Process Of Feminization Research Articles

La féminisation du corps professoral des facultés de droit au Québec

Despite the relatively late removal of barriers that prevented them from entering the legal profession in Québec, women currently represent the majority of lawyers and notaries as well as over two-thirds of law students in Québec. They are, however, still in the minority among faculty in Québec law schools. The purpose of this article is to offer some insight into the factors that may explain this situation. It first reviews the slow process of feminization in the law schools and among their faculty, before specifically addressing the current situation of female professors in law schools. Various factors such as access to graduate studies in law, the criteria used by law schools to assess candidates for academic positions, and the transformation of universities and their expectations of law professors are examined.

Feminziación de la universidad medieval, un fenómeno histórico, antropológico y filosofíco

El proceso de feminización de las instituciones educativas es un hecho que puede y debe ser analizado desde una perspectiva holística que involucre aspectos no solo peda´gógicos y didácticos, sino también aspectos sociales, antropol´ógicos y filosóficos. En el caso de las grandes Universidades Europeas, las cuales fueron fundadas durante la Edad Media, nacieron como instituciones meramente masculinas, es decir sin la presencia o contribución de las mujeres. Esta situación discriminatoria duraría más de setecientos años ya que sería hasta el siglo XI que las primeras mujeres tendrían la oportunidad de ingresar como estudiantes a estas casas del saber. Por otro lado, el feminismo y su evolución histórica y filosófica ha estado íntimamente ligado a la conquista de diversos derechos de las mujeres, entre ellos uno de los más importantes es el derecho a la educación superior.
 En el presente artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación llevada acabo para analizar precisamente el fenómeno de la feminización de la Universidad de Montpellier y sus posibles nexos con la evolución filosófica del feminismo europeo.

ГЕНДЕРОВАНІСТЬ МОВИ VS. ПЕРЕКЛАД

The paper deals with the identification of the main processes of ensuring gender equality in modern communication. The analysis of scientific works on this topic is carried out. The main tendencies in society that led to the emergence of the problem of gender asymmetry in the language and preceded the mutual influence of the problems of gender asymmetry with the language issue with examples in gender and gender non-oriented languages are identified; the main approaches to ensuring gender equality in languages are characterized in accordance with their grammatical structures. The processes of neutralization and feminization are determined with examples, as well as the characteristics of genderless languages are given. Using this macro-approach allows for the identification of general trends, but does not reveal the subtle differences between individual countries and languages. As such, we hope that this article will serve as a catalyst for future work to further explore how grammatical gender works in everyday communication and what the differences are in the use of grammatical gender in different languages. The article discusses the methods of ensuring gender equality in the Ukrainian language through feminization, in particular, the development and formation of feminitives in Ukrainian language and the features of their creation are determined. The problems in the translation industry, caused by tendencies towards gender equality, were described. While the current results indicate that there are differences in gender equality between countries with different grammatical gender language systems, they cannot answer the question of the process by which these differences arise or whether language systems play a causal role. Moreover, while language can play an important role in promoting gender equality and eliminating gender asymmetries, and language reform can be a fruitful way to improve the representation of women's rights in androcentric languages, it is important to remember that language change must first be accompanied by social and political adjustments in order to truly solve the existing problems of gender inequality.

How does international migration impact on rural areas in developing countries? A systematic review

Abstract This study is a systematic review of literature on the impact of international migration on rural areas. We examined this impact on six rural welfare indicators, including labour, livelihood activities, income, food security, land use, and rural development. We selected 44 papers from a pool of 1544 articles published from 2007 to 2018. We found that the impact of international migration on selected indicators varies and are highly context-specific. The results point to the existence of heterogeneity in impacts, capable of creating a space of losers and winners among migrants and non-migrants households. The immediate impact is the loss labour effect, which leads to a process of feminisation of agriculture and the use of child labour. In the intermediate, this trend changes the power relationship in rural areas, briefly increasing the opportunities for the non-migrants household to control land. However, remittance helps the migrant household to move up in the income ladder, improving their food security, enabling the repurchase of land and causing a transition away from agriculture. We submit that international migration from developing countries could create a dynamic process of structural and functional transformations in rural areas, which may ultimately lead to a transition away from agriculture. We provide several policy implications and identified some research gaps for future studies.

