erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma. The research was conducted on peripheral blood lymphocytes of men injured as a result of combat operations (shrapnel and bullet wounds) in the Russian-Ukrainian war, and who were treated at the Military Medical Clinical Center of the Western Region (Lviv, Ukraine). The research group of men with combat injuries was divided into two age groups: men aged 20–39 years and men aged 40–53 years. The MDA content in the blood serum of patients of both age groups was 1.35 times higher than in the control group. In peripheral blood lymphocytes, the MDA content in patients of the young age group was 1.27, and in patients of the middle age group in 1.39 times higher than in the control group. Simultaneously, no significant changes in the concentration of oxidized glutathione in blood serum and blood lymphocytes were found between men with erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma and healthy men. GSH content in blood serum in patients of both age groups was significantly lower than in the control group. The arginase/NOS ratio in blood serum was 9.75 times lower in the young age group and in 20.45 times lower in the middle age group compared to healthy men. It was established that in the blood serum and blood lymphocytes of men with erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma, processes of lipid peroxidation were intensified and the GSH level was reduced. The GSH/GSSG ratio was reduced only in blood serum. It was found that the oxidative stress is associated with development of nitrative stress. The arginase/NOS ratio was shifted towards increased NOS activity. Activation of iNOS was accompanied by significant inhibition of cNOS. Further study of biochemical mechanisms is important to understand the triggers of erectile dysfunction due to combat trauma.

Antiradical and immunomodulatory effects of gynecological capsules developed for complex treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

Aim of the study was to evaluate the antiradical and immunomodulatory effects of gynecological capsules (ovules) developed for the complex treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.Material and methods. Antiradical activity of gynecological capsules (ovuli) was evaluated in cell-free model systems by the ability to suppress the hyperproduction of free radical agents caused by the introduction of iron sulfate. Immunomodulatory activity was determined in the whole blood by their effect on the ability of phagocytic cells to generate reactive oxygen species.Results. In cell-free model systems, the studied drug composition suppressed the activation of free radical oxidative processes induced by the iron sulfate, while at the same time enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes.Conclusions. The results obtained may indicate that the developed gynecological capsules have antiradical and immunomodulatory activity, which allows us to consider them as a promising tool for the treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.

PROCESSES OF FREE RADICAL OXIDATION IN THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH ODONTOGENIC PHLEGMONS IN MAXILLO-FACIAL AREA IN THE PRESENCE OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

A large cohort of scientists is dealing with the issue of improving the treatment of maxillofacial odontogenic phlegmons. The course of these diseases is impacted by a significant number of factors, one of which is ishemic heart disease. Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant with a pronounced antioxidant effect. The use of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate leads to increased oxidation of components, that is, to a synergistic antioxidant effect.
 The purpose of this study is to enhance the therapy of odontogenic phlegmons of maxillofacial area in patients with ishemic heart disease through the combined use of drugs with antioxidant, antihypoxant and angioprotective effects.
 Materials and methods. 80 patients with odontogenic phlegmon of maxillofacial area were examined. The participants were categorized into the following groups: Group 1 received parenteral quercetin, Group 2 received a combination of quercetin and intravenous administration of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate, Group 3 received standard treatment (20 individuals), and Group 4 (control) comprised individuals without concomitant pathology who received the treatment according to a standard protocol (20 patients). To analyze the state of free radical oxidation processes in blood serum, the content of diene conjugates was studied.
 Results. The level of diene conjugates was increased when compared to the control group by 93.2%, 95.0% and 96.2% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd clinical groups, respectively. On the third day of observation, patients with coronary heart disease displayed an increase in the studied indicator by 99.1%, 100.6%, and 97.8%, respectively, compared to the controls. After 5 days, in all four clinical groups, there was a decrease in diene conjugates content in blood serum compared to the previous observation period by 6.9%, 8.2%, 5.3% and 11.8%, respectively. A tendency to a gradual decrease in the content of diene conjugates was observed on the 7th day of observation in all groups by 5.5%, 6.8%, 4.2% and 11.8%, respectively, with its increase relative to the control by 112.9 %, 108.7% and 118.2% for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd clinical groups, respectively. On the 9th day of observation, a decrease in DC content by 2.7% was found only in patients of the 2nd clinical group. At the final follow-up period, a decrease in this marker was noted in all studied clinical groups relative to the previous follow-up period by 5.1%, 6.9%, 2.3%, and 9.7%, respectively.
 Conclusion: Under the combined administration of quercetin and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate alongside a standard treatment protocol, the reduction in the level of diene conjugates in blood serum was most significant among patients with coronary heart disease, particularly in the later stages following surgical treatment.

