Car Process Research Articles

RESEARCH OF DEFORMATION AND DESTRUCTION OF CAR ELEMENTS UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS

The article is devoted to the improvement of the methodology for the examination of the operation the vehicles in extreme conditions that occur during road traffic accidents (RTA). Of great interest in the field of road safety are the tasks of determining the causes of RTA and the conditions under which they occur. There are computer systems that allow modeling the processes of interaction automobile vehicles with obstacles and among themselves during an accident. These developments based on various mathematical models of the car collision process. The most reliable and promising are systems that based on methods for analyzing plastic deformations and destruction of car structural elements during an accident. The basis of these methods is the law of conservation energy or the model of the transition of the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into the potential energy of a structure deformed after an accident. This process described with the help of the parameter – the energy equivalent of the speed. The analysis of the object is study – automobile body structures carried out. They classified as thin-walled shell structures that are easily plastically deformed. The available methods for solving the problems of analysis the elastic-plastic deformations in such structures do not allow providing the high accuracy of the solution necessary for the examination of the RTA.
 Purpose – improvement of the methodology for conducting an autotechnical examination of an accident.
 Methodology: solution of inverse problems of continuum mechanics.
 Results: a variant of the finite element representation of the design and a method of the variational approach to determining the energy criteria of the process under study were developed. It provides the greatest accuracy in solving the tasks.
 Practical implications: it is expedient to apply the obtained results when carrying out an autotechnical examination of an accident.

Car Damage Assessment for Insurance Companies

Analysis of the damaged vehicle that can be automatically claiming insurance that takes human resource, time and effort. Image processing and machine learning techniques are analysing the vehicle damage in the proposed solution. In Advanced solution helps to speed up the claiming process sufficiently. Consider a situation, if a person is driving a car they met an accident the vehicle owner can taken a few photos of the damaged car from a mobile phone that can be send to the insurance company and can just upload the photos to the system. The system can analyse the damage, severity of the damage as well as location of the damage. In this proposed project the insurance company can machine-driven the car damage analysis process without the need for humans to analyse the damage done to the car. Therefore, it is a very challenging task for quality of computer vision techniques and also Machine learning technologies.

Mathematical Modeling and Multivariable Optimization Design of SUV Chassis Structure Based on SFE CONCEPT

The car chassis design concept is an important part of the car design process. Analyzing the car chassis structure in the conceptual design process is of great significance for improving the efficiency and accuracy of car chassis design. This paper takes SUV models as the research object and uses SFE CONCEPT software to realize the mathematical modeling and multivariate optimization of the SUV chassis structure. The concept of “implicit” parameterization and the concept of “CAE analysis-driven design” are adopted to quickly realize large-scale geometric transformation and consistency of interconnection, while achieving automated production and grid parameters. Through this research, it can be found that in the concept development stage of the vehicle chassis structure, the CAE performance analysis is introduced into the early development stage as soon as possible; combined with the implicit parametric design method, it can quickly and effectively realize the exploration and optimization of a larger range of structures. In addition, the SFE CONCEPT software used in this article can create parametric structural models, and combined with automatic meshing technology, it can realize continuous changes of topology variables, shape variables, size variables, and material variables, and compare the design results with the detailed design results to confirm the feasibility of the design. In addition, the experimental test shows that the success rate of SFE CONCEPT and other CAD software docking reaches 100%.