Women’s approach to farming in the context of feminization of agriculture: A case study from the middle hills of Nepal

The outmigration of men has led to the feminization of rural communities where women are increasingly responsible for farming. This situation has been referred to as the ‘feminization of agriculture’. This article uses the theory of intersectionality to explore the feminization process in rural communities and to understand how women are changing their farming practices in the middle hills region of Nepal. Empirical data for this study was obtained using a mixed method approach which included a household survey, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and field observation. The study found differential impacts of the feminization process among women, with the impacts for women largely defined by their caste/ethnicity, gender, class and socio-economic level. Outmigration was causing large changes for households, yet it was not the only factor driving change in rural communities, with women increasingly involved in decision-making in both ‘migrant’ and ‘non-migrant’ households. While new roles in farming have emerged for women, traditional gender norms still constrain how women practice farming. Farming is changing noticeably, with less focus on maximising crop production and raising livestock and more emphasis given to management of farmland closer to settlements and less intensive farming.

Military-Police Fusion at the Southern Border

Examining the activities of the Israel Defense Forces along the Gaza-Israel border, this article identifies a new phase in what the author calls ‘military-police fusion’. The analysis focuses on novel technologies—remote-controlled weapon stations and unmanned ground vehicles—and on the women soldiers who operate these systems. The central claim is that the blurring of boundaries between military and policing missions, combined with high-tech weaponry, has resulted in the development and implementation of new modes of violence that are currently undergoing a process of redefinition and feminization. The article addresses three key dimensions of the processes occurring in the hybrid operational environment along the Gaza-Israel border: the legal dimension, the technological dimension, and the gender dimension.

CAMINHOS PARA O ENVELHECIMENTO SAUDÁVEL: RELAÇÃO ENTRE HIPERTENSÃO ARTERIAL SISTÊMICA E PRINCIPAIS FATORES DE RISCOS MODIFICÁVEIS

Introdução: O Brasil vive um processo de envelhecimento e dentre as doenças mais comuns aos idosos, estão aquelas crônicas não transmissíveis, que apresentam desenvolvimento lento e efeitos deletérios a longo prazo, entre elas, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica, que apresenta como peculiaridade seu caráter multifatorial. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a hipertensão arterial sistêmica e seus principais fatores de riscos modificáveis. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo transversal de amostragem não probabilística, o levantamento ocorreu junto aos idosos do Programa Terceira Idade em Ação da Universidade Federal do Piauí, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2015. Participaram da coleta, idosos, independente do sexo, devidamente matriculados no programa em questão. Foram excluídos aqueles que apresentavam déficit cognitivo. Cada participante foi avaliado através de um formulário socioeconômico e físico; e avaliação física da circunferência da cintura. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software Statistical Product and Service Solutions versão 20.0. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Piauí. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 99 idosos, sendo 87,9% do sexo feminino. A maior prevalência de sexo feminino pode estar relacionada ao processo de feminização da velhice, que é caracterizado pela maior expectativa de vida das mulheres. Quanto à atividade física, apenas 15,2% dos idosos foram considerados praticantes de atividade física regular, sendo que o sedentarismo é um importante fator de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Ao avaliar a situação de saúde observou-se que 50,5% dos pesquisados apresentavam hipertensão arterial sistêmica e correlação significativa com valores elevados de circunferência da cintura (p=0,03). Conclusões: Os hábitos de vida e situação de saúde apontaram que reduzido número de idosos encontram-se ativos; e a relação significativa entre a circunferência da cintura e o diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial sistêmica evidenciam a importância de atuar sobre as diversas variáveis que compõem a saúde.

