Process Of Collectivisation Research Articles

КОНФЛІКТ БАЖАНОГО І ДІЙСНОГО В НАРИСІ «САДИ» КУБАНСЬКОГО ПИСЬМЕННИКА О. РОЗУМІЄНКА

The article deals with the problematics and narrative features of a sketch “Sady” (1931) by Kuban Ukrainian-speaking writer of between-wars two decades Omelian Rozumiyenko. The sketch could be partially called as travel, because its author – inhabitant of Kuban – opens for Ukrainian readers the history and the present of village Kalinino, former Sady (Gardens), gives its broad description through the prism of political engagement, and tries to recreate the process of collectivization in the village as a result of class struggle. The writer aims to describe those processes exceptionally as positive phenomena, but his objectivism leads to permanent descriptions of “temporary” difficulties, disadvantages and abuse of power by local authority and party-governmental leaders.

Accountability at the Local Level in Fragile Contexts: Bangladesh Case Study

SummaryThis paper, part of an IDS and Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation research project, is about the promotion of accountability at the local level in Bangladesh. By exploring in this context the legal grounds for accountability, the role of social hierarchies based on gender, education, family and wealth, and the impact of political alliances on accountability, the paper focuses on the social and political factors which may enable or prevent emerging accountability practices. The accountability practices studied in this context are local networks formed and supported by SDC's local governance programme Sharique. These networks strive to emerge as catalysts of social and economic development as well as good governance in Bangladesh. Composed of local governance actors, local networks bring information, spaces for participation and opportunities for oversight closer to citizens in rural Bangladesh, making it easier for them to benefit from accountability options provided by their government. This paper elaborates the strategy Sharique applies to help networks take on this role in a socially and politically divided context. It maintains that this strategy contributes to a transfer of power from a powerful individual to a group, setting off a process of collectivisation and affecting each member's role in engaging in local development and promoting accountability. However, the paper also draws attention to disparities that persist between members of the networks studied, with respect to different elements of accountability. It argues that the active promotion of all elements of accountability is necessary for Sharique to reach out to all populations through this initiative. It concludes that the success of accountability practices both on a conceptual and applied level is subject to clear differentiation between elements of accountability, which avoids relying on assumed casual connections between them.

The Importance of Skiing in Austria

The following account is an attempt to explain how skiing in Austria came to acquire its importance. The period around the First World War and the years following it form one focus, as it is at this time that skiing evolved from an elite to a popular sport. This is described as a process of collectivisation through movement and took place largely under the central aegis of the military and schools. Further focus is on the mass media representation of skiing in Austria, post-1945. The biography of the 1970s skiing hero Franz Klammer allows a cursory demonstration of how these narratives create emotionally charged opportunities for identification, which have the power to anchor themselves into the collective memory of post-war Austria.

The Process of Collectivization Approached in Romanian Propagandistic Literature

The article analyses one of the most representative propagandistic literary productions that approached the subject of collectivization in Romania, that is the short story entitled The Unfolding written by Marin Preda. The subject brought into attention cannot be discussed without a previous review over the social and political context in the communism, propaganda, situation of peasantry and new ideological patterns that marked people mentality and behavior, class struggle, Party doctrine and all the actions that changed completely the picture of the Romanian society.

Self-identification through narrative: reflection on the collectivisation of agriculture in Bulgaria

The present article shows how a particular historical event, namely the collectivisation of agriculture in Bulgaria from the late 1940s to the late 1950s, which dramatically changed several generations’ lives, has been thematised in biographical interviews. In the narratives, collectivisation has been outlined as a realm of collective memory. Using the biographical method of Gabrielle Rosenthal, which allows for the reconstruction of the past through biographical memory, this article focuses on the narrative images of the agents of social change, that is, the ways in which people (re)construct past events in the present through narrative and how they discussed and/or conceptualised their own behaviour during the process of collectivisation. In the analysis, the emphasis is on the presentation of collectivisation on an everyday, micro-level.

