Demineralization Process Research Articles

The hydropyrolysis (HyPy) release of hydrocarbon products from a high maturity kerogen associated with an orogenic Au deposit and their relationship to the mineral matrix

An innovative experimental approach has been applied to a metamorphosed (>550°C) kerogen associated with orogenic Au mineralisation. The novel application of catalytic Hydropyrolysis (HyPy) to mineralised sediments associated with Au-mineralisation successfully liberated GC–MS-detectable hydrocarbons interpreted as indigenous to the high maturity organic matter (OM), and previously proven unamenable to more traditional methods of organic geochemical analyses. These organic compounds were likely sequestered within condensed polyaromatic structures of the high maturity kerogen that exhibited an intimate relationship to the mineral matrix as documented using high resolution in-situ microscopy. The major pyrolysis products were the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pyrene (detected in particularly high abundance), coronene and hydrogenated analogues of these 4- and 7-ringed systems. To help distinguish the importance of specific organic–mineral relationships, each sample was subjected to a sequential demineralisation process using three increasingly stronger acids (i.e. 3M HCl, 12M HCl, HF). The kerogen isolated following each demineralisation step was subject to HyPy and then GC–MS analysis. Pyrene and hydrogenated analogues were again the major HyPy products of all demineralised kerogens (similar to the parent kerogen result). Other 2–7 ringed hydrocarbons and a homologous series of n-alkanes also were detected. Subtle differences in the distributions of compounds released and a pronounced increase in the abundance of most HyPy products at each demineralisation step (TOC also showed a general increase) were observed. These observations could be attributed to the increasing release of mineral-bound hydrocarbons, indicating the strong organic affinity for a wide variety of mineral types. The intimate association of the kerogen and minerals was clearly evident in the SEM–EDS photomicrographs of several freshly fractured surfaces that showed OM along mineral boundaries as inclusions, and as continuous infill in mineral grains. Most of the OM is intricately embedded in the clay structures. These mineral–kerogen relationships are retained even when the samples were finely powdered. Laser Raman analysis identified highly ordered and aromatic graphitic like carbonaceous material (CM-1) associated with the sedimentary matrix, although a distinct type of less ordered CM (CM-2) was also identified in proximity to sulphide veins — reflecting a separate organic origin of preservation pathway. The sequestration and protection of these hydrocarbons from thermal destruction likely result from an intimate structural relationship between the minerals and OM. This pioneering analytical approach represents a major breakthrough to the organic characterisation of sediments metamorphosed by high temperature mineralisation processes.

Physico-chemical characterization of collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering

Abstract The objective was to research the physical and chemical properties of collagen scaffolds (CS) obtained from bone matrix Nukbone ® subject to a demineralization process using hydrochloric acid. The CS samples were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy, elemental chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy Infrared, thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and nitrogen adsorption. The microanalysis were used to set the macro- and microstructures of CS. They showed that the CS retained the morphology of Nukbone ® with interconnected pores and their size between 100 and 500 μm, and it is composed of 20% by weight of HA and the rest is collagen type I. By infrared spectroscopy the functional groups of collagen type I (amide A – 3285, B – 2917, I – 1633, II – 1553 and III – 1239 cm −1 ) were identified. By thermal analysis it was determined that the phenomenon of denaturation of the collagen type I began in the range of 75–85 °C and burned above 200 °C.