Women’s Literature in Emigration in 1950–1990: the Issue of the Canon

The article was inspired by the World Congress of Lithuanian Writers held in Vilnius, in May 2019, during which the literary canon was discussed – not only in Lithuania, but abroad as well: what determines the entry of some books into the school canon, their assessment with literary prizes, various nominations, and why other books remain less noticed by readers and / or literary critics. The theme of this article was further highlighted by the heated debate on the elections of the Book of the Year that took place throughout the autumn (and is still ongoing). Various top five, top ten, top twelve lists, debates over the update of the contents of the curriculum of secondary schools inevitably raise the issue of the literary canon. Therefore, it is considered that perhaps the problem is not what falls or does not fall into the literary canon, but rather how much power society gives to the literary canon itself. The main tasks of the research: to introduce the main theoretical aspects of the literary canon; to discuss the issue of literary canon and women’s creative works; to identify the dominants of the literary canon in the diaspora. The article discusses the issue of the literary canon precisely in women’s literature that was created and is still being created in the diaspora. Research sources: various literary and cultural presses of the Lithuanian diaspora in the US (Aidai (The Echoes), Darbininkas (The Worker), Draugas (The Friend), Gabija, Naujienos (The News) etc.), Literatūros lankai (Literary Folios) (Buenos Aires, 1952-1959), the book by Vladas Kulbokas Lithuanian Literary Criticism in Exile (Rome, 1982). The main reason for this discussion of (non)canonization of women’s literature is that statistically female authors write more on emigration topics. There were more women writers outside Lithuania in the second wave of emigration (DPs); more women than men give a sense to their exile experience even today. The article emphasizes that women’s involvement in public life has never been either simple or natural. Even greater challenges awaited the creating women in 1944, when they moved to the West – Germany, Austria, and from 1949 – to the US, Canada, Australia. Questions are raised as to how and why public attitudes towards the writing, creative woman have changed; how the community of the Lithuanian diaspora, influenced by a new context, new economic and political conditions in the US, thought about new creative challenges, what kind of goals and objectives were set for it. If feminization processes call for rebellion against the dominant (male) canon, if today we are talking about not a single existing canon, but rather about canons, if it is emphasized that the canon is nonetheless a changing thing related with a system of certain time values, then the canon may not exist at all and it cannot exist? The article also actualizes modern migration processes and their reflections in literature (created both in Lithuania and abroad, outside Lithuania; written not only in Lithuanian but also in English) as well, opens new possibilities for reading and interpreting women’s works – and above all – the article dedicated to the World Lithuanian Year, seeks to create a dialogue field that can help deepen the understanding of today’s (e)migration.

‘Women’s Work’ in Indonesia’s Social Media-based Online Store Business: Social Reproduction and the Feminization of Work

This paper seeks to analyze ‘women’s work’ in Indonesia’s online shop businesses by looking at the forms of work that emerge in those businesses. This paper employs qualitative research methods by using transcribed in-depth interviews with 20 informants from six cities in Indonesia. By looking at flexibility as the defining characteristic of exploitation under platform capitalism, home as the central working space in the social media-based online store, and the ongoing process of feminization of work in the online business sector, this study advances two claims. First, the intersection between platform capitalism and logistics revolution in the online shop business has created new forms of work. Second, the social media-based online store, which is mostly operated by women, shows that flexibility and feminization of work under platform capitalism have direct impacts on the lives of the female business operators and their work. A closer look at the emergence of online stores also reveals how social reproduction work shapes ‘women’s work’ in the online business

As comunidades quilombolas brasileiras e a feminização da pobreza

Este artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre as características socioeconômicas das comunidades negras rurais brasileiras, assim como sobre o processo de feminização da pobreza no interior desses territórios. Para tanto, utilizou-se como base de dados uma pesquisa realizada em 2011 pelo DataUFF, abrangendo 169 comunidades remanescentes de quilombo, localizadas em 14 estados brasileiros. Com a finalidade de desenvolver a proposta aqui empreendida, o artigo se estrutura da seguinte forma: A conceituação das comunidades remanescentes de quilombo; Reflexão teórica sobre a feminização da pobreza e a questão racial; Configuração socioeconômica das comunidades e os desdobramentos relacionados ao sexo. Por fim, faz-se uma discussão conclusiva sobre gênero e discriminação.