Action Oriented Learning: A Tool for Effective Use of Forest Resources for Better Livelihood

Widespread poverty existed amongst the forest based tribal communities in the Aruku valley and the adjoining forest area of Andhra Pradesh state in southern India. In spite of dwelling in a forest range with rich biodiversity most of these tribal communities were unable to utilize the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) to augment their livelihood base.Bereft of proper welfare services of the State since generations, because of the inaccessible terrain (ranges between 700 and 900 meters above mean sea level) the tribals languished with very low Human Development Indices. Quantitatively, NTFPs here have always been ample for the use of the communities but the State had never earnestly attempted to mobilize the people to utilize the same for improving their livelihood by accessing the market. Weak collectivization process of the communities stemmed from the apathy of the understaffed forest department. This had resulted in low knowledge and skill of the forest dependent community to utilize the surplus NTFPs for economic gains.A process (called the Action Oriented Learning) has been on since 2002 to mobilize the community in 3600 habitations to carry out microplanning exercises. This has been a tool for the communities to identify their priorities, the resources and look for means to address their short- and long-term needs. During this process apart from other issues, the community discusses issues of availability of specific NTFPs (of a season), the ongoing prices, the marketing avenues and gets to a common consensus to collectively trade in specific NTFPs. The accompanying social mobilization and capacity building processes have empowered them with information regarding the collection, value addition and the forward linkages.Currently tribals in 3600 habitations of this forested area trade in various NTFPs. The State run Co-operative is the primary buyer. There is least dependency on ‘external’ middlemen. The local NGOs and CBOs of the village form the vital link and there has been a sea change in the livelihood base of these forest-based communities. Not only has borrowing from moneylenders decreased, but out-migration to urban areas during the lean period has also fallen drastically.

The 1927 Soviet War Scare: The Foreign Affairs-Domestic Policy Nexus Revisited

The Soviet War Scare of 1927 is usually treated solely within the bounds of Soviet political machinations. This study explores the connection between Bolshevik domestic and foreign policy in the War Scare of 1927 with a focus on the peasants. The peasants in the early years of the NEP were seeking a compromise with the regime, seeing the relations of power following the war, the civil war, and horrendous famine of 1921-1922, not in their favor. The War Scare of 1927 altered how both the peasants and the regime saw one another and the possibility of compromise. The rumors of war were soon coupled with threats of peasants uprising against the communists. By fall 1927, both the local police in their svodki and the central OGPU in its summary reports to the political leadership were describing a mounting confrontational atmosphere among the peasants. Given the heightened anxieties within the leadership regarding the Soviet Union’s ability to defend itself, concern over the reliability of the peasantry and a demand to know more fully about the “political situation in the countryside” had reached a fever pitch. Surveiling the countryside, both the central OGPU and the party leadership concluded, not without some evidence, that a growing number of peasants desired a showdown. The War Scare of 1927 added significantly to the factors that helped set the process of collectivization in motion.