Deep Learning for Real-Time Aerodynamic Evaluations of Arbitrary Vehicle Shapes

The aerodynamic optimization process of cars requires multiple iterations between aerodynamicists and stylists. Response Surface Modeling and Reduced-Order Modeling are commonly used to eliminate the overhead due to Computational Fluid Dynamics, leading to faster iterations. However, a primary drawback of these models is that they can work only on the parametrized geometric features they were trained with. This study evaluates if deep learning models can predict the drag coefficient for an arbitrary input geometry without explicit parameterization. We use two similar data sets based on the publicly available DrivAer geometry for training. We use a modified U-Net architecture that uses Signed Distance Fields to represent the input geometries. Our models outperform the existing models by at least 11% in prediction accuracy for the drag coefficient. We achieved this improvement by combining multiple data sets that were created using different parameterizations, which is not possible with the methods currently used. We have also shown that it is possible to predict velocity fields and drag coefficient concurrently and that simple data augmentation methods can improve the results. In addition, we have performed an occlusion sensitivity study on our models to understand what information is used to make predictions. From the occlusion sensitivity study, we showed that the models were able to identify the geometric features and have discovered that the model has learned to exploit the global information present in the SDF. In contrast to the currently operational method, where design changes are restricted to the initially defined parameters, this study brings surrogate models one step closer to the long-term goal of having a model that can be used for approximate aerodynamic evaluation of unseen, arbitrary vehicle shapes, thereby providing complete design freedom to the vehicle stylists.

The spread of fire from an open car park on the ground floor of a residential building

Introduction. The problem of car parks and parking spaces is relevant in many large cities, and it requiresthe optimization of parking spaces. The arrangement of open car parks on the ground floors of apartment buil­dings is an effective way to organize car parks in a house in addition to covered parking lots. In this regard, in order to assess the fire hazard of such a design solution, it is necessary to study the spreadability of fire from an open ground floor parking lot to upper floors and develop reasonable proposals for the development of new and optimization of effective fire safety requirements.Goals and objectives. The goal of this work is to study the spread of fire hazards using the field modeling of the car burning process in an open parking lot on the ground floor of an apartment building and to assess the possibility of the fire safe arrangement of such parking lots in residential buildings.Method. To achieve the purpose of the study, the field (CFD) modeling of the fire development pattern was performed using FDS computer software. In the course of modeling, the authors analyzed the spread of the fire hazard from an open parking lot, located on the ground floor, to the upper floors of a residential building.Results and discussion. Temperature distributions, smoke and heat flows at various points in time were obtained as a result of modeling the development of fire in a parking lot. The results of calculations allowed to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of fire barriers and determine their parameters to meet the condition of the non-proliferation of fire. The most optimal solution is a non-combustible visor made of fire-resistant materials and installed above the opening leading to a parking lot. Given the results of the work, a set of necessary fire-figh­ting actions are proposed to ensure the possibility of arranging open parking lots in residential apartment buildings.Conclusions. It is shown that the fire safety of residential apartment buildings that have open single-level parking lots is achievable in case of the use of fire-resistant bearing and enclosing building structures, non-combustible materials for cladding, finishing the facade of a building, as well as in the case of making a canopy, a balcony or a gallery above the opening that leads to the parking lot.

Effect of Cadmium Exposure on the Potential for Impaired Kidney Function on the Manual Car Painting Industry

This study aimed to assess the risk of cadmium (Cd) exposure from the car painting process against urinary cadmium levels (UCd) and urinary albumin (UAlb) in workers, which is one of the biomarkers of decreased kidney function. The research was conducted in the informal car painting industry in Bandung, with a cross-sectional method. This study used 60 respondents, 30 respondents as workers’ exposure, and 30 respondents as a control. Measurements of Cd exposure conducted using a personal sampling pump were equipped with PVC filter, which was placed on workers’ collar then analysed using AAS method. The measurements of UCd and UAlb carried out using urine sample 20 - 50 mL after day work. UCd analysis using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and UAlb using the immunoturbidimetry method. This study’s results were 15 of 30 workers above the TLV-TWA from ACGIH, with a mean value of TWA was 2.043 µg/m3 for the exposed group and 0.135 µg/m3 for the control group. For UCd in the exposed group, the mean UCd was 0.028 µg/g creatinine and 0.003 µg/g creatinine in controls. The UAlb mean was 19.1 µg/mg creatinine for the painter group and 4.26 µg/mg creatinine on controls. The results of the analysis show that there are significant differences between the control group and the workers. It can be concluded that there has been a biomarker in the kidney so that it has a great potential in decreasing kidney function.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Cadmium exposure of workers in the car painting industry has been assessed
 Urinary cadmium (UCd) and urinary albumin (UAlb) levels in workers have been discussed
 The occurrence of Biomarkers of Cadmium exposure has been discussed
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Ethereum-based decentralized car rental system