Analysis of efficiency in demineralization process production of chitosan

Event Abstract Back to Event Analysis of efficiency in demineralization process production of chitosan Raid I. Farias1, 2, Vitor A. Lima2, 3, Bianca Lia Fook1, 2, Eunice P. Nascimento Lima1, 2, Rayane S. Antonino2, Rodrigo J. Lima2, 3 and Marcus V. Lia Fook1, 2 1 Federal University of Campina Grande, Department of Materials Engineering, Brazil 2 Federal University of Campina Grande, CERTBIO, Brazil 3 Federal University of Campina Grande, Department of Physical, Brazil Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, produced from chitin which is found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans and has been featured in technological and scientific world. The shell of the shrimp is widely used for the production of chitosan due to their larger polymer concentration and be considered to be waste arising from the processing and / or fish processing in the Northeast, and therefore raw material easily accessible and low cost. The production of chitosan process is fairly broad and diverse being of great importance demineralization, as this step is removed from the inorganic part that affects the quality and final properties. The aim of this study is to quantify the inorganic material present in the raw material after processing and efficiency demineralization process through the ash content test, according to the 5th edition of the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia Vol.1 - 5.2.10, using also one test thermogravimetry at a heating rate of 10°C / min. You select a sample group composed of the raw material and samples that underwent demineralization processes. The material produced the ash content is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) of a scan range 5-60° (2theta) at 1 ° / min with K? Cu radiation, to obtain the crystalline ingredients (minerals) in each step, favoring the monitoring of the efficiency of removal of inorganic matter in the demineralization process. The results of ash content and thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the amount of inorganic matter present in the feedstock after the processing is about 22% and after demineralization smaller than 1%, respectively. XRD analysis of the residue indicated the presence of peeling of calcite and calcium phosphates. After demineralization observed an amorphous profile, showing efficiency in the step of chitosan production process. CERTBIO; Ministério da Saúde

Diabetes an inducing factor for dental caries: A case control analysis in Jammu.

Objective:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic disease and it has emerged as a major health-care problem. There are more chances of dentinal caries among diabetics than nondiabetics. DM is responsible for causing ascendancy in the proportion and activity of saliva that impacts the oral health. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of various factors present in saliva on tooth decay amid type-II DM in Jammu.Materials and Methods:The subjects in our analysis comprises of 50 patients with type-II DM and 50 controls within the age group of 30–60 years. Diabetic status was assessed by estimating random blood glucose levels. Dental findings were recorded using modified World Health Organization (WHO) Oral health survey-basic method 2013. Salivary samples from all the subjects were collected and sent to the laboratory for interpretation of pH, flow rate, and salivary calcium. The analysis of salivary components decayed tooth was carried using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation test. All the parameters were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0.Results:The results have shown a significantly lower values of salivary pH, flow rate, and calcium levels in diabetics than in nondiabetics.Conclusion:Within the limits of the present study, the results indicated that patients with type-II DM have high rate of dental caries and are at high risk of caries development. The decline in the salivary components will reduce capability of supporting the mineral compartment of tooth structure to resist the demineralization process by cariogenic potentials thereby creating a favorable environment for caries progression.

THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT AGITATION TECHINQUES ON THE RESULTS OF TEETH DEMINERALIZATION BY ALKALINE SOLUTION OF EDTA

In order to analyze biomineralized microscopic structures on the microscopic level, they must be previously subjected to histological in vitro demineralization process, which removes the inorganic component. The speed of demineralization and the influence on the preservation of tissue morphology are the two most important parameters for the choice of decalcifying solution. The solution of Na2-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt), madein different concentrations, is considered to bethe slowest, but alsothe most reliable in means of demineralization. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible acceleration of tooth samples demineralization with alkalinized solution of Na2-EDTA,using different conditions of agitation, as well as periodic renewal of the solution for demineralization. Twelve wisdom teeth were used for the purposes of research, extracted for orthodontic reasons. The process of demineralization was performed in the 18.6% aqueous solution of Na2-EDTA. During 45 days, the decline of the specimen’sweight was measured for three physical conditions: the irradiation of the tooth halves samples in the demineralizing agent with the microwaves was used as an agitating technique, 24-hour stirring of the demineralizing agent with the tooth samples on the magnetic stirrer was applied, and the demineralization of the material on the room temperature. Each of these conditions was further subdivided into two groups: in one the demineralizing agent was constant during 45 days of the experiment, and in the second the demineralizing agent was replaced by the same volume of new solution every three days. Demineralized samples were routinely processed to microscopic slides, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The preservation of dental structures up to cytological details of different cell types in dental pulp was evidenced on microscopic slides. Demineralization of teeth with alkalinized solution of Na2-EDTA runs independently of examined types of agitation and/or renewal of chelating solution. It is possible to make a significant laboratory rationalization for in vitro tissue demineralization by excluding physical agitation, and frequent renewal of demineralizing solution. Acta Medica Medianae 2015;54(4):24-31.