Research productivity of sociology PhD candidates at interdisciplinary schools of social science at elite Australian universities, 2013–17: A gender perspective

Gender data are presented from a study into sociology PhD completions and student research outputs during enrolment at Australian ‘Group of Eight’ interdisciplinary schools of social science. Findings confirm views and impressions offered by Australian sociology academic leaders. The present data contributes to this wider discussion by describing patterns in the contemporary cohort of sociology PhD students. First, we document a stable gender composition of the discipline in Australia reflective of the literature across several decades rather than a recent feminisation process. Second, we report for this cohort of contemporary PhD sociology completions in Australia women and men publish at similar rates during candidacy. Third, there is no significant gendered difference between students at any level of research output production. Fourth, methodological approaches used by sociology doctoral students confirm the epistemological domination of qualitative analysis in this current cohort of sociology PhD theses.

Penerapan Teknologi Feminisasi Ikan Betok (Anabas testudineus) yang Dipelihara di Kolam Terpal pada Kelompok Pembudidaya Ikan Haru Mangat Kota Palangka Raya

Community Service Program (PPM) activities that will be carried out in the Haru Mangat fish farmer group in the form of technology for Betab Cultivation (Anabas testudineus) with an intensive system through the feminization process in the fish, to increase the skills and knowledge of the target audience, while the benefits are to create new micro-businesses for target partners. The method of activities with the method of direct participant observation of the activities of observation and interviews, implementation of training and technical guidance, and demonstration plot demonstration activities. The outputs of the Community Service program activities in the Haru Mangat fish cultivator group especially fish farmers in cultivating Betok fish intensive systems in ponds can easily understand and know the techniques of raising Betok fish with feminization technology. The fish cultivator group is very interested to cultivate it using tarpaulin ponds.

La participación económica de las extranjeras en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires desde fines del siglo XIX. La brecha con las nativas

A partir de mediados del siglo XIX se produce una aceleración del crecimiento de la ciudad, que coincide con una nueva etapa de la vida económica argentina. A fines de dicho siglo más de la mitad de su población no había nacido en Argentina. Se detalla el proceso de feminización de la migración internacional utilizando datos censales. Se muestra cuántas y quiénes fueron las extranjeras, de dónde provinieron y cuál fue su participación en la actividad económica, en especial se comparan sus ocupaciones con las nativas.

Женская представленность и гендерная сегрегация в академической среде Казахстана

This article raises the issue of women’s representation in the Kazakhstani academic space. Based on a database formed from secondary sources, the dynamics of the representation of women is studied in the Kazakh scientific space from 1991 to 2017. The article illustrates the change in the quantitative ratio of women and men in the humanities, natural and technical sciences. Based on the analysis of big data for all scientists who defended their candidate, PhD dissertations from 1991 to 2017, a statement is made about the process of feminization of Kazakhstani science. Based on the study of theoretical sources, the question is raised about the causes of the feminization of science. In the scientific debate, various explanatory models are used that study the process of feminization in various professional and scientific fields. These explanatory models are presented in the article

Ou Sont les Femmes a l’Academie Française?

The entry of women into the French Academy reveals the recognition of the current evolutions of the society. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate where women have been located at the French Academy over the years. The first part recalls itscreation, the importance of its missions, the Dictionary and the prizes awarded by the Academy. Following, we analyse the history of women at the French Academy, and three of its female members: Marguerite Yourcenar, Assia Djebar and Simone Veil. We also present the recent process of feminization of names which accompanies the admission of women into the Academy.

The fourth power? Women in media and in the journalistic profession – equality contexts

Starting from the mid-nineteenth century, along with technological progress and the pursuit of equality between women and men, the processes of feminization of the press market has intensified. The issue of gender equality and the separation of powers in the media sector is closely related to the activity of women in the public sphere. These days, despite the apparent equality in the media of mass communication, the participation of women in the key decision-making processes in the media, or their presence on the boards of media companies, remains lower than in the case of men. This paper deals with the concept of ”the fourth power”, relating it to the contemporary journalistic activity of women. The article spotlights the diverse dimensions of women’s activities in the media and their real impact on the audience. In conclusion, the need for equal participation of women and men in media communication processes was accentuated.

