Process Of Deconcentration Research Articles

Regional development of employment in eastern Germany: an analysis with an econometric analogue to shift-share techniques

This paper examines the development of regional employment in eastern Germany. An approach introduced by Patterson and suggested by Moller/Tassinopoulos is extended for the analyses. This approach uses a generalisation of an econometric analogue of the common shift-share method, which is suggested here as a new workhorse for regional analyses. The results obtained with this shift-share-regression and with very differentiated data from the employment statistics of eastern Germany show that processes of deconcentration play a role in explaining regional disparities, since inverse localisation and positive urbanisation effects are visible. Such processes can be understood with approaches of New Economic Geography (based on Krugman et al.), whereas the general significance of industry-specific effects, which is also becoming clear, can be explained using approaches of structural change, following amongst others Appelbaum & Schettkat. In addition, positive impulses of the qualification structure on regional development are detectable, which can be understood by endogenous growth theory.

Regional development of employment in eastern Germany: an analysis with an econometric analogue to shift share techniques

Abstract We extend in this analysis an approach introduced by Patterson and suggested by Möller and Tassinopoulos. Our approach uses a generalization of an econometric analogue of the common shift‐share method, suggested here as a new “workhorse” for regional analyses. The results obtained with this shift‐share‐regression, and with very differentiated data from the employment statistics of eastern Germany, show that processes of deconcentration play a role in explaining regional disparities, since inverse localization and positive urbanization effects are visible. The relevant processes can be understood by implementing approaches of “new economic geography”, structural change and endogenous growth theory.

Descentralização e federalismo: a política de saúde em novo contexto - lições do caso brasileiro

O artigo analisa os processos de descentralização e desconcentração, aliados à nova emergência do federalismo, como fenômenos mundiais e tendências marcantes na reestruturação do Estado centralizado e unitário, erguido sob a tradição napoleônica; no caso brasileiro, em particular, identifica os períodos e problemas surgidos no processo de descentralização e na reconfiguração do pacto federativo, a partir dos anos 80, e avalia as implicações desta nova ordem nas reformas recentes da política de saúde. Por fim, apresenta os condicionantes e limites da descentralização setorial da saúde, evidenciando os riscos aos quais está submetida, considerando os aspectos contextuais desfavoráveis, caracterizados por conflitos de ordem federativa e pela herança de desigualdades socioeconômicas.

The Magnetism of Miami: Segmented Paths in Cuban Migration

Miami is the primate city in a system of urban settlements that make up a Cuban ethnic archipelago in the United States. The city is also a national magnet, attracting Cuban migrants from metropolitan regions across the archipelago. Four large secondary cores of Cubans outside Florida serve as major “feeders” to the Miami enclave: northern New Jersey, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Currents of migration to Miami are especially strong among older, foreign‐born, and disadvantaged Cubans, an indication of segmented paths in Cuban assimilation. Although concentration in Metropolitan Miami has been the Cuban story over the past three decades, processes of deconcentration now may well be under way.

The Magnetism of Miami: Segmented Paths in Cuban Migration

ABSTRACT. Miami is the primate city in a system of urban settlements that make up a Cuban ethnic archipelago in the United States. The city is also a national magnet, attracting Cuban migrants from metropolitan regions across the archipelago. Four large secondary cores of Cubans outside Florida serve as major “feeders” to the Miami enclave: northern New Jersey, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Currents of migration to Miami are especially strong among older, foreign-born, and disadvantaged Cubans, an indication of segmented paths in Cuban assimilation. Although concentration in Metropolitan Miami has been the Cuban story over the past three decades, processes of deconcentration now may well be under way.

Cycles within the System: Metropolitanisation and Internal Migration in the US, 1965-90

This paper uses a typology of local metropolitan development to examine population redistribution trends in the US over the past three decades. Theories of systemic maturation and urban life-cycles are discussed and evaluated. Analysis of population and inter-county migration data reveals that localised deconcentration has become an increasingly common sub-process of metropolitanisation, but that this sub-process cannot be fully explained by a life-cycle model of metropolitan development. More importantly, results indicate that metro-based migration varies significantly with local patterns of metropolitanisation. The nature of this variation implies that declining metropolitan areas tend to redistribute migrants to relatively distant metropolitan and non-metropolitan territory in a manner consistent with extended processes of population deconcentration.

Nuevo horizonte de la migración en el centro de México : 1970-1990

"During the last few decades migration in Central Mexico has undergone important changes. Not only have populations been moving increasingly towards the periphery and decreasingly towards the center, but those originally living in the center are also moving to the immediate periphery. This behavior allows us to claim that Central Mexico is undergoing a process of deconcentration or suburbanization. This study describes the way in which such a process has developed and the situation of geographical entities within that process. Analysis of the new regional configuration takes into account demographic growth and the direction and characteristics of migration in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and its surrounding states during the last twenty years." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Amsterdam inside out? Conversion of office space into condominiums in the historic city centre of Amsterdam

