Process For Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Curcumin Nanoparticles as Promising Anticancer Agent Against Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

Curcumin, the main bioactive material found in turmeric, has been extensively studied as a curative measure for variety of diseases. Besides its high therapeutic value, curcumin possess some inherent limitations like poor aqueous solubility, less bioavailability, rapid metabolic rate, and fast elimination from the body. In the present study, nanoformulation of curcumin was discussed to improve its potentials and to reduce the disadvantages. The curcumin nanoparticles have been synthesized by wet-milling technique and have been characterized using FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, and XRD. The results showed that the particles have a uniform dispersion and possess spherical shape with size ranging from 10-30 nm. FTIR studies showed that there was no change in the chemical structure of curcumin during the nanoparticle synthesis process. The anticancer activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was studied against DLD-1 (colorectal cancer) cell lines and cytotoxic evaluation was done against L929 (fibroblast) cells. It was observed that the curcumin nanoparticles significantly reduce the cell viability of DLD-1 cells in a concentration dependent manner and less toxic on normal L929 cells.

Investigating spray flames for nanoparticle synthesis via tomographic imaging using multi-simultaneous measurements (TIMes) of emission.

Tomographic imaging using multi-simultaneous measurements (TIMes) of spontaneous light emission was performed on various operating conditions of the SpraySyn burner to analyse the flame morphology and its potential impact on spray flame pyrolysis. Concurrent instantaneous and time-averaged three-dimensional measurements of CH* chemiluminescence (flame front indicator) and atomic Na emission from NaCl dissolved in the injected combustible liquid (related to hot burnt products of the spray flame) were reconstructed employing a 29-camera setup. Overlapping regions of CH* and Na are presented using isosurface visualisation, local correlation coefficient fields and joint probability distributions. The instantaneous results reveal the complex nature of the reacting flow and regions of interaction between the flame front with the hot gases that originate from the spray stream. The averaged reconstructions show that the spray flames tested are slightly asymmetric near the burner exit but develop into symmetric bell-shaped distributions at downstream locations. The changes in the flame structure for different operating conditions are analysed in light of previous studies, helping in the better understanding of the nanoparticle synthesis process. Furthermore, the importance of using measurements from two views for significantly improved alignment of the burner based on the originally proposed procedure are discussed in light of the reconstructions. This is an important aspect since the SpraySyn is intended for use as a well-defined standardised burner for nanoparticle synthesis, which is being investigated numerically and experimentally across different research groups.

Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC) natural extract: assessment of the synthesis process.

Background:Nanoparticles are globally synthesized for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, catalytic, magnetic, optical, and electronic properties that have put them at the forefront of a wide variety of studies. Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) has receivedmuchconsideration due to its technological and medicinal applications.In this study, we report on the synthesis process ofZnOnanoparticles using AthrixiaphylicoidesDC natural extract asareducing agent. Methods:Liquidchromatography-massspectrometry(LC-MS) was used to identify the compounds responsible for the synthesis ofZnOnanoparticles. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized through X-raydiffraction (XRD),Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis),Fouriertransforminfrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanningelectronmicroscopy (SEM) andenergy-dispersiveX-rayspectroscopy (EDS). Results:LC-MS results showedthat different flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as Coumarin, an aromatic compound, reacted with the precursor to formZnOnanoparticles. XRD and UV-Visanalysis confirmed the synthesis ofZnOnanoparticles, with a spherical shape showed in SEM images. The quasi-sphericalZnOcrystals had an average crystallite size of 24 nm. EDS and FTIR analysis confirmed that the powders were pure with no other phase or impurity. Conclusions:This study successfully demonstrated that the natural plant extract of A.phylicoidesDC. can be used in the bio-reduction of zinc nitrate hexahydrate to prepare pureZnOnanoparticles, thus, extending the use of this plant to an industrial level.