Seasonal Migration and Feminization of Farm Management: Evidence from India

Using gender-disaggregated data on land operations from India, this paper contributes to the literature on agricultural feminization by showing a relationship between seasonal or short-term migration for work and feminization of farm management. Using a nationally representative data-set covering 35,604 rural Indian households in 2013, we identify if women are taking on the role of farm managers in households with short-term migrants. Our results show that women are less likely than men to be decision makers on farms, but this dynamic changes when there is short-term migration in the household; the probability of women being decision makers on farms increases. These results are robust to concerns over omitted variables, endogeneity and sample selection issues. Our study highlights the importance of unpacking the feminization process to better understand the role of women as farm managers and the need for supporting this transition to ensure women farmers realise their full potential.

Relações de gênero e a feminização da profissão docente: reflexões sobre a divisão sexual do trabalho

As mulheres, ao longo da história, vêm ampliando sua presença nas diferentes profissões e lugares sociais, bem como a participação nas decisões políticas e econômicas na sociedade. Em alguns campos, como a Educação Básica, elas têm sido a maioria, tanto na atuação no magistério, como na formação docente de tais profissionais. Esse fenômeno é denominado como feminização e é caracterizado pela ocupação majoritária das mulheres em uma determinada profissão. No presente artigo, procura-se discutir o processo de feminização do magistério. Para isso, buscamos compreender a divisão sexual e social do trabalho, a separação do público e do privado e, a partir disso, analisar as motivações e fatores que levaram as mulheres a saírem do ambiente doméstico e familiar para ocuparem espaços públicos. Para isso, desenvolveu-se um ensaio teórico, tendo como estratégia metodológica a abordagem de revisão narrativa. Conclui-se que a profissão docente surgiu como uma possibilidade, por vezes a única, de migração das mulheres do espaço privado para o público, o que contribuiu para a feminização da profissão. Com a associação da profissão ao trabalho reprodutivo domiciliar, estendeu-se a desvalorização da educação pelo próprio Estado, o qual apresenta e reforça traços da divisão sexual do trabalho entre as categorias profissionais.

Занятость женщин на российской гражданской службе: баланс последствий для семьи и государства

Various aspects of women’s employment have been studied quite well in the Russian scientific literature. Key Issues are assignid: the need for women to combine professional and family roles; self-discrimination of successful women due to gender stereotypes; gender segregation of the labor market vertically and horizontally. The influence of the marital status of a woman on her professional and official career is less studied. The reverse process — the influence of women’s employment on the vital functions of the family is even less studied. The main purpose of the article is to formulate the positive and negative consequences of the employment of women in the Russian state machine for the quality of civil service and for the functioning of the family. Theoretical lenses are A. Giddens’ theory of structuration and the elements of gender analysis. The results of the study show that at present the balance of consequences of employment of women in the state mashine is positive for the Russian state, and it is negative for the family. The situation will visibly change due to the digitization of public administration. Soon the process of feminization of the Russian civil service can go backwards. It originates the problem of the employment of women which will be fire from the civil service.

Valorização profissional e feminização dos professores do curso normal do Instituto Estadual de Educação Olavo Bilac/RS, entre 1901 e 1970

Com o objetivo de estudar sobre a valorização profissional dos professores do Curso Normal (CN) do Instituto Estadual de Educação Olavo Bilac (IEEOB), de Santa Maria/RS e o processo de feminização, entre 1901 e 1970, resultou a realização deste artigo. A escolha pelo tema deu-se por entender que para iniciar um estudo se deve, primeiramente, compreender os fatores que intervêm no fenômeno, seu passado, presente e prospecção de futuro. Deste modo, é importante entender a historicidade do CN, para então compreender a valorização dos professores, o que implica entender os momentos, políticos e sociais que influenciaram na educação desde o início do CN do IEEOB até 1970. Entende-se o CN como início da história da formação de professores, considerando as normalistas, no século passado, como precursoras da profissão, tratadas com muita pompa em suas formaturas, e por amor às crianças. Professoras de quem se esperava o dom, ou a habilidade de encarar a profissão como uma missão, como se fossem destinadas à docência. Tais características, dada a prevalência do CN na história da educação, são ainda evidenciadas no trabalho pedagógico das professoras da infância nas escolas gaúchas.