Apelin C-terminal fragments: biological properties and therapeutic potential

The creation of bioactive molecules for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases based on natural peptides stimulates intensive experimental research. In recent years, it has been established that the C-terminal fragments of apelin, an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. The review presents literature data and generalized results of our own experiments on the effect of apelin-13, [Pyr]apelin-13, apelin-12, and their chemically modified analogues on the heart in normal conditions and when modeling pathophysiological conditions in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that the spectrum of action of apelin peptides on the damaged myocardium covers a decrease in the death of cardiomyocytes from necrosis, a decrease in cardiomyocyte membrane damage, an improvement in the metabolic state of the myocardium, and a decrease in the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products. The mechanisms of the protective action of these peptides associated with the activation of the APJ receptor and the manifestation of antioxidant properties are discussed. The data presented in the review indicate the promise of molecular design of pharmacological APJ receptor agonists, which can serve as the basis for the development of cardioprotectors that affect the processes of free radical oxidation and metabolic adaptation.

Glutathione: synthesis, mechanism of action, antioxidant and detoxifying role

Annotation. Under the conditions of entry of toxic substances into the body and activation of redox processes, compounds of natural origin with antioxidant properties are widely used to correct metabolic disorders. The purpose of the work is to conduct an analysis and systematization of basic and modern scientific sources of literature on the role of the glutathione system in the development of pathologies. For the scientific review, data from the scientometric databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Google Scholar, etc. were used, and the analysis of scientific textbooks and monographs was carried out. Among water-soluble antioxidants, low- and high-molecular compounds containing SH-groups are popular in medicine, mono-, di- and tricarboxylic acids and other anions. Glutathione, a thiol-containing tripeptide, is the main endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidant that exerts cytoprotective and detoxifying properties. Various epithelial cells – enterocytes, endotheliocytes, alveolar cells of the lungs, epithelium of the proximal renal tubules, absorb and use glutathione most intensively, in particular, taken orally, so the idea of using glutathione in diseases of organs that actively participate in detoxification processes: kidneys, liver, lungs, as well as under the conditions of systemic diseases accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress – diabetes, atherosclerosis, nephropathy. Under physiological conditions, the body maintains a dynamic balance between the content of oxidants, which stimulate the processes of free radical oxidation of biomolecules, and the activity of antioxidant systems. But under the conditions of damage to any link of the living system, increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of antioxidant systems contributes to the activation of free radical oxidation processes, the intensity of which depends on the concentration of oxygen in the tissues and on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems of antioxidant protection, which prevents the destruction of cells by active forms of oxygen.

High efficiency photothermal synergistic degradation of toluene achieved through the utilization of a nickel foam loaded Pt-CeO2 monolithic catalyst

Recent research highlights the pressing need for innovative and practical oxidation degradation technologies for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, a monolithic catalyst was successfully developed by loading Pt-CeO2 onto nickel foam (NF) matrix through hydrothermal and reduction methods. The photothermal catalytic performance was investigated at room temperature for varying Pt content, toluene concentration, light source type, and water content. Remarkably, the toluene removal efficiency and CO2 selectivity stabilized at 98.8 % and 74.6 %, respectively, within less than 10 min of light activation. The d-d transition thermal effect of CeO2 and plasma effect of Pt enhanced light-to-heat conversion and active free radical generation (•O2– and •OH) through light absorption, respectively. The NF matrix's excellent thermal conductivity ensured a rapid increase in catalyst temperature upon visible light irradiation, reaching 173 °C. The study demonstrated that both the Mars-van Krevelen (Mvk) oxidation process, driven by temperature increase from near-infrared (NIR) absorption, and the free radical oxidation process, induced by higher energy illumination, synergistically contributed to toluene decomposition and mineralization. The catalyst's morphology, physical and chemical properties, surface synergistic oxidation process involving gaseous oxygen and free radicals, and toluene degradation pathway were thoroughly analyzed. We believe that this coexistence of thermocatalytic and photocatalytic mechanisms in a monolithic catalyst driven by renewable solar energy holds significant potential for practical applications and warrants further exploration.