Electrochemical synthesis of high entropy hydroxides and oxides boosted by hydrogen evolution reaction

Conventional synthesis techniques for high entropy materials often require prolonged processes or the use of complex fabrication steps. Here, we report on a scalable method to synthesize high entropy hydroxide and oxide nanoparticles using electrochemical synthesis in an aqueous environment. The current density parameter was set to create a non-equilibrium condition where the hydrogen evolution reaction results in a turbulent environment facilitating the formation of nanoparticles within the electrolyte. Using this approach, we demonstrate the synthesis of both binary (Fe, Mn) and quinary (Fe, Mn, Ni, Ca, Mg) metal hydroxide and oxide nanoparticles. The chemical and microscopy analysis shows that the high entropy nanoparticles can be synthesized as a hydroxide without any post processing and as an oxide through a calcination process with atomic scale mixing of all elements. The synthesis of high entropy nanoparticles is important for applications targeting catalysis, energy storage and conversion, filtration, and environmental engineering. • Aqueous electrochemical synthesis of high entropy hydroxides under ambient conditions • Green and substrate-free nanoparticle synthesis using inexpensive metal salts • Fast transformation from metal hydroxides to metal oxides with calcination process • Ability to scale to industrially promising applications Ritter et al. report an electrochemical process for quick and scalable synthesis of high entropy hydroxide and oxide nanoparticles that avoids long synthesis times and high temperatures. The large variety of metal salt precursors allows for tuning of the composition for applications in catalysis, energy storage, and conversion.

Laser-Induced Hydrothermal Growth of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Diverse Substrates for Flexible Micro-Supercapacitors

State-of-the-art microdevice fabrication requires patterned growth of functional nanomaterials on the desired position of the desired substrate. However, it is challenging, particularly in conventional hydrothermal synthesis, due to difficulties generating a local high-temperature field at the desired place. We introduce a laser-induced hydrothermal growth (LIHG) process for the rapid and selective synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs). The substrates absorb the laser energy to generate a local high-temperature field necessary for the growth of iron oxide NPs. On various substrates, a dome-like structure comprising many iron oxide NPs is selectively synthesized within a localized temperature field. The LIHG process has several advantages for iron oxide NP growth, including rapidity, seedless growth, substrate compatibility, position selectivity, and patterning availability. Using its advantages, the LIHG process is used to fabricate flexible micro-supercapacitors based on laser-carbonized colorless polyimide films with iron oxide NPs.

One-step solution auto-combustion process for the rapid synthesis of crystalline phase iron oxide nanoparticles with improved magnetic and photocatalytic properties

We report the solution auto-combustion (AC) process for the rapid synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles derived from the sol–gel (SG) process. The citric acid (CA) and tartaric acid (TA) is used as gelling agents in the SG process, where the citric acid turns into a fuel that combusts the gel and yields a highly magnetic crystalline phase Fe3O4 nanoparticles in one step with an average particle size of 50 nm. In contrast, the citric acid at different concentrations and tartaric acid at any concentrations do not lead to any combustion process and yield amorphous iron oxides. Upon annealing, these CA and TA derived iron oxide samples are turned to crystalline phase α-Fe2O3 particles. In contrast, the as-synthesized AC sample (i.e. Fe3O4) is oxidized to γ-Fe2O3 phase, which is confirmed from their respective XRD, Rietveld refinement and XPS studies. All the synthesized iron oxide phases showed broad visible light absorption. The room temperature M−H hysteresis curves obtained from VSM revealed that the Fe3O4 and α-Fe2O3/γ-Fe2O3 phases exhibit super-paramagnetic and ferromagnetic properties, respectively. The photocatalytic efficiencies of the samples are found to be in the order of Fe3O4 > γ-Fe2O3 > α-Fe2O3 with 98, 87, 79/73% degradation of rhodamine B dye at the end of 3 h and H2 evolution rate over these systems is found to be 2.1, 1.3 and 0.92/0.89 mmol/h/g, respectively under simulated solar light irradiation. The photocatalytic recycle studies demonstrated that all the synthesized photocatalysts possess excellent chemical and photo-stabilities.

Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC) natural extract: assessment of the synthesis process.

