Process Of Deindustrialization Research Articles

As transformações na estrutura produtiva internacional e os impactos na indústria brasileira: uma análise a partir da dimensão tecnológica

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar as transformações da estrutura produtiva brasileira em perspectiva comparada a Alemanha, China, Estados Unidos (EUA), Japão e México, com ênfase na dimensão tecnológica. Para tal, parte-se da hipótese de que tais transformações devem ser compreendidas como derivadas do fenômeno de constituição de redes globais de produção e crescente deslocamento produtivo para países asiáticos que apresentam baixos custos de produção. Admite-se ainda que processo tem condicionado as possibilidades de desenvolvimento produtivo industrial dos países, inclusive o brasileiro. Como principais resultados, observou-se que a China passou a se industrializar ao receber etapas do processo produtivo manufatureiro mundial, fragmentado em redes globais de produção. Por outro lado, países industrializados como Alemanha, Japão e EUA passaram por um processo de desindustrialização no período recente, definido pela literatura especializada como normal. No mesmo sentido, Brasil e México, passam por um processo de desindustrialização entendido pela literatura como precoce, uma vez que não atingiram um grau de desenvolvimento considerável. Conclui-se que no caso brasileiro, observa-se um atraso tecnológico, principalmente em setores típicos do paradigma microeletrônico, além de se observar um aumento do gap de produtividade que tem levado a economia brasileira a um caminho de falling behind.

Urban Shrinkage and Regeneration of an Old Industrial City: The Case of Wałbrzych In Poland

Abstract The industry which was a driving force of the economy and contributed to the population growth in many cities for decades became later the source of their problems. The crisis of the activity of old industrial cities creating the economic base (especially of the traditional industry), provoked by the deindustrialisation process and in post-socialist countries additionally by the “shock” of the economic transformation, caused long-lasting and unfavourable changes in many areas. It resulted in the present process of shrinkage of old industrial cities in demographic, economic, social aspects as well as spatial ones (Bontje 2004; Oswalt 2005; Turok, Mykhnenko 2007; Pallagst et al. 2009; Cunningham-Sabot et al. 2010; Bontje, Musterd 2012; Hospers 2012, 2014; Haase et al. 2013; Pallagst et al. 2014; Stryjakiewicz 2014; Runge et al. 2018). This process can take a different course in different socio-economic patterns depending on the geographical situation and the time of observation. However, it leads to unfavourable results in each place, first of all to a decrease in the number of inhabitants. The aim of the article is twofold: (1) the identification and analysis of the process of urban shrinkage of Wałbrzych city as well as (2) the examination of different regeneration strategies adopted to mitigate negative effects of urban shrinkage. It is particularly important to understand this process and results of the adopted strategies especially in the context of the future development of this city which according to demographic forecasts will be shrinking in the long run.

Financial liberalization and structural change: the Brazilian case in the 2000s

Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between financial integration and structural change based on a Minsky-Kregel approach. The motivation for this investigation derives from the fact that the opening of the Brazilian economy in the 1990s did not generate a structural change capable of increasing the weight of higher-technological sectors in the manufacturing industry. In theoretical terms we assume that financial liberalization in developing countries induces the loss in importance of the industrial sector in the productive structure, leading to an early deindustrialization process. In addition, it increases the external fragility and reduces the scope for developing countries to implement long-term economic policies to increase their potential output. In our econometric exercise applied to the Brazilian economy in the 2000s it was observed that financial integration and dependence on foreign savings, captured by an international liquidity proxy and dummy variables to incorporate the external financial instability in the period studied, reduced the share of Brazilian industry in GDP.