Peculiarities of the morpho-physiological reactions of mosses depending on the water-temperature regime of their local growth

The morphological structure of and the activity of the catalase of mosses Ptychostomum imbricatulum and Brachythecium rutabulum depending on microclimatic conditions of their local growth were studied. The morphological variability of moss turfs in different ecological conditions of forest ecosystems was established, in particular, the influence of the level of moisture in local growth on the morphometric parameters of mosses (the density of the turf, the height of the shoots and their foliage and the size of the leaves) was revealed. It is shown that the morphological structure of the turfs of the mosses Ptychostomum imbricatulum and Brachythecium rutabulum is important for moisture conservation and depends on the microclimatic conditions of local growth and the life form of the species. It is shown that the increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide as a signaling mediator is a component of the antioxidant protection system. It was established that the highest content of hydrogen peroxide was in shoots of P. imbricatulum from the territory of pine plantations, where the microclimatic conditions are the least favorable. The obtained results indicate the existence of interdependence between the formation of reactive oxygen species and the activity of catalase as one of the key enzymes of antioxidant protection, which indicates the signaling role of reactive oxygen species in moss cells under stress conditions. The dependence of catalase activity in moss cells on the level of hydration of their turfs was established. The activation of catalase in adverse water and temperature conditions in the shoots of the studied species indicates the participation of the enzyme in the adaptation of plants to stress and is due to the strengthening of free radical oxidation processes, in particular, an increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity Screening of Mushrooms Growing in the Leningrad Region

Introduction. The emergence of new strains of microorganisms that are multidrug resistant (MDR) in relation to the antimicrobial drugs used is one of the pressing problems of modern medicine. To prevent an increase in MDR-related deaths, the search for new antibiotics and their introduction into medical practice must be continuously ongoing. Infectious diseases are also accompanied by cell damage and the development of free radical oxidation processes, therefore the search for new antioxidants is also an important task. Considering the powerful biosynthetic potential of basidiomycetes, this group of fungi has every prospect of becoming a new source of biologically active substances in general, as well as antibiotics and antioxidants in particular. Cap mushrooms, represented mainly by basidiomycetes, number about 14,000 species and are an accessible source of raw materials for the search for promising antimicrobial compounds and antioxidants.Aim. Study of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of total extracts obtained from cap mushrooms against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and assessment of the suitability of cap mushrooms as a natural source of substances with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.Materials and methods. The antifungal and antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by the micromethod of two-fold serial dilutions in a liquid nutrient medium in 96-well plates in duplicate. The study of this type of biological activity was carried out against reference (type) strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans NCTC 885-653. To study antioxidant activity using DPPH, we used alcoholic extracts from the fruiting bodies of mushrooms obtained by maceration with 96 % ethanol at a ratio of raw materials to extractant of 1 to 8 for 24 hours, an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and an ethanol solution of Trolox.Result and discussion. In relation to S. aureus, a representative of gram-positive flora, the studied extracts of cap mushrooms showed low activity, on average about 2500 or 5000 μg/ml. In relation to E. coli, a representative of gram-negative flora, 8 % of the studied cap mushroom extracts showed an average activity of about 1250 μg/ml. The largest number of cap mushroom extracts – 19% of all studied species – showed activity against the yeast micromycete C. albicans. The highest activity against C. albicans was observed in extracts of the mushrooms Cantharellula umbonata with an MIC of 625 μg/ml, Cortinarius olivaceofuscus with an MIC of 625 μg/ml, and Hypomyces chrysospermus with an MIC of 312 μg/ml. During screening of antioxidant activity, the studied extracts were divided into three groups: with high (more than 50 % PPR), medium (from 15 to 50 % PPR) and low (less than 15 %) antioxidant activity. It was shown that the sum of phenolic compounds significantly correlates with the level of antioxidant activity in all three groups, but in the groups with medium and low antioxidant activity there are also other non-phenolic groups of compounds that make a significant contribution to the total antioxidant activity.Conclusion. Cap mushrooms are a promising source of biologically active substances with antifungal and antioxidant activity.