Until the second part of the nineteenth century, the city of Amsterdam was contained within what is now called its Historic City Centre (HCC). In 1870 225,000 inhabitants lived and worked in this area of 8 km2. Since then the concentration of people and jobs has increased to what has become the Amsterdam Urban Region. Along with this process of regional concentration, there was also a deconcentration of functions (particularly residential, but also industrial, wholesale and storage functions) from the historic part of the city. This deconcentration was partially due to the growing importance of department stores, shops, banks, public buildings, a railway station and hotels. Remarkably, this process of spatial restructuring largely took place without destroying the existing urban structure. In many cases, new modern buildings were constructed on reclaimed land or empty sites. But, more often, changes of land use took place by converting buildings to a different use. This process of spatial restructuring is still going on, and is increasingly affecting financial institutions and producer services. Many branch offices and even corporate headquarters are tending to relocate to the urban fringes or to the suburbs. The process of employment deconcentration has left behind many empty buildings in the HCC. Nowadays, these are increasingly likely to be converted into residential apartments. The speed of this process has recently alarmed the local government. There is growing evidence that the residential fonction is not just "filling the gaps" left behind, but that apartments are in fact more and more actively displacing office space. Contrary to these developments, the overall aim of local planning policies concerning the HCC is to maintain and even strengthen the leading position of this part of Amsterdam within the metropolitan structure: as a balanced centre of business and culture, but also as a historic as well as a residential centre. The HCC becoming more and more a residential district, however, poses considerable problems for local government. Therefore, the perspective of

Modeling Suburbanization as an Evolutionary System Dynamic

The research undertaken investigates the applicability of Allen and Sanglier's dynamic model of urban system evolution to the process of suburbanization occurring in the post‐World War II United States. The model, derived from principles of the theory of dissipative structures formulated by Ilya Prigogine, considers the urban system as open and far from equilibrium, thereby allowing a dynamic evolution which has the following properties. The structure of a system at any point in its development is historically contingent upon the sequence of structures it has exhibited in its past, and on the precise nature of random fluctuations which have acted to induce structural change. The joint action of chance and determinism influence a system's evolution through the complex interactions and feedback mechanisms embedded in its structure. The critical point at which these forces cause the system to undergo a structural change is called a bifurcation point. The model allows that the microdynamics of the system underlie its macrostate. This implies, therefore, the opportunity for individuals to influence the system's structure and for the possibility for creative system evolution to occur.The central question of the research was whether the processes of deconcentration of population and dispersal of employment from the central cities to the suburbs of large U.S. metropolises, with the resulting morphological shifts from mono‐ to polycentric urban forms, represent structural changes of the sort defined and modeled by Allen and Sanglier's adaptation of Prigogine's theory. The introduction of a calibration procedure, unspecified in previous applications of the model, provides a means whereby the calibration of the many system parameters can proceed in a systematic fashion, offering insight into the function of these parameters in the overall dynamic and their interactions with one another. Research results highlight the benefits of Allen and Sanglier's approach and areas inviting further investigation.

The end of drastic depopulation in rural Finland: Evidence of counterurbanisation?

The concrete basis for this paper is the recent stabilisation or eventual deconcentration trend in spatial population development experienced in North Karelia, one of the most drastic depopulation areas up through the early 1970s in Finland and in all of northern Europe. Tentatively, this transformation can be interpreted against the idea of Counterurbanisation, an idea familiar from recent discussions on population and settlement geography throughout the developed capitalist world. Superficially seen, ‘Counterurbanisation’ is also evident — though only tendentially — in North Karelia, regarding both the disappearance of a clear national core-periphery difference in quantitative terms and the significant centrifugal forces in the only truly urbanised area of the region. However, the scattered settlements and some non-central agglomerations in the more remote areas are still suffering from population losses. Thus, the concept of ‘Counterurbanisation’ has only partial relevance here. Therefore, I will aim to conceptualise further a framework for the spatial population development in the context of a multi-level urban and regional system, which expresses, firstly, a dialectical interrelationship between the concentration and deconcentration processes at various regional levels and, secondly, the demographic and socio-economic differentiation involved in it.

Ciudades y petróleo. Aspectos históricos y prospectivos de la población urbana de Venezuela

Aquí se analiza la dinámica urbana de Venezuela. En una primera parte se examinan los fundamentos y la evolución del sistema urbano a partir de la época colonial, el inicio de la explotación petrolera con el descubrimiento del primer yacimiento petrolífero y el impacto del mercado petrolero y sus consecuencias sobre la economía venezolana, con énfasis en las situaciones que provocaron cambios en la población y su distribución sobre el territorio. Después se revisa la organización del espacio urbano y se hace una tipología de las ciudades conforme a la función económica y social que ejercían en los niveles nacional y regional, para posteriormente hacer una clasificación de los centros urbanos desde el punto de vista demográfico. En una segunda parte se examinan las nuevas condiciones que enfrenta la evolución del sistema urbano, debido a los cambios en los componentes del crecimiento demográfico y el proceso de desconcentración de la región capital y el fortalecimiento de la región central. Por último se revisan los factores que permiten establecer proyecciones sobre el futuro crecimiento de las ciudades venezolanas.

In Pursuit of Deconcentration: The Evolution of the Dutch Urban System from an Organizational Perspective

The geographical process of (de)concentration is both a prerequisite for and a consequence of changing activity systems controlled by organizations involved in decentralization. This article describes the evolution of the Dutch urban system since the sixteenth century by focusing on the processes of (de)concentration and spatial integration. Recent developments are analyzed from the perspective of the spatial structure of organizations. From this description, the outlines of the present urban system of The Netherlands emerge.

Urbanization and Counterurbanization in the United States

Urbanization, the process of population concentration, has been succeeded in the United States by counterurbanization, a process of population deconcentration characterized by smaller sizes, decreasing densities, and increasing local homogeneity, set within widening radii of national interdependence. This article reviews this shift, the means by which a national society is producing a national settlement system.