Fonti orali per la storia del lavoro nel Parco Geominerario della Sardegna: Orgoglio identitario e nostalgia

During the Nineties, the deindustrialization process in the Sardinian mining industry bringing the sites to their final close in 1997 produced a mobilisation for the regeneration of the territory, which led to the creation of the Geological and Mining Park of Sardinia in 1998. In the early 2000s, a massive actuation for the recovery of mining companies’ sources triggered the institution of important archives, such as the international Igea Spa mining historic Archive - which, in the next decade, promoted a large-scale process of oral sources collection, counting around 100 video-interviews. These sources, still largely unknown, constitute an invaluable resource for the investigation of the history of work in the Sardinian mining context.

Creation of institutional conditions and mechanisms of entrepreneurship development in the region (using as the example the Volgograd region)

The transfer of the Russian Federation to the market economy had a negative impact on the industry of the Volgograd region and determined the process of deindustrialization. For the reconstruction of the industry since 2013 to present day the institutional sphere of small and medium sized entrepreneurship (SME) development within the government program “Economic development and innovative economy” is being created. The program supposed the foundation of centers for entrepreneurial support, business incubators, microfinance centers, regional guarantee funds, engineering centers, prototyping centers, centers for export support and other elements of infrastructure in the regions of the Russian Federation. The article studies the process of the creation of institutional conditions and mechanisms of entrepreneurship development in the Volgograd region, the statistical data on the governmental support of small and medium sized enterprises from the point of view of the created elements of institutional environment. Despite significant efforts on the creation of institutional sphere, the tendency which is observed today is the escape of business from the Volgograd region and transfer to more successful regions of the Russian Federation. This fact is connected first of all with a considerable reduction of incomes and the purchasing ability of population. The authors analyzed indices of the development of small and medium sized enterprises in dynamics. The conclusion about negative trends in this sphere is made. The innovative development of a region is a driver of the industrial development needs special conditions. In particular they are industrial parks, cluster potential of the territory and also new mechanisms of innovations’ encouragement i.e. innovative vouchers. For the moment the efforts are made in the implementation of the project in the chemical and pharamaceutical industrial cluster.

The 18th And 19th Century Industrialization Process as The Main Aspect of City Creation and Its Impact On Contemporary City Structures: The Case of Lodz

The article analyses the 18th and 19th century industrial towns transformation and the development in their structures. Due to science and technological advancement occurring in the industrial era, medieval and renaissance methods of city planning became inefficient. Industrialization forced great changes in urban planning and usage of natural resources in the most of the European towns. The case of Lodz – little agricultural town which changed into one of the biggest textile production centers in continental Europe over less than a century – indicates the importance of industry-related developments on its unique appearance and local identity at present. Lodz was transforming from craftsman town into the metropolitan area with the use of semi-rural layout from the early stage of industrialization. As a result, the city developed into a mixture of public spaces with strict planning law of iron-grid pattern surrounded with independent production centers as well as suburban residential structures without unified urban plan. As a result, a large European city emerged. It urban structure was subject of further extensions and transformations, especially in the second half of the 20th century. The most important were the changes in usage of public spaces and the emergence of new means of transport. Due to these transformations streets had to be widened, causing demolition of buildings, which resulted in destroying the compact urban structure. Another reason of the city deterioration was economic problems connected with political issues. In 1962 Lodz was one of the biggest manufacturing center where 58,8% of employment was recorded in the textile industry which show how that part of economy was connected with city. Some thirty years later at the early stage of post-communist transformation the textile production decline and a lack of new investments led to regression. The city created by industry underwent a metamorphosis. The factory closures badly affected not only the local economy but also traditional urban structure, and as a result caused the loss of identity and destroyed emotional links of local society with the city. The main aspect of article is to discuss how spatial organization of the industrial city, its urban structure and its way of functioning affected urban planning after the deindustrialization process, and how these factors shape the existing as well future city structures.

Regional deindustrialization: concepts, causes, effects and the Brazilian case

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the process of deindustrialization of the Brazilian economy from a regional perspective. Since the mid-2000s there has been an intense debate about the process of deindustrialization in the Brazilian economy, obtaining significant advances in the causes, consequences and, especially, the emphasis given to the role of industry in the development of Brazil. However, the deindustrialization in the Brazilian economy is treated in a homogeneous way, so that the discussion in the regional perspective is practically disregarded. This paper attempts to reduce this debate gap in the sense that it develops concepts appropriate to the regional space and explains its causes.

