Architectural Design Process Research Articles

Using machine learning to reconstruct room geometry from an impulse response

Machine learning in room acoustics is an emerging field with great potential yet to be explored. Previous research includes predicting acoustic properties such as the impulse response from visual features that include an image of a room. However, one application that can significantly transform the architectural acoustics design process is reconstructing the room geometry based on its acoustic properties. This paper explores applying machine learning in predicting room geometry from an impulse response. The research aims to provide a tool for architects to design a room based on the desired acoustic experience.

Understanding the Role of Architect in the Artificial Intelligence Era - “An Approach to AIA in Egypt”

AI is a fast-emerging field and is becoming an essential part of our future.Recently, most of used technologies are somewhat artificially intelligent, where itstill needs human involvement to carry out the main part of the task. AI has asignificant impact on multiple fields and industries, like IT, cybersecurity, medicine,and manufacturing since it provides them with countless creative opportunities.Compared to the mentioned fields, the development of AI in Architecture is stillnot commonly used. The dominant idea related to Architecture is that designerswill be replaced by smart robots to create art and design buildings. But on thecontrary, the open-ended creative results are still preserved for humans only. AIcan do endless tasks during Architecture design process requiring humanintelligence such as decision-making. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the role,advantages, and disadvantages of this technology within the design process fromthe viewpoint of professionals. Consequently, a Questionnaire will be held toseveral Professional Designers, Architects, and Researchers, then a summary oftheir responses will be reported in this article. The aim is to recognize how AItechniques can affect the Architect`s attitude to the design project.

Digital systematization of the Reconstruction and assessment methodology of the Architectural Design Process

The Reconstruction and Assessment Methodology of the Architectural Design Process (RAM-ADP) extrapolates that used in the doctoral thesis on the Jesús Maestro de Valencia Parish Group to the study of other architectural projects. The RAM-ADP can evolve by being systematically implemented by an open access hybrid digital entity as a research network and institutional repository (RN-IR), which would allow numerous symbiotic relationships between documentation centres, researchers and universities, whose consequence it would be the constitution of a body of knowledge of the design process, more grounded, supplementary to the existing one, and compatible with any style of architectural critical research.

Review of AI Image Generator: Influences, Challenges, and Future Prospects for Architectural Field

Recently, the topic of text-to-image-based GAI (Generative Artificial Intelligence) or AI Image Generators became so popular because of its sophistication in creating images based on human natural language messages in a short time. On the other hand, the presence of the AI Image Generator is enough to reap various opinions, including in the field of architecture. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to present a review of the influences, challenges, and prospects of AI Image Generator technology in the architectural design process. The research method used is a systematic literature review by reviewing 12 scientific articles, five books, and five official websites. The results of the study explained that the AI Image Generator could provide one step forward to expanding the design imagination by presenting several design alternatives with high-quality visuals. The challenge lies in the user's proficiency in providing text commands that AI programs can detect. The prospect of this program, if developed in more depth, is to become a rendering tool that can release dependence on devices with high specifications and additional editing applications.

Study of the tools used for early-stage carbon footprint in building design

The purpose of this study is to construct a digital tool and design process for building a carbon footprint calculation to change the current status of Taiwan's carbon footprint calculation in post-use assessment, and to incorporate both carbon emissions and energy consumption in the environmental impact assessment into the initial considerations of the architectural design. Through the connection of carbon emission calculation tools and optimization tools, the advantages and disadvantages of multiple schemes in relation to carbon emissions and energy consumption can be compared simultaneously, thereby assisting designers to achieve faster results when making design decisions. In addition to the building's area, orientation, and height, various schemes could also further facilitate architectural design plans with lower carbon emissions by adjusting factors such as the external shading depth and the window-to-wall ratio by calculating the building dimensions to pursue the maximum percentage of the visual field (maximum window area), thereby reducing carbon emissions. This study is expected to meet the needs of users by simplifying the calculation tools and operation interface required for carbon emission calculations, visualizing the calculation results, and enabling a comparison of multiple design schemes. In addition, it provides recommended projects that can be reviewed in the early decision-making stage of the architectural design process, and provides designers and planners with approximate building carbon emission calculations for projects. Furthermore, to facilitate a calculation process with the best view, the scheme simulation is optimized under the existing design conditions, and the optimal solution (Pareto optimal solution) is obtained following calculation classification and analysis. The simulated data can be listed for design reference, whereby users can make design decisions based on the design conditions.