Electrodialysis treatment of secondary steam condensate obtained during production of ammonium nitrate. Technical and economic analysis

Abstract The process of electrodialysis desalination of secondary steam condensate produced during ammonium nitrate production using various anion-exchange membranes is studied in the laboratory and on pilot scale electrodialysis modules. The main parameters of the process: current efficiency, salt flux and power consumption, are studied. The membranes studied include three commercial heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes: Ralex AMH produced by Mega a.s.; MA-40 and MA-41 produced by JSC Szchekinoazot; and the homemade profiled membrane MA-41P. It is shown that the profiled membrane possesses the best mass transfer characteristics this is explained by the combined effects of several factors. These factors include a significant increase of the active membrane area available for mass transfer, intensive fluid mixing and a decrease in the water splitting rate. Among the smooth membranes the Ralex AMH shows the best performance due to its larger active area. The mass transfer properties of the membranes are explained with the help of scanning electron microscopy and voltammetry. The reason behind their behavior in the electrodialysis process is explained by the properties and morphology of their surfaces. An analysis of the economics of the desalination process is made. It is shown that from an economical point of view, MA-41 membranes can be successfully applied in the electrodialysis demineralization process despite their lower mass transfer characteristics compared to the Ralex AMH membranes. Due to their lower mass transfer rates, a larger number of modules is required to achieve the same goals. However, this is compensated for by their lower price.

Quantitative evaluation of the mineralization level of dental tissues by Raman spectroscopy

Current routine clinical methodologies to diagnose diseases that affect the hard tissues of teeth present a certain lack of specificity and sensitivity, especially for incipient demineralization processes where early diagnosis is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of Raman spectroscopy as a direct quantitative diagnostic tool for the determination of specific molecular changes in mineralized tissues and the establishment of a pattern of normality. Human healthy and caries-affected dental pieces were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy using an FT-Raman Bruker RFS100 coupled to a 1064 nm-Nd:YAG laser with an incident laser radiation up to 1500 mW. Data from the spectra were treated with OPUS™ software. The influence of Raman spectrometer parameters on the spectra dependence and repeatability was first studied, showing a linear relationship between the incident laser power and the intensity/area of the Raman bands. Two quantitative Raman mineralization indices for dental tissue diagnoses were then proposed. For them, the mineral part ((bend) at 430 cm−1 and (stret) at 960 cm−1 for hydroxyapatite) was related to the organic part (C-Hx of lipids/proteins at 2941 cm−1) by calculating the ratio between these band areas as follows: MIb (Mineralization Index bending): 430 cm−1/2941 cm−1 and MIs (Mineralization Index stretching): 960 cm−1/2941 cm−1. A pattern of normality (healthy mineralization) was established with values in the range 1.35–1.75 for MIb and 4.01–5.19 for MIs. This methodology was successfully applied to two case studies where caries which could not be identified by conventional methodologies, such as radiography, were clearly diagnosed by the proposed quantitative Raman spectroscopy. Thus, its reliability as a routine clinical tool for quantitative diagnosis of dental demineralization by external inspection was demonstrated.

Inhibition of dentine collagen degradation by hesperidin: an in situ study.

Dentine caries is a process of demineralization and subsequent degradation of the collagenous matrix. Host-derived proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), play a role in this process of dentine collagen degradation. Hampering this degradation retards the caries process. Dietary antioxidants, such as the flavonoid hesperidin, can inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMPs and act as natural stabilizers of collagen. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-collagenolytic activity of hesperidin in an in situ model. A single-blind, split-mouth, in situ experiment was designed. Seventeen participants received two completely demineralized dentine specimens placed contralaterally in the buccal flanges of their partial prosthesis. During the 4-wk experimental period, the participants immersed the dentine specimens in a test solution [1,000 parts per million (p.p.m.) hesperidin] or a control solution (saline), twice daily for 3 min. After the in situ period, the specimens were retrieved and their collagen content was determined. A saliva sample was taken at the start and at the end of the experimental period, to assess collagenolytic activity. A significant protection of collagen, of 24%, was observed in the hesperidin-treated specimens compared with the control-treated specimens. No correlation was found between salivary collagenolytic activity and loss of collagen in the control-treated specimens. The results of this in situ study show that hesperidin could play a role in the preservation of dentine collagen matrix.