Abstract Blockchain is a pioneering technology that allows the creation of innovative information exchange ecosystems thanks to unique properties, such as immutability, distribution and transparency. By combining this technology with the emergent internet of things (IoT), many innovative business models can be created. The main objective of this work is to present the design and an initial implementation of a decentralized rental system that takes advantage of smart contracts developed on a public blockchain, combined with the potential of the IoT and its intimate relationship with cyber-physical systems. The logic to be implemented in the blockchain is applied in this paper by using the Ethereum programming language, so that the developed application covers the entire car rental process offered in traditional web applications, but adding more autonomy, functionalities and ease of use for both lessees and lessors. Following Ethereum application development guidelines, all business logic is located in the smart contracts implemented in the network, where they can be used to control the car rental system. While this is a work in progress, the results obtained in the first proof of concept have been very promising.

Research on optimal driving behavior decision method based on multi-objective optimization

Aiming at the coupling of traffic laws and traffic participants in the current smart car decision-making process, and the lack of systematic processing of traffic laws, this paper proposes an optimal driving behavior decision-making method based on multi-objective optimization. This paper uses a multi-objective optimization method to establish macro path following indicators, collision risk indicators, traffic efficiency evaluation indicators, and driving burden evaluation indicators to solve the problem of convergence to local solutions and divergence when the existing methods are solved. In addition, the evaluation of the macro path followability is established to ensure that the selected area meets the macro path. In the collision risk assessment, the method based on the hidden Markov model is used to identify the driving intention of the target car, and establish lane occupancy characteristics to determine the risk of collision and the possibility of movement based on the statistical characteristics of the driving habits of object cars. After verification and comparison with existing methods, the optimal driving behavior decision method proposed in this paper is effective and performs well.

Car-Following Dynamics, Characteristics, and Model Based on Interaction Potential Function

To model the car-following behavior more accurately, we carried out the molecular similarity analysis between the vehicles on the road and the inert gas system, comparing vehicles with microscopic particles in long and narrow pipes. The complex car-following interaction behavior is simplified into a dynamic process of the follower car that is constantly seeking to maintain the required safety distance from the leading vehicle. Through mathematical derivation of the Lennard–Jones potential function suitable for thermodynamic analysis of inert gas systems, the influence of each variable on the potential energy is clarified, and the existing problems of the existing molecular car-following model are analyzed, referring to the general Lennard–Jones potential function to build the vehicle interaction potential function. Considering the impact of the road wall potential generated by the lane boundary, a car-following model based on Lennard–Jones interaction potential is presented. The simulation test results show that compared with the existing molecular car-following model and IDM model, the average absolute error and root mean square error of the vehicle acceleration results obtained by this model and the actual data are lower, which proves that the vehicle is based on the Lennard–Jones interaction potential. The vehicle-following model based on Lennard–Jones interaction potential has a better fitting effect on the real vehicle-following behavior.

A note on estimation of [formula omitted]-stable CARMA processes sampled at low frequencies

In this paper, we investigate estimators for α-stable CARMA processes sampled equidistantly. Simulation studies suggest that the Whittle estimator and the estimator presented in Garcia et al. (2011) are consistent estimators for the parameters of stable CARMA processes. For CARMA processes with finite second moments it is well-known that the Whittle estimator is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. Therefore, in the light-tailed setting the properties of the Whittle estimator for CARMA processes are similar to those of the Whittle estimator for ARMA processes. However, in the present paper we prove that, in general, the Whittle estimator for α-stable CARMA processes sampled at low frequencies is not consistent and highlight why simulation studies suggest something else. Thus, in contrast to the light-tailed setting the properties of the Whittle estimator for heavy-tailed ARMA processes cannot be transferred to heavy-tailed CARMA processes. We elaborate as well that the estimator presented in Garcia et al. (2011) faces the same problems. However, the Whittle estimator for stable CAR(1) processes is consistent.

ЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ВЕРИФИКАЦИЯ ОПТИМИЗАЦИОННОЙ МОДЕЛИ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ВАГОНОПОТОКОВ НА СОРТИРОВОЧНОЙ СТАНЦИИ

Mathematical modeling is widely spread among studies dedicated to operational planning on the railway transport. In short-term planning of marshalling station operation heuristic algorithms and simulation modeling are mainly used. It is possible to improve the quality of planning on the basis of models of strict optimization. The authors have created both a mathematical and a computer model of car traffic processing at a marshalling station with the use of mixed integer linear programming. For the realization of the computer model the authors have used a package of applied programs. The paper considers verification of the model. This procedure is necessary for revealing possible technical and content mistakes in a computer realization of a mathematical model. The authors have made the emphasis on revealing content mistakes in marshalling station operation. For the verification of the model the authors have used a logic approach.

Design and optimization of elevator car bottom structure

Taking the elevator car bottom structure as the research object, the car bottom sheet metal process structure model was established by the three-dimensional design software SolidWorks. The part connection and support were considered in the simulation, and the mesh division finite element analysis was carried out to study static stress characteristics of the car bottom structure under load. The car bottom structure is optimized by introducing crisscross weldments according to the characteristics. The simulation results show that all the performances are improved, so as to illustrate the effectiveness of structural optimization, which provides theoretical basis for car bottom structure design.

Цифровізація процесів митного контролю та митного оформлення вантажів на залізничному транспорті

The article is devoted to the research of proposals on the organization of rational customs control, processing and passing of trains at the border transfer stations of Ukraine in the service international traffic. For quality work and fast processing of cars there is a need to improve the information component of the transportation process export and import freight flows through border transmission stations. This possibility is provided by the use of electronic declaration during the registration of international cargo operations. International transportation of goods is a necessary detail that makes it possible to realize trade relations between states. It is an effective tool of foreign economic activity, without which it would be almost impossible. The efficiency of the organization international cargo transportation significantly depends on the coordinated organization of the work the border transfer station, which carries out a complete list of operations in cooperation with customs, border and other state control services. In order to increase the technology of passing international freight flows through border transfer stations, it is necessary to introduce the latest information and control systems that will reduce the duration of train processing at border transfer stations and, as a result, reduce downtime and delayed cars. Research on the development of technologies and means electronic data exchange that provide information support for international cargo transportation is promising. The electronic data exchange system must comply with the international transport infrastructure, be based on agreed technical parameters and meet the needs of compatibility of transportation technologies as a criterion for the integration of the national transport system into the world system. It is proposed to carry out preliminary declaration of goods and processing transport documents before the departure of the train to the border transfer station to reduce the technological time of processing trains. This will reduce the processing time of the transit train by 105 minutes. The main advantages of the introduction electronic document management: simplification of document management; making effective management decisions; increasing the reliability of the processed information, reducing the downtime of cars. Thus, the introduction of the system pre-declaration of goods and processing of transport documents in the processing international freight traffic will reduce material and labor costs and speed up the passage of goods through customs clearance.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Informasi Pembiayaan Kredit Mobil Pada PT Mandiri Tunas Finace Pontianak

PT. Mandiri Tunas Finance is a car showroom company that serves car sales on credit, which is located on Jl. Ayani Megamall Complex Block B. No. 35 36.PT. Mandiri Tunas Finance is a company as an intermediary or service that helps or cooperates with partners in the car loan process. The partner is a limited liability company that sells car units on credit, but if the prospective buyer wants a car loan, the partner will obtain data on the prospective customer's credit application which will then be processed through Mandiri Tunas Finance. Therefore, there are still many partners who need a place to disseminate information on car units with the credit method so that they are widely known by external parties and make it easier for the car loan financing process. So the author makes a website-based car loan financing application at PT. Mandiri Tunas Finance uses the PHP (Hypertext Processor) programming language, where this application is made for prospective customers to be able to access the website to apply for a car loan easily and simply select the desired car unit on the website