Criteria for the incorporation of software in architectural education

The integration of technology has been a constant fact in various areas of architecture. Currently there are innovative tools to be used both in the architectural design process and in professional practice, so its incorporation in architectural education is necessary for the preparation of future professionals. However, the incorporation of technology in architectural education is a process that involves various factors, so this article aimed to analyze the technologies and software that have been incorporated into architectural education to establish criteria in this regard, in addition to identifying the pedagogical approaches used for their incorporation. A systematic review was carried out through three online scientific databases and a quantitative-qualitative analysis was performed. The results suggest that the most incorporated technology and software are Virtual Reality and Rhinoceros respectively. The main reason for integrating a certain technology or software is the need to encourage the adaptation of these to the current demands of the area. Four main criteria used for the incorporations were identified: selection of learning resources, learning design, implementation and degree of success and evaluation. In terms of pedagogical approaches, the constructivist approach was found to be the most used. The incorporation positively influence the teaching-learning process in architecture education, however, there are limitations to their complete satisfaction, so studies on the subject are necessary, especially in specific contexts.Abstract

From Bioinspiration to Biomimicry in Architecture: Opportunities and Challenges

The term “bioinspiration” defines a creative approach based on the observation of biological principles and transfer to design. Biomimicry is the recent approach, which describes a large field of scientific and technical activities dealing with an interdisciplinary cooperation between biology and other fields with the goal of solving practical problems addressing innovation or sustainable development. Architecture has been influenced by many aspects of natural and social sciences, among these, biology is currently blending into design activities. Bioinspiration has evolved and shifted architectural practices towards numerous innovative approaches through different bioarchitectural movements from the past until the present. However, there is a blur of biomimicry within bioinspiration in architecture between the direct copy of mere natural forms and the true understanding of biological principles, which is the pivot of sustainable development. The main challenge remains in the gap between the profound knowledge of biology, its related scientific fields and the creative process of architectural design, including cross-disciplinary collaboration between architects and biologists. This entry presents main bioarchitectural movements and how it leads to today’s biomimicry. It proposes to define biomimicry methodologies and how this approach applies to architectural design contexts through the study of existing case studies. The opportunities, challenges and the future outlook of the field will also be discussed.

Sketching sound in architectural design using Virtual Reality

A sketch is an important tool that architects use to visualize and formulate design decisions. The sketch process is a crucial stage where design iterations and decisions can be made fast, easy and abundant. Sketching facilitates idea spawning, design assessment, modification and communication. This exploratory study focuses on qualities with Virtual Reality that can be used for sketching sound in the architectural design process. The study was influenced by Contextual Inquiry Interviews and used trained architects as respondents. The main result of this study is a summary of the pros and cons on how Virtual Reality work today and discusses how to develop a test bed for future research. One of the main cons, as of now, is the bulkiness of the equipment and the fact that it is not intended for sketching sound, yet. Computing speeds and acoustic rendering is another issue on the technical side. A possible benefit of using Virtual Reality is that it gives architects the possibility of incorporating sound in the architectural design process, thus making it an integral part of the practice.

Transformation of Architecture of Rumoh Aceh: An Encoding Process Through Semiotic

Rumoh aceh is a Acehnese traditional house which is one of the products and artifacts of the Acehnese culture. Efforts to preserve rumoh aceh often focus on physical aspects or aspects of form that are seen directly. This has led to the discovery of many new buildings that adopt the architectural form of rumoh aceh directly without a more comprehensive elaboration and transformation process. A concerted effort is required to present rumoh aceh architecture in a modern context. Transformation is one of the methods in architectural design to be able to present new ideas that are creative and innovative. The transformation in this paper is obtained through an encoding process that employs a semiotic approach as a method for bridging the rumoh aceh architecture transformation process. The encoding process is carried out by reinterpreting the values of rumoh aceh architecture obtained from previous research. The aim of this paper is to gain knowledge regarding the architectural design process that can present a creation that represents regional culture, in this case to present rumoh aceh architecture in a modern context.