Рабіз: небажана дитина міської культури 1960-х

The article discusses the ideological, social and cultural conditions that made possible the formation and development of "rabiz," a form of urban musical folklore, in the 1960s. Rabiz is described as an undesired result of the Socialist modernization process. It had received certain important aspects from the preserved forms of pre-Soviet urban culture but for some of its key features owes to the soviet cultural policy of the 1930s and the socio-cultural tendencies of the Soviet Armenia of the 1960s and 1970s. Rabiz was a side effect of the industrialization and urbanization of the 60s and was then radically transformed and degraded during the process of post-Soviet deindustrialization.

ДИСКУРСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

Choosing a strategy of development is one of the key challenges the nation-states are facing. On the one side, such strategy should account for internal factors of development, such as preserving and strengthening national and cultural identity, fostering social cohesion, and providing all social groups with high quality of life and a pipeline for self-fulfillment. On the other hand, it has to offer answers to the questions posed by external factors – foremost, by numerous global challenges, from climate change to international terrorism. The majority of the world community, under the auspices of UN agencies, has accepted the sustainable development concept (SDC) as the basis for responding to these challenges. Similarly, the SDC has been at the forefront of scientific discourse on development in the recent years. However, like any theory, SDC has a number of limitations and inner contradictions, which are worth studying. As some researchers point out, the SDC is, in its essence, a technocratic theory: therefore, the higher analyst is climbing on its theoretical steps, the more contradictions he meets. The article dwells on the social and humanitarian aspects of this problem through the prism of critical approaches to SDC. After a brief dive into the origins of the concept, the authors outline the focal points of its critique that include, but are not limited to the following contradictions. Firstly, the goal of achieving self-consistent and stable development contradicts the fact that the developing systems are, on the one hand, intrinsically unstable and non-linear and, on the other hand, prone to shocks produced by technological and social changes, economic and political shifts. Secondly, achieving equilibrium between the ecological and the economic components of development is highly difficult due to the essence of the established approach to development (economic growth through extensive technological modernization and/or industrialization). Attempts to solve this contradiction in the SDC framework often lead to various excesses: for instance, the radical interpretation of SDC, inspired by the idea of strict limitation of both economic and demographic growth, stimulates the processes of de-industrialization and depopulation. The authors point out the importance of avoiding such excesses; in this particular instance, it could be achieved by incorporating elements of anthropocentric approach into the model. This is closely related to the third key issue: finding a balance between various components of development requires paying much more attention to its ethical and moral aspects. These aspects are one of the key weak point of SDC, which does not address some of them at all. The authors also consider a number of other relevant concepts of development through the prism of their social and humanitarian potential. Among these concepts there are resilient development, which goal is to strengthen already existing social relationship; eco-centric development aimed at reducing over consumption and maintaining ecological sustainability; as well as sustainable degrowth transformation. Special attention is paid to the concept of responsible development, which, in authors’ opinion, could serve as an innovative basis for a more thoughtful development policy. The concept was coined by the IMEMO scientific school; it puts emphasis on the moral and ethical aspects of development; among its foundations are the culture of dialogue, feedback and civic engagement. The authors emphasize the role of academic community in finding effective ways to influence the decision-makers to put the development concepts into practice, as well as in establishing and maintaining a constant dialogue and stimulating responsible behavior of all actors.