Effect of self-assembling peptide P11 -4 on enamel erosion: AFM and SEM studies.

The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the protective effect of self-assembling peptide P11 -4 (Curodont™ Protect/Credentis) on enamel erosion produced by a soft-drink, by using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Thirty human incisors were equally and randomly assigned to 6 groups. Group 1: intact enamel, group 2: soft drink, group 3: Curodont(™) Protect applied, group 4: Curodont(™) Protect applied + soft drink, group 5: soft drink + Curodont(™) Protect applied, group 6: soft drink + Curodont(™) Protect applied + soft drink. Specimens were observed through atomic force microscopy (AFM). The root mean-square roughness (Rrms) was obtained from the AFM images and the differences in the averaged values among the groups were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk test in order to assess the normality of the distribution. Parametric ANOVA and post hoc Tuckey test were performed to assess the differences between the different groups. After demineralization process, enamel demonstrated a high degree of surface porosity. This morphological aspect was reflected in the increase of Rrms values. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were reported between intact enamel and enamel only treated with P11 -4 and between eroded enamel and enamel treated with P11 -4 and then demineralized. However significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded when comparing softened enamel with softened enamel further remineralized with biomimetic self-assembling peptides and enamel treated with the protective paste between two acid attacks. The use of P11 -4 remineralizing may offer a degree of protection from enamel erosion. SCANNING 38:344-351, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effects of Pre-Treatment Conditions on Black Tilapia Fish Scales for Gelatin Extraction

Black tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) fish scales are good sources of gelatin. Fish scales needs to undergo adequate demineralization (pre-treatment) process in order to be a suitable medium for gelatin extraction. The effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentrations (1-5 %) and pre-treatment time (4-20 h) on the raw tilapia scales have been determined. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was done on the raw scales before and after pre-treatment process. SEM images reveal the pattern of ridges on the scales that fades away at different treatment conditions. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) results indicate that 3% of HCl with 12 h of treatment time is adequate for demineralization of the fish scales. These were further proved by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, where no any inorganic components been detected in the pre-treated scales in comparison to raw scales.

Evaluation of different microwave-assisted dilute acid extracting reagents on simultaneous coal desulphurization and demineralization

Coal combustion is one of the largest anthropogenic contributors to SOx and some other volatile elemental emissions to the atmosphere. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of different dilute acidic reagents (HCl, HNO3, HCl–HNO3, HCl–H2O2, HNO3–H2O2 and HCl–HNO3–H2O2) on simultaneous coal demineralization and desulphurization under microwave irradiation. The applied conditions for microwave-assisted dilute acid extraction (MW-ADAE) process were as follows: 180°C, 5min, 3molL−1, 3molL−1, 0.1g and 2:1 for microwave temperature, extraction time, acid concentration, [H2O2], coal amount and acid-hydrogen peroxide volume ratios, respectively. The leachate solutions obtained from the MW-ADAE process were then analysed by using ICP–OES for multi-element determination. The ICP–OES analysis was performed in order to investigate the acidic reagent that resulted in highest extraction recoveries of the examined multi-element. All extracting reagents that contained HNO3 showed accepted extraction efficiencies (% R⩾80%) as indicated by the ICP–OES results. The proposed MW-ADAE procedure with HNO3–H2O2 reagent showed excellent desulphurization efficiency parallel to the other literature reported methods. The raw and acid treated coals were then characterized by Elemental analyser (CHNS), FT-IR, SEM, P-XRD and TGA to examine the influence of different acids on the coal structure. The FT-IR, SEM and P-XRD results showed insignificant changes throughout all the studied acidic reagents. However, the CHNS results of HNO3–H2O2 treated coal revealed sufficient coal desulphurization as compared to the other investigated acids. Alternatively, thermal studies of raw coal (A) showed high quantity of unburned mineral matter. In addition, most of the acid treated coals such as B (HCl), C (HNO3), E (HCl–H2O2 and F (HNO3–H2O2) indicated moderate removal of mineral matter while aqua-regia based extracting reagents (G (HCl–HNO3–H2O2) and D (HCl–HNO3)) caused drastic extraction of both carbon and mineral content. Therefore, the mixture of HNO3–H2O2 was selected as the potential extracting reagent for the proposed simultaneous coal desulphurization and demineralization process as it showed moderate attack on the carbon content of the coal and sufficient desulphurization (102%) and demineralization (70–115%).