Evaluation of energy consumption in the acceleration process of a passenger car

The analysis of the vehicle acceleration process is a current topic based on the aspects related to the general characteristics of the car, its parameters, design, drive unit performance, and the influence of external factors. Therfore in the article, the authors assessed the dynamic and energy parameters of the car motion, in which the intensity of acceleration of the car with different intensities was examined. Acceleration was carried out in two variants, the first for a normal internal combustion engine and the second for the same engine but additionally equipped with a short-term boost system. In this way, it influences the increase in power and energy in the car drive system, changing its acceleration intensity. Variable car acceleration intensity was obtained in the range from 0.12 to 1.37 m/s2 , and energy consumption at the level of 0.4 to 1.2 MJ in the distance of 1/4 mile. The article proposes a combination of energy parameters and engine power in order to assess the acceleration dynamics, for this purpose, the specific energy consumption of the car was determined, ranging from 0.35 to 2.0 J/(kg∙m), which was related to the engine power, denoting it with the dynamics index. The study focuses on the assessment of the relationship between the specific energy consumption and acceleration of passenger cars in the available powertrain system using a new dynamics index. The proposed dynamics index combines the energy and dynamic parameters of the car to be able to objectively quantify the acceleration process.

Research on the Controlling Process in Autonomous Driving

With the development of science and technology, self-driving automobile will become increasingly available in the future, and our lives will become more convenient with them. Autocar is in an area of robotics, belonging to the service field. It can be used to make our lives better and reduce the cost of human driving the car, thus will have a great effect on human’s life. However, people do not understand the mechanism of self-driving quite clearly, it is necessary to present some basic operating process and related algorithms of the automatic cars. Meanwhile, in order to show how a self-driving car could control itself using various sensors and algorithms, which is also the basic idea of the automobile company to make a new autocar. Different sensors that are able to detect the behavior of the self-driving cars are used in this paper to fit in different algorithm that follows the principles of motion and robotics. It is concluded that the car could theoretically drive safely, and could avoid crashing to other cars, people or barriers with the safety algorithm. Also, the car could follow the traffic rules properly and plan the most efficient route to get to the final location.

A Prototype of Parking Space Information System based on Image Processing

An automatic parking system has been proposed to make the car parking process more efficient in terms of time and cost. The absence of information on the position of the parking lot makes the car driver take longer to find it. In multi-story parking lots, officers cannot constantly monitor the available parking conditions directly, so prospective parking users do not know the position of the open parking space. In addition, many parking lots use automatic door latch, but no parking space information display. Parking system automation can be based on hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. To the best of our knowledge, no software-based framework is entirely used on this system. Therefore, this study proposes an automatic parking system based on camera sensors and software, which is combined into an information system. The proposed method uses simple morphological operations. Based on the test results, the detection accuracy achieved is 100% with a light intensity of 3 lux, 15 lux, 30 lux, 60 lux, 120 lux, and 250 lux. The average processing time is 1.59 seconds. From this study, it is hoped that this prototype can be tested on relevant environmental conditions so that the prototype can be implemented in parking lots.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sunroof Buffeting of a Simplified Mercedes-Benz S-Class

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Sunroof buffeting is examined experimentally and numerically in this paper. Despite the fact that some consider the simulation process for sunroof buffeting to be mature, there remain substantial uncertainties even in recently published methodologies. Capturing the frequencies and especially the sound pressure levels correctly is essential if CFD simulations are intended to be used during early stages of a car development process. Numerous experimental results of sunroof buffeting and the interior low-frequency characteristics of a 2013 Mercedes-Benz S-Class have been used to develop a simplified car model: a full-size S-Class model with slightly simplified geometries in the interior as well as at the exterior. To avoid the effects of numerous different materials in the interior, it is solely made from polyurethane and aluminum and built to maximize its structural rigidity and air-tightness. The air-tightness of the cabin and structural modes of body parts have the greatest impact on the Helmholtz frequencies, which are excited by the vortex shedding in the sunroof opening.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">With this simplified car model various measurements are carried out to validate the numerical simulation method. The measurement data consists of acoustic data as well as flow quantities. In this paper, Star-CCM+ is used to conduct improved delayed detached eddy simulations with direct noise calculation in order to predict the buffeting frequencies that occur at different wind speeds correctly. Due to the rigid and acoustically hard walls of the simplified car model, which fairly match the numerical boundary conditions, it is possible to predict the interior sound pressure levels correctly as well.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The presented results demonstrate that state-of-the-art CFD codes are capable of predicting sunroof buffeting frequencies and noise levels correctly if the experimental and numerical boundary conditions match.</div></div>

생체역학 관점에서 장시간 운전 시 승용차 운전자석 불편함의 객관적 평가 방법 제시

Objective: The aim of this study is to suggest that an objective biomechanical evaluation method of seat discomfort to sedan driver’s seat during long-term driving.<BR>Background: Recent modern car seat has become increasingly complexed and sophisticated with ongoing seat discomfort problems. Consumers’ demands for better seat comfort have also increased but most of them still choose car seats in the wrong way. Previous researches have recommended quantifying overall car seat discomfort based on questionnaire, analysis driving posture, pressure, physiological changes and etc. Although various studies have been presented to objectively evaluate the seat comfort, but the standard for objectively evaluating seat discomfort has not been established.<BR>Method: Ten males were recruited to participate in a laboratory study. All participants performed three trials according to the seat back angle and each trials was conducted on different day. Each trial was consisted of 120 minutes of continuous driving on different day. The method proposed for the seat discomfort evaluation assumes that the driver’s discomfort were related to the load of lumbar region, and that the load was only caused by the upper body of the driver. In order to calculate the load, the driver’s driving posture was captured by using Kinect v2 sensors, and the reaction force was measured by attaching a pressure distribution mat to the seat back and pan. The questionnaire survey was conducted through long-term driving according to the backrest angle. The results were conducted with correlation analysis between results of the questionnaire and estimated lumbar moment calculated by load and reaction force.<BR>Results: The results show that the discomfort of questionnaire rating increased over time at the lumbar region. Also, at 87° and 107°, the overall discomfort rating was higher than it at 97°. In addition, over time, we found an increase both seat pressure and estimated lumbar moment. The correlation analysis results show that the higher correlation between the changes of difference discomfort rating and the calculated lumbar moments, the lower the discomfort.<BR>Conclusion: This study results suggest that an objective evaluation biomechanical method could be served as a standard for evaluating seat discomfort.<BR>Application: The results of this study might help to prolong the ‘good’ driving posture during long term driving that can reduce the driver’s seat discomfort by evaluating biomechanical method and a system that might be helpful to car seat development process through objective evaluation.

Simulation of LPG tank truck leakage and explosion accident based on CFD

Road transportation of hazardous chemicals has a high risk and is likely to cause serious road traffic accidents. In this paper, the most common LPG tanker in hazardous chemical transportation is taken as the research object. Based on theCFD method, we used FLACS software to simulate LPG tank car accident in Italy. The leakage process of LPG tank car after leakage was simulated, and the diffusion process of propane and butane mixture in one minute when the accident occurred. It was further analyzed that the leakage material exploded when it encountered the ignition source, and the shock wave overpressure was the highest at 2.5 seconds after the explosion, with the shock wave pressure exceeded 0.26MPa. Also, the attenuation of theblast wave is higher in the area far away from the explosion source. The research results can provide effective data support for on-site emergency disposal and personnel evacuation of similar accidents.