Background:Nanoparticles are globally synthesized for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, catalytic, magnetic, optical, and electronic properties that have put them at the forefront of a wide variety of studies. Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) has receivedmuchconsideration due to its technological and medicinal applications.In this study, we report on the synthesis process ofZnOnanoparticles using AthrixiaphylicoidesDC natural extract asareducing agent. Methods:Liquidchromatography-massspectrometry(LC-MS) was used to identify the compounds responsible for the synthesis ofZnOnanoparticles. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized through X-raydiffraction (XRD),Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis),Fouriertransforminfrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanningelectronmicroscopy (SEM) andenergy-dispersiveX-rayspectroscopy (EDS). Results:LC-MS results showedthat different flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as Coumarin, an aromatic compound, reacted with the precursor to formZnOnanoparticles. XRD and UV-Visanalysis confirmed the synthesis ofZnOnanoparticles, with a spherical shape showed in SEM images. The quasi-sphericalZnOcrystals had an average crystallite size of 24 nm. EDS and FTIR analysis confirmed that the powders were pure with no other phase or impurity. Conclusions:This study successfully demonstrated that the natural plant extract of A.phylicoidesDC. can be used in the bio-reduction of zinc nitrate hexahydrate to prepare pureZnOnanoparticles, thus, extending the use of this plant to an industrial level.

A Sustainable Process for Continuous Synthesis and Separation of Silver Nanoparticles Using a Biocompatible Aqueous Two-Phase System

A Sustainable Process for Continuous Synthesis and Separation of Silver Nanoparticles Using a Biocompatible Aqueous Two-Phase System

Experimental Investigation on Green Synthesis of FeNPs using <i>Azadirachta indica</i> Leaves

In nanotechnology, developing an environmentally friendly method for synthesizing iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) is an important aspect. According to recent studies, the use of secondary metabolites from plant leaf extract has recently emerged as a novel technology for synthesizing various nanoparticles. The leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was used to synthesize iron nanoparticles in this research. The effects of reactant concentrations, reaction temperature, and pH of the solution on the synthesis process of iron nanoparticles were studied. A UV-Visible Spectrophotometer that analyzed absorbance spectra was used to monitor the formation of iron nanoparticles in dispersion. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) characterized the morphology of iron nanoparticles, and results reveal the particles are spherical with an average size of 48 nm. The optimum conditions for synthesis are as follows: 15 % leaf extract, [FeCl3] = 1.0 mM, pH 6.0, and temperature 60 °C. The FTIR technique confirms that plant biomolecules induce the reduction of Fe3+ ions to FeNPs and act as a capping and stabilizing agent. Therefore, they have good stability for various applications.

An Ecoconceptual Synthesis Process of Silver Nanoparticles Integrating the Valorization of a Food Waste: The Peanut Shell

A green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles in an eco-conceptual approach to sustainable development is reported. This eco-friendly process is based on the valorization of a food waste, the peanut shell carrying natural chemical compounds able to reduce silver ions. The physicochemical characterizations performed to allow for validation of the success of this green chemistry approach: ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectroscopies validate the formation of silver nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction ensures the good crystallinity of these biogenic nanoparticles, while transmission electron microscopy allows highlighting of the morphology of these biosourced colloids. The results of the study of photocatalytic degradation of a model molecule by these biosynthesized nanoparticles demonstrate that they can be part of a completely sustainable process of depollution from its starting point, i.e., the design of the nanoparticle, to the application of pollution remediation.

Experimental analysis of synthesis process of lanthanum nickelate nanoparticles as an anionic dye adsorbent via a coprecipitation–flux method

Perovskite-type lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3) nanoparticles as an adsorbent for removing organic dyes from aqueous solutions were synthesized via a coprecipitation–flux method. In the synthesis process, a mixture of lanthanum hydroxide and nickel hydroxide with sodium nitrate (NaNO3) as the flux was prepared as the precursor via coprecipitation and heated to promote the LaNiO3 formation reaction. Various precursors, intermediates and final products were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, DLS and ICP-OES analyses to investigate the effects of coexisting anions and fluxes in the precursors on the LaNiO3 formation. When using the precursor with sulfate ions, lanthanum oxide sulfate (La2O2SO4) formed as a relatively highly reactive intermediate in the calcination process. This could effectively contribute to the formation of LaNiO3 at relatively low temperatures. The amount of NaNO3 flux also affected the purity and particle size of final LaNiO3 nanoparticles. The adsorption experiments using the LaNiO3 nanoparticles and anionic dye (methyl orange) as the adsorbent and adsorbate, respectively, demonstrated that the adsorption kinetics and isotherm data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model, respectively. The LaNiO3 nanoparticles had a relatively high adsorption capacity, thereby suggesting that the LaNiO3 nanoparticles are a promising candidate for the removal of anionic dyes.

Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Potential of Cissus quadrangularis-Assisted Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

Recently, nontoxic origin-mediated synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles acquires further recognition because of the key role of bioapplications. The plant Cissus quadrangularis is one most prominent herbs used in the treatment of diabetes, asthma, tissue regeneration, etc. In this study, we tested the process of copper oxide nanoparticle synthesis and their role in many functions from Cissus quadrangularis. The synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles uses plant extract and characterization by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscope (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed for their biomedical applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activity and antiproteinase action. The results show that the C. quadrangularis plant-mediated nanoparticles may be used in many biomedical applications related to arthritis, diabetes, and the production of various antimicrobial products in the future.

Inhibition of multi-drug resistant microbial pathogens using an eco-friendly root extract of Furcraea foetida mediated silver nanoparticles

ObjectivesAdvancement in the biological process of nanoparticles synthesis is an important area of nanotechnology. The aim of this research is to utilize the root extract of Furcraea foetida as reduction and stabilization agents to biosynthesize. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from AgNO3 via a simple green method. MethodsBy utilizing UV–VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential, and HR-TEM techniques, the nanoparticles have been characterized. The anti-Candida properties of AgNPs were tested using the well-diffusion method in agar plates against five Candida species. ResultsWith an average diameter of 15 nm, the produced AgNPs are spherical. They were found to be stable and non-aggregated. The synthesized nanoparticles were active against all the tested organisms and showed better efficacy compared to Amphotericin B in most cases. The highest level of inhibition was found against C. albicans at 100 µg concentration. ConclusionThe results prove that F. foetida is a very good bioreductant and can be used for one-pot synthesis of stable AgNPs with good anti-Candida activity.

A versatile fibre-based setup for two-line atomic fluorescence thermometry in aerosol processes

A calibration-free two-line atomic fluorescence (TLAF) setup was designed for optical high-precision temperature measurements in combustion processes, with a focus on a high practical applicability in combustion systems. The setup is split into a mobile fibre-connected sensor head and a separate laser arrangement allowing for versatile application, e.g. especially for future application in nano particle synthesis processes even with limited optical access. As many standard burners for premixed flames are problematic regarding aerosol feeding because of clogging, a novel homogenous and laminar hexagonal close-packed (HCP) burner suitable for future calibration purposes was implemented. The burner consists of an HCP sphere matrix and allows for high-precision temperature measurements as well as the absolute measurement of the wavelengths of the hyperfine structure of the indium (In) transitions 62S1/2→52P1/2 and 62S1/2→52P3/2 within a combustion environment. To improve the quality of the fit of the hyperfine spectra, we furthermore included both most abundant indium isotopes In115 and In113 into the calculation model, thereby minimizing residuals between measured and modeled data and thus systematic errors compared to previous approaches. In the presented work, flame temperatures at atmospheric pressure with various air-fuel ratios and heights above the burner surface could be determined from single-scan spectra with a high average precision of 34 K.

Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using bush tea ( Athrixia phylicoides DC) natural extract: assessment of the synthesis process.

Background: Nanoparticles are globally synthesized for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, catalytic, magnetic, optical, and electronic properties that have put them at the forefront of a wide variety of studies. Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) has received much consideration due to its technological and medicinal applications. In this study, we report on the synthesis process of ZnO nanoparticles using Athrixia phylicoides DC natural extract as a reducing agent. Methods: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the compounds responsible for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: LC-MS results showed that different flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as Coumarin, an aromatic compound, reacted with the precursor to form ZnO nanoparticles. XRD and UV-Vis analysis confirmed the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, with a spherical shape showed in SEM images. The quasi-spherical ZnO crystals had an average crystallite size of 24 nm. EDS and FTIR analysis confirmed that the powders were pure with no other phase or impurity. Conclusions: This study successfully demonstrated that the natural plant extract of A. phylicoides DC. can be used in the bio-reduction of zinc nitrate hexahydrate to prepare