Evaluation of the pH and thermal stabilities of rosella anthocyanin extracts under solar light

Anthocyanin is considered as an unstable pigment, undergoes gradual degradation processes throughout the storage or use. The degradation of Rosella anthocyanin extract (RAE) in different pH solutions was studied under solar light and compared with solutions kept in the dark. It appears that RAE solutions under solar light were suffering rapid degradation than those kept in the dark. Moreover, RAE samples at higher pH values showed faster rates of degradation than those with lower pH values. A mechanism for degradation was suggested through the formation of hydroxyl radical which is responsible for demineralization process. It is also appears that as the initial concentration of the dye increases, the requirement needed for degradation increased as well. The thermal degradation behavior of RAE at temperature range 25–60 °C under solar light showed first order kinetics with low activation energies.

Monitoring Demineralization and Subsequent Remineralization of Human Teeth at the Dentin-Enamel Junction with Atomic Force Microscopy.

Using atomic force microscopy, we monitored the nanoscale surface morphology of human teeth at the dentin-enamel junction after performing successive demineralization steps with an acidic soft drink. Subsequently, we studied the remineralization process with a paste containing calcium and phosphate ions. Repeated atomic force microscopy imaging of the same sample areas on the sample allowed us to draw detailed conclusions regarding the specific mechanism of the demineralization process and the subsequent remineralization process. The about 1-μm-deep grooves that are caused by the demineralization process were preferentially filled with deposited nanoparticles, leading to smoother enamel and dentine surfaces after 90 min exposure to the remineralizing agent. The deposited material is found to homogeneously cover the enamel and dentine surfaces in the same manner. The temporal evolution of the surface roughness indicates that the remineralization caused by the repair paste proceeds in two distinct successive phases.

Effects of Curculigoside on Memory Impairment and Bone Loss via Anti-Oxidative Character in APP/PS1 Mutated Transgenic Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis are two closely related multifactorial progressively degenerative diseases that predominantly affect aged people. These two diseases share many common risk factors, including old age, being female, smoking, excessive drinking, low estrogen, and vitamin D3 levels. Additionally, oxidative damage and the dysfunction of the antioxidant system play important roles in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and AD. Aβ not only leads to impaired memory but also plays a crucial role in the demineralization process of bone tissues of older people and women with menopause. Curculigoside can promote calcium deposition and increase the levels of ALP and Runx2 in osteoblasts under oxidative stress via anti-oxidative character. Therefore, we investigated the effects of CUR on the spatial learning and memory by the Morris water maze and brain immunohistochemistry, and bone microstructure and material properties of femurs by micro-computed tomography and mechanical testing in APP/PS1 mutated transgenic mice. Oral administration of CUR can significantly enhance learning performance and ameliorate bone loss in APP/PS1 mutated transgenic mice, and the mechanism may be related to its antioxidant effect. Based on these results, CUR has real potential as a new natural resource for developing medicines or dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of the two closely linked multifactorial progressive degenerative disorders, AD and osteoporosis.

Progress in bioextraction processes of chitin from crustacean biowastes

The most common methods for the recovery of chitin from crustacean shells are chemical procedures using strong acids and bases. The chemical demineralization and deproteinization processes have several drawbacks such as depolymerization, anomerization, and deacetylation. Moreover, chemical treatments are hazardous, energy consuming, and environmentally unfriendly. As an alternative to chemical processes for extracting chitin, fermentation processes using microorganisms or proteolytic enzymes have been studied for decades for various crustacean shells. Bioextraction of chitin is emerging as a green and eco-friendly process, thus overcoming some of the shortcomings of chemical extraction. Microorganism-mediated fermentation processes are desirable due to easy handling, simplicity, controllability through optimization of process parameters, ambient temperature, and less environmental impact. The main drawbacks of the biotechnological process are the lower yield and quality of the products and thus a higher cost than the chemical processes. We briefly discuss the critical issues encountered in biotechnological processes for chitin recovery from crustacean shells, together with compiling the most advanced findings during the last decades.