Displacement of east and south-eastern Lithuanian population in 1951–1955

The article deals with the displacement of East and South-Eastern Lithuanian population to other regions of the country. It tries to answer the following questions: why the process of displacement was carried out in East and South-Eastern Lithuania? What were the motivation arguments of the displaced people for / against the process? And finally, what were the results of the displacement?Similar actions of displacement were organized also in other Soviet republics. In Lithuania, this process was started in the regions that in the opinion of local authorities were not suitable for agriculture, namely in Daugai, Druskininkai, Eišiškės, Pabradė, Švenčionėliai, Trakai, Varėna. In the beginning, approximately 4 600 families were planned to displace. However, notable results were reached only in 1951–1952 when more than 1 100 families were uprooted. From 1953 to 1955, the displacement of people slowed down and finally stopped.The author formulates the following conclusions:In 1951–1955, it was decided to implement the displacement of approximately 24 000 people from Eastern and South-Eastern Lithuania due to difficult economic conditions in this region (poor soil, slow process of collectivization, etc.). However, these plans were not realized in ful for objective and subjective reasons (delay in house building, poor living conditions in the new areas, the lack of manpower in displacement regions or just the reluctance of people to be displaced). Besides, this process was not very important to both the republic and local authorities.The dynamics of the displacement had two phases. In 1951–1952, the process was executed intensively because of fear to be repressed by Soviets and because of expectations to start living in better conditions. During the second phase (1953– 1955) the displacement slowed down. The reasons were the process of citizens’ returning back home, decreased attention from the government, and the more liberal political atmosphere in the USSR.In the light of the other processes of the period, the displacement was estimated as an alternative to Soviet repressions. People of East and South-Eastern Lithuania tried to avoid possible repressions and agreed to move to other living places. Ethnicity made an impact on the process, too. In 1950, Lithuanian authorities had to inform the central government in Moscow about the living conditions of local Poles, and after that they were forced to make decisions which improved the conditions of Poles in East and South-Eastern Lithuania. It was the main reason why the most “Polish” Lithuanian regions (Vilnius, Naujoji Vilnia, Nemenčinė) were not listed as displacement regions.

Is there a European social work identity?

The aim of this paper is to examine whether at this point in time the notion of a ‘European social work identity’ can be sustained. The paper commences with some brief consideration of theories of identity, and particularly draws attention to social constructionist identity theory, highlighting its focus on identity as a process. Ideas about what constitutes ‘collective identity’ are then examined. From this, two particular models of collective identity are presented which are helpful for understanding cultural identities. These are the more ‘traditional’ notion of collective culture being evidenced by the presence of shared histories and traditions, and the more social constructionist view of collective processes and action to form identities – whether imposed by the state or generated by the people – as constitutive of identities in themselves. ‘European identity’, and then ‘European social work identity’, will then be examined using these models of collective identity. The paper concludes that using social constructionist versions of identity (identity as a process of collectivisation), European social work identity can certainly be established.

Violence and social (dis)continuity: comparing collectivization in two East European villages

Why study the collectivization process once again when it was undone with the restoration of private land ownership and therefore apparently proved outdated by history? This article argues that it ...

Zabolotsky's The Triumph of Agriculture: Satire or Utopia?

Nikolai Zabolotsky's long poem The Triumph of Agriculture (Torzhestvo zemledeliia) has been an object of controversy since its publication. As with Blok's The Twelve, critics have not been able to agree about the poem's stance towards contemporary events.1 For The Triumph of Agriculture, the basic question is whether the poem satirizes the collectivizers of Soviet agriculture or hails them as founders of a better world. A valid interpretation of the poem hangs upon the resolution of this question. The purpose of this essay is to establish whether the poem is a positive, even utopian, vision of collectivization or rather a satire upon it.2 Initially, The Triumph of Agriculture was greeted with indignation. Soviet critics interpreted the poem as a vicious satire on the collectivization process then going on and as an attempt to make socialist ideas into a laughing-stock.3 Some critics in the West have also understood the poem as a satire. Gleb Struve sees Zabolotsky as mocking Soviet

The American Tractor Comes to Soviet Agriculture: The Transfer of a Technology

SELDOM HAS A MAJOR agricultural technology been adopted so quickly and on such a vast scale as was the tractor in Soviet Russia. In the course of ten years the tractor changed from a curiosity to a standard unit of power; in 1924 there were only about 1,000 tractors in operation, by 1934 the number had increased to over 200,000. This growth was all the more remarkable because it took place in a rural economy which had, from a technological point of view, changed little from the Middle Ages. The increase in tractor numbers paralleled an even more striking change in social and economic structure-the collectivization of agriculture. It appears that the introduction of the tractor hastened the collectivization process; in fact, it became intertwined with profound changes in Soviet governmental organization. This technology, however, did not spring from the Russian soil; it came almost entirely from the United States. Through the mid-thirties, most of the tractors in the Soviet Union were of American manufac-