Active Materiality as The Basis of Architectural Design in Dealing with Pollution

This paper describes the architectural design process based on an understanding of living materials’ properties and their growth process in response to pollution. The development of the design method was based on the existence of living materials and their potential to be the active unit of architecture. Living materials could actively grow and adapt through their reactions to external factors, in this case, pollution, allowing the material to be in a passive phase temporarily due to the forces. This paper focuses on the development of design methods based on the understanding of algae, fungi, and lichen as the living materials that will detect and detoxify air and soil pollution around Daan Mogot, West Jakarta. By conducting research through design, this paper then proposes architectural design by injecting the active-passive growth process of living materials (algae, fungi, and lichen) into the context using split and absorb mechanisms. In response to pollution, the active and passive schemes of living materials become the foundation of architectural design. This paper then proposes the term "active materiality," considering the existence and capability of the living materials as the active unit. The development of an architectural design method in this study demonstrates the possibility of design ideas to enhance dialogue between humans, other living things, and the environment and to develop programming to respond to environmental issues.

Embedding Acoustic Analysis in Landscape Architecture Design Processes: A Case Study of Munich Airport

Noise is the number two environmental health risk in Europe. With the majority of the world’s inhabitants residing in ever-growing cities, urban noise impacts an increasing number of people. Urban airports significantly contribute to urban noise, and their spatial effects far exceed their boundaries. While indoor acoustic mitigation in architecture is growingly addressed using parametric tools, there is limited research on mitigating noise with digital means through landscape and urban design. Moreover, there is a lack of methods for ameliorating urban noise through ground-forming. To address this, this paper contributes a novel method for integrating acoustic analysis in parametric landscape-forming. The method includes collecting on-line and on-site noise data, developing alternative landscape formations for mitigating noise, and evaluating design alternatives within a single digital design environment. This method was applied using research by design and examined on a case-study site adjacent to the Munich Airport. Three landform landscape designs for a park are developed, and their acoustic performance is compared. The results indicate the possibility of integrating acoustic considerations in landscape architecture, and the method provides a step-by-step guide for doing so. This capacity also promotes the long-term goal of increasing the environmental performance of urban grounds.

REPRESENTATION OF TOPOGRAPHY AS A DESIGN INSTRUMENT: EXPERIENCE IN A DESIGN STUDIO

Aim: Based on the argument that the abstract representation of topography makes new design possibilities visible it is aimed to evaluate the design processes of students within the scope of design studio. The scope of the study was determined as the analysis of the topographic structure of the place through instrumentalization. This study was determined within the framework of making the possibilities of representation visible in the architectural design process and observing the interaction of students with these representational levels. The design period is limited to the fourteen-week period of architectural education. A defined design problem given to the students forms the upper frame of the studio. Method: The method of this research was created by recording the ideas, discussions and criticisms of the students on a design problem of the learning processes that took place in the architectural design studio. Results: Making a topography model with a different method than usual changes the student’s perspective on design. Conclusion: It has been observed that starting the first-year architectural design studio education with a tool that the student can use in the design process carries the acquisition of design skills to an advanced level.

The Influence of the Thermal Conduction and Detail Development Process in Architecture

During the architectural design process, it is particularly important to emphasize the aspect of the heat flow in buildings. Therefore, by raising the question of the heat flow in buildings, we perform an in-depth examination of the following parameters: climate conditions, material characteristics, and thermal conduction. For the most part, the research will focus on examining the thermal conductivity, and materiality applied in buildings throughout the design process. In other words, this study will demonstrate several key points: (a) analyze the proposed methodology, and challenges within the architectural design process based on the climate context; (b) associate each of the stages with diverse parameters; (c) represent three separate structures situated in different climate zones and, (d) finally, the driving factors affecting the architectural design development process. The research is primarily driven by the idea of bringing together two aspects: the sustainable treatment of the buildings and environmental awareness in architecture. Finally, this study merges two approaches within the design development process: technical and environmental. Therefore, the main focus of this study is placed on the technical and technological aspects of the detail in architecture. Based on these two approaches, three architectural design proposals are demonstrated.