Development of an improved bone washing and demineralisation process to produce large demineralised human cancellous bone sponges.

Shaped demineralised bone matrices (DBM) made from cancellous bone have important uses in orthopaedic and dental procedures, where the properties of the material allow its insertion into confined defects, therefore acting as a void filler and scaffold onto which new bone can form. The sponges are often small in size, <1.0cm(3). In this study, we report on an improved bone washing and demineralisation process that allows production of larger DBM sponges (3.375 or 8.0cm(3)) from deceased donor bone. These sponges were taken through a series of warm water washes, some with sonication, centrifugation, 100% ethanol and two decontamination chemical washes and optimally demineralised using 0.5N hydrochloric acid under vacuum. Demineralisation was confirmed by quantitative measurement of calcium and qualitatively by compression. Protein and DNA removal was also determined. The DBM sponges were freeze dried before terminal sterilisation with a target dose of 25kGy gamma irradiation whilst frozen. Samples of the sponges were examined histologically for calcium, collagen and the presence of cells. The data indicated lack of cells, absence of bone marrow and a maximum of 1.5% residual calcium.

Management of White Spot Lesions Using Resin Infiltration Technique: A Review

Management of white spot lesions has always been an important issue in modern dentistry. Many preventive measures have been suggested recently to slow the demineralization process and allow better remineralization of enamel as soon as white spot lesions begin to appear and just before proceeding into the cavitated lesion stage. A new technology in dealing with such lesions is known as Resin Infiltration. It seems to provide an intermediary treatment modality between prevention and restorative therapy. The concept was introduced as a micro-invasive approach for the management of smooth surface and proximal non-cavitated carious lesions. The purpose of this review is to present the scientific basis and principles of the usage of resin infiltration technique as well as its importance in the clinical practice.

Residents' journal review

Residents' journal review

The American Dental Association Caries Classification System for Clinical Practice: A report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs

BackgroundThe caries lesion, the most commonly observed sign of dental caries disease, is the cumulative result of an imbalance in the dynamic demineralization and remineralization process that causes a net mineral loss over time. A classification system to categorize the location, site of origin, extent, and when possible, activity level of caries lesions consistently over time is necessary to determine which clinical treatments and therapeutic interventions are appropriate to control and treat these lesions. MethodsIn 2008, the American Dental Association (ADA) convened a group of experts to develop an easy-to-implement caries classification system. The ADA Council on Scientific Affairs subsequently compiled information from these discussions to create the ADA Caries Classification System (CCS) presented in this article. ConclusionsThe ADA CCS offers clinicians the capability to capture the spectrum of caries disease presentations ranging from clinically unaffected (sound) tooth structure to noncavitated initial lesions to extensively cavitated advanced lesions. The ADA CCS supports a broad range of clinical management options necessary to treat both noncavitated and cavitated caries lesions. Practical ImplicationsThe ADA CCS is available for implementation in clinical practice to evaluate its usability, reliability, and validity. Feedback from clinical practitioners and researchers will allow system improvement. Use of the ADA CCS will offer standardized data that can be used to improve the scientific rationale for the treatment of all stages of caries disease.

Detailed Analysis of the Structural Changes of Bone Matrix During the Demineralization Process Using Raman Spectroscopy

The results of experimental research of human cortical bone tissue depending on demineralization time were represented using Raman spectroscopy.Depending on demineralization time the ratio of the mineral (РО43− and CO32−) and organic components (amide I) of bone tissue, as well as changes in the spectral regions responsible for the structural integrity of the collagen fibers in bone tissue (1200-1460 cm-1 and 2880-3000 cm-1) were investigated. The observed changes show a decrease in mineral components: thus, the value of Raman band intensity at 956 and 1069 cm-1 for 5minutes demineralization is 68.5 and 77.3%, for 20minutes - 55.1 and 61.1%, for 120minutes - 32.8 and 37% from Raman intensity values of not demineralized tissue objects respectively.