Rethinking deindustrialization, and the reindustrialization policy in Serbia

The paper explores deindustrialization as the main development problem in Serbia and examines the possibilities for a new industrial policy and its implementation. The aim of the paper is to re-examine the process of deindustrialization in Serbia (its causes and consequences), and to give useful suggestions related to Serbia's existing strategy of longterm industrial development until 2020 and to new industrial policies. Addressing the deindustrialization process is an issue of developmental and economic policy. A reindustrialization strategy or a new industrial policy could be one answer, and this has to be addressed if the share of industry in the GDP is to increase. Both qualitative and datagiven approaches have been applied to the analysis of deindustrialization and to the question of how to improve the conceptual framework for reindustrialization in Serbia. Also, some recommendations to the on-going national reindustrialization strategy, or the ?smart specialization strategies? are made.

Guidelines for the development of the world economy in the conditions of overcoming the deindustrialization processes

The article deals with the features of the industrialization period, which are inherent in the world economy in the present conditions. Four models of industrialization that can exist at the present stage of economic development are considered: post-industrialization characterized by the development of technologies of the 5th mode, which in the conditions of de-industrialization stipulate bringing of low-tech industries outside the country and introduction of high-tech industrial capacities), neo-industrialization (characterized by the development of technologies of the 6th mode (including nanominiaturization, bio-technologization, cognitivization, 3D printing development), necro-industrialization (characterized by the predominance of industries with technologies of the 3rd and 4th ways, which under conditions of de-industrialization "undergo" the reduction of production capacities due to their physical deterioration and lack of demand for products), traditional industrialization (characterized by the predominance of extractive industries, heavy and low process engineering, development of 3rd and 4th modes technology that are upgraded to meet the challenges of today's market). The Europe 2020 strategy, launched in 2010 by the European Commission is analyzed in terms of industrial policy development. The paper identifies that the European Union's new economic course is based on maintenance of smart sustainable economic development to achieve high employment, productivity and social cohesion. The key guidelines for the development of the world economy are determined on the basis of reasonable growth, sustainable and comprehensive development in the context of overcoming de-industrialization and transition to the sixth technological way.

Economic dimension of creative activities in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the identification of creative industries and the definition of their role in the Ukrainian economy. With the intensification of de-industrialization processes, the creative sector can be seen as a new source of economic growth and employment, based on creativity and innovation. The results of comparing national and international classification approaches to the definition of the creative sector are presented. The contribution of creative activities using various economic indicators is quantified. The Ukrainian creative economy’s dynamics and structure, as well as its positions in global ratings are analyzed.

Methodical basis for enterprises capitalization evaluation

The capitalization of enterprises as a process of creating value added is considered in the article, and its evaluation is carried out on the basis of the income approach. It is substantiated that the gross value added of an enterprise is a key indicator of an enterprise’s activity, both in terms of its capitalization and efficiency. The concepts ratio of «gross value added in actual prices» and «gross value added in basic prices», and also their place among other indicators of enterprise’s activity, is considered. As a key indicator of enterprise’s capitalization, has been proposed to consider of its public value. It is proposed to carry out its assessment on the basis of methods of discounting cash flows and direct capitalization of income. Discount rate was calculated by the cumulative method. The growth rate of gross value added of Ukrainian enterprises in 2012–2017 at actual prices was calculated within the framework of the exponential function model. Along with the concept of «public value of an enterprise», the concept of «private value of an enterprise» was defined as a value which creates added value for enterprise’s owners (the sum of net profit and depreciation). A comparison of Ukrainian enterprises public and private value by type of activity showed that the first one is significantly less than the second one and in 2014 and 2015 the country’s enterprises private value was negative. In capitalization context, the concept of «labor productivity» is defined as a volume of gross value added per employee. According to the research results, the concept of «public value of an enterprise» is proposed as a value, which creates of an enterprise’s gross value added. It is proposed to evaluate it by the direct capitalization method of gross value added. Calculations of Ukrainian enterprises public value in 2012–2017 at actual prices are showed his increasing of more than 2 times, due to high inflation rates. On the contrary, the evaluate at constant prices in 2012 indicates a drop of 8,4%, especially in industry, where the decrease was almost a third (32,3%), which indicates the deindustrialization process in the country’s economy.

Evolução recente da indústria em países latino-americanos selecionados: uma análise do processo de desindustrialização para o período de 2000-2014

Este trabalho trouxe à discussão a indústria de países latino-americanos selecionados – Brasil, Argentina, México e Chile –, no período de 2000 a 2014, com propósito de indicar se esta vem, ou não, passando por inflexões contingenciadas ao processo de desindustrialização. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise empírica que examinou o comportamento da participação relativa do valor adicionado da indústria no PIB, do emprego industrial no emprego total e da balança comercial. Através da análise, pôde-se constatar que esses países vêm passando por um processo de desindustrialização precoce e heterogêneo.

The Impact of Administrative Reform on Labour Market Transformations in Large Polish Cities

The purpose of the article was to discuss the impact of administrative reforms on the dynamics and the direction of changes occurring in the labour market structure of cities. In the existing research the view prevails that the loss of the voivodship capital function contributes strongly to the socio-economic degradation of the city. In Poland, this discussion has been caused by an administrative reform, as a result of which 49 existing voivodships and the related 49 voivodship capitals were replaced by 16 voivodships and 18 regional capitals. The carried out research focused on both these Polish urban centres which lost their voivodship status and the ones which retained it and become the centres of new, large regions. The Bray-Curtis measure was used to analyse the studied transformations. The data for 2005 and 2016 were used in the research. The conducted study allowed the identification of groups of the cities characterised by a similar range of changes in labour market structure. The research focused on answering the question whether retaining or losing the status of a voivodship city is related to the scale of these changes. The research results presented in the article seem to confirm that the role of administrative changes in the development of cities is not as extensive as it has commonly been attributed. The actual reasons for the economic growth of large centres, or the shrinking of some former voivodship cities, cannot be reduced to the effects of the reform itself. They result, to a much greater extent, from the processes of deindustrialisation, predominantly related to the regression of the declining industry sectors.

Wybrane przestrzenne aspekty restrukturyzacji przemysłu w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej przed kryzysem gospodarczym 2008 roku

Artykuł ma na celu ocenę wybranych przestrzennych aspektów restrukturyzacji przemysłu w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej (EŚW) w okresie poprzedzającym kryzys gospodarczy w 2008 roku. Badania objęły zarówno porównawczą analizę procesów dezindustrializacji na poziomie krajowym, jak i zmiany znaczenia sektora przemysłowego w podregionach NUTS3 krajów EŚW. W szczególności zidentyfikowano te regiony, które z jednej strony odniosły sukces gospodarczy mierzony dynamiką wzrostu PKB w porównaniu do średniej krajowej, a z drugiej – odnotowały wzrost znaczenia przemysłu w strukturze wartości dodanej brutto. Trzy z nich objęte zostały pogłębionymi badaniami jakościowymi w ramach studiów przypadku, które miały na celu wskazanie czynników rozwoju, w tym roli instytucji i interwencji zewnętrznej w procesach restrukturyzacji gospodarczej. Badania pokazały, że skala sukcesu regionów, które przeszły udaną restrukturyzację przemysłu, była relatywnie niewielka. W procesach rozwoju tych regionów decydującą rolę odegrały czynniki egzogeniczne, w tym zwłaszcza napływ kapitału zagranicznego. Z kolei znaczenie czynników endogenicznych, takich jak wzrost innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw czy też rozwój małych i średnich firm, było w badanym okresie stosunkowo niewielkie. Istotna okazała się natomiast rozwinięta współpraca między głównymi interesariuszami rozwoju regionalnego i lokalnego, skutkująca właściwie sformułowanymi strategiami rozwoju układów terytorialnych objętych badaniami.

Structural Change in the European Union and Its Periphery: Current Challenges for the Western Balkans

This paper analyses structural change in the European Union (EU) over the past two decades, with the aim of providing some guidelines for the Western Balkan (WB) countries. After recalling the main theories of structural change, the paper illustrates the general trend of decline in the relative shares of manufacturing output and employment in the old and the new EU member states, pointing to distinctive features of the East European countries. It proceeds to show how structural change in the WB countries has had additional characteristics, specific to the region. The WB countries have experienced a process of extreme de-industrialization that has reduced the contribution of manufacturing too quickly, to levels which are not consistent with their relatively low level of economic development. What is necessary is a strategy of re-industrialization of the WB economies that would strengthen their export capacity and facilitate more robust economic growth.

ЭВОЛЮЦИОННО-СТРУКТУРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕЖОТРАСЛЕВЫХ ПРОПОРЦИЙ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ АСТРАХАНСКОЙ И ВОЛГОГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЕЙ ЗА 1998-2016 ГГ.

The article highlights the statistical data of the research of dynamics of generalizing indicators of a gross regional product and its calculation per capita correlated with structural changes in interindustrial structure of the Astrakhan region in comparison with those of the Volgograd region and on average over other regions of Russia. It has been stated that for the last three years of the studied period the level of economic development of the Astrakhan region has risen, compared to Volgograd. The evolutionary and structural analysis of interindustry proportions in economy of the Astrakhan region has revealed presence of structural cycles of industrialization and development of the service sector which are followed by opposite shifts and changes. There are given charts of structural trends and industrialization and servization as quantitative features of development of economic systems of the region. In a trajectory of structural changes there are seen four phases which correlate with temporary characteristics of world external economic crises. The scope of structural variations for the Astrakhan region has appeared much wider, than on average in the regions of Russia. The long-term industrial positive trend in development of economy of the Astrakhan region has been stated, which began since 2009. The Astrakhan region should be related to the middle type industrialized regions. Degree of economics servization is characterized by lower indicators, than in the Volgograd region and on average in regions of Russia. Unlike the Astrakhan region, in the Volgograd region the process of de-industrialization of economy is going on with small variations of servization around its average value. The economy of the Volgograd region should be related to low industrialized type.

Preferable Directions in Reform of the International Trading System from the Standpoint of Development Needs of the Small Countries in Eastern Europe

Abstract The economic openness and reindustrialization. Can these two occurrences exist at the same time? The empirical experience of the East European countries tells us that they cannot. Trade liberalization in the transition countries implemented during the 1990s led to the process of deindustrialization which continued also during the 2000s. The goal of this paper is to present the possible directions for reform of the international trade system which would enable reindustrialization of the small countries in East Europe with simultaneous preservation of the achieved level of trade liberalization. Admittedly, we are separated from the win-win situation by the conviction that this is only possible if the compensation principle is applied on the global trade, according to which the winners in the global trade (developed countries with trade surplus), should compensate to the losers (small insufficiently developed countries) a part of their losses with mandatory support to programs of reindustrialization based on exports, for which the funds are chronically lacking. An alternative is reindustrialization based on import substitution i.e. strengthening of the protectionism, where all benefits of the free trade could vanish so in the end everybody would be in loss.

Process of Deindustrialization in Montenegro

Abstract Deindustrialization is a dynamic process that began to attract the attention of economic theorists in the 60s of the 20th century, which is characterized by a reduction in the share of the industrial sector in GDP and employment. A descriptive analysis of the deindustrialization process in Montenegro was carried out. It was established that throughout the observed period, the process of deindustrialization in Montenegro has characteristics present in developed countries. However, a deeper analysis and taking into account the key indicators showed that deindustrialization in Montenegro did not just arise as a sole consequence of positive economic trends. In addition, the entire process took place under the influence of various non-economic indicators. Moreover, the global economic crisis had a significant economic impact on Montenegro's industrial sector. In the process of accession to the EU and in addressing global challenges, the country's industrial sector, in line with key development strategies, is heading towards reindustrialization, i.e. development and progress under changing conditions.