Parameterization of Chinese Ancient Architecture on the Basis of Modulo Relationships

Contemporary systems are trending toward 3D computer-aided design systems that integrate, network, and exhibit intelligence. The integration of parametric technology with ancient Chinese architecture can enhance the efficiency and quality of managing information on ancient buildings, thereby expanding the application scenarios of ancient architectural information models. By analyzing the construction characteristics of ancient Chinese carpentry work and modular systems, this research outlines the logic and methods for generating Chinese ancient architecture. The program’s parametric technology allows for adjusting variable parameters to produce carpentry work structures of varying scales and forms. Furthermore, this research establishes a library of parametric 3D components for ancient architecture, which can simplify the design process of contemporary antique architecture. Additionally, the parametrization of Chinese ancient architectures can function as an auxiliary tool for maintenance and repair techniques, serving as a storage mechanism for whole-life cycle information. This can enable the digital archiving of component information and model entities in an informative manner for managing existing ancient architectures.

Façade Design Support System with Control of Image Generation using GAN

Designing the façade, which is the front side of a building, is a crucial yet time consuming part of the architectural design process. Advancements in image generation have led to generative models capable of producing creative, high-quality images. However, it is difficult to apply existing image generative models to façade design as the generated images should provide the architect with inspiration while also reflecting the designer’s knowledge and building requirements. The existing models are inadequate for controlling image generation. Thus, we propose a system that supports designers in coming up with ideas for façade design by enabling them to intervene in image generation. The proposed system first determines the base image by using text-to-image retrieval. Next, the system generates diverse images using adversarial generation networks and the user selects images in alternation. This allows for repeated divergence and convergence of ideas and provides the user with inspiration. Our experiments demonstrated that the proposed system is able to arrive at the target idea while providing a variety of ideas through controlled generation.

Mempromosikan Desain Parametrik Untuk Pengajaran Arsitektur di Indonesia: Strategi Model Pembelajaran

Parametric design is a new architectural design approach which is developing for the last decade. This development is supported by the advance of digital architecture technology, allowing designers to engage in complex geometry modelling and design optimization efficiently using parametric design software. One of parametric design software, Rhinoceros-Grasshopper, has been interconnected to several building simulation packages, which gives new usefulness for architectural design process. Parametric design is likely to be a standard skill that should be possessed by Architect in the future. This study discusses parametric design application for architectural design process and its trend for the context of architectural education in Indonesia. It aims to give a strategy and model instruction for parametric design teaching, especially in the university level. Literature review and Youtube Channel exploration were conducted to discuss the implementation of parametric design. In order to examine the trend of parametric design in Indonesia, the data analysis was conducted based on channel analytics from one of Youtube channel promoting parametric design and survey aiming architecture lecturer.

Elusive Users: The Presence of Physically Disabled Users within Architectural Design Processes

This paper is based on 8 months of sociological participatory fieldwork at the office of Gottlieb Paludan Architects, following the design process of a new concourse area for Ny Ellebjerg Station in Copenhagen, Denmark. The study aims to trace what presence users with physical disabilities possessed during a design process in which they were not physically present or explicitly involved. The study bases its findings on the visual material produced during the design process by the employees of Gottlieb Paludan Architects as well as the thoughts and discussions of practitioners. Drawing on actor-network theory, the study describes and analyses these human and non-human actors as they constitute and contribute to the design process. The study finds that users with physical disabilities were present within the design process through an implicit generalized presence and an explicit required presence. Generalized presence refers to those instances where the architectural qualities that were strived for in the project implicitly aligned with the needs of users with physical disabilities. Required presence refers to those instances during the design process where accessibility demands from client guidelines or building regulations played an important role.

MEKANSAL PLANLAMADA TASARIM GELİŞİMİ DEĞERLENDİRMESİ İÇİN HESAPLAMALI ANALİZ

The influence of new technological software on architectural design is increasing with every passing day. This led to new horizons discovery in spatial analysis and design interpretation and extended by engaging different techniques based on computational design and human-computer interaction. Throughout the architectural design process, decision-making on spatial performance parameters such as visibility, density, and building typology is frequently taken by examining a limited number of materials. They are conventionally optimized by employing repetitive experimentations without systematically evaluating the complete range of potential designs and their efficient outcomes. A computational design analysis approach of spatial morphological structure based on several indicators is presented in response to this challenge. This research compares contextual spatial analysis with computational methods and determines the consistency of Eskisehir technical university master plan expansion mechanisms through the relationship between layout and spatial arrangement, connectivity and accessibility, and built area and open space of the university map in two different periods (2005/2020). For density measurements, Ground Space Index (GSI), Floor Area Ratio (FAR), and Open Space Ratio (OSR) calculations in urban spatial planning are analyzed. Furthermore, the Isovist analysis (Attractiveness, Extent of observation, line of orientation, and arrangement) and their visual quality was examined using the logical interpretation approach. The collected visual and numerical data show that the visual quality of the observer's full view, as seen from the center of the university campus master plan, is directly related to the open space and built environment. The visibility and density characteristics of the university campus master plan showed that these analytical techniques are very responsive to the design limitation and context requirements. The presented application has evaluated the visual aspects of each of the university campus maps to deliver a technique to the designers so that they may implement their requested visual characteristics in future design expansion.

CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE IMAGES WITH DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND ITS EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE

Unlike traditional machine learning methods, deep learning methods that can learn from image, video, audio, and text data, especially recently with the increase in hardware power, are also increasing in success. Considering the success and benefits of deep learning methods in many different fields with increasing data, similar effects are expected in architecture. In this study, we focused on textures by going down to specifics rather than general images. In this direction, a total of 4500 satellite images belonging to cloud, desert, green areas and water bodies were classified in the model developed using deep convolutional neural networks. In the developed model, 0.97 accuracy for cloud images, 0.98 accuracy for desert images, 0.96 accuracy for green areas images and 0.98 accuracy for water bodies images were obtained in the classification of previously unused test data (675 images). Although there are similarities in the images of cloud and desert, and images of green areas and water bodies, this success in textures shows that it can be successful in detecting, analyzing, and classifying architectural materials. Successful recognition, analysis and classification of architectural materials and elements with deep convolutional neural networks will be able to facilitate the acquisition of appropriate and useful data through shape recognition among many data, especially at the information collection phase in the architectural design process. Thus, it will help to take more accurate decisions by obtaining more comprehensive data that cannot be obtained from manual data analysis. Learning the distinctive features for classification of data in deep convolutional neural networks also explains architectural design differences and similarities. This situation reveals the hidden relationship in the designs and thus can offer architects the opportunity to make creative and original designs.

BIM based hygrothermal modelling of building constructions

The construction industry is currently one of the least digitised. However, due to recent technological developments, building information modelling and management (BIM) systems are increasingly being used to increase the efficiency of constructions and sustainable use of resources and increase the energy efficiency of buildings. In the case of new constructions or building renovations, properly designed hygrothermal behaviour of building materials, elements and structures are unavoidable to achieve the objectives mentioned above. Therefore, we can ensure the comfort of our users and healthy living space.BIM is the most suitable and widespread method for digital management of building stock and related data and integration. With the possibilities offered by BIM, it is possible to integrate building physical modelling right into the architectural design process. However, with standard BIM systems, we cannot embed detailed material properties, weather, or the effects of the natural and built environment in the BIM model for heat and moisture transfer (HAM) modelling for hygrothermal performance evaluation at present. Furthermore, the data exchange process is one-way mainly and unregulated between BIM and numerical simulation tools.In the presented paper, both a Closed BIM and an Open BIM based workflow are presented to bridge the gap between BIM and hygrothermal modelling of building components and constructions, that can contribute to the design of sustainable, economic and hygrothermal optimal building constructions and also could be a basis for artificial intelligence-based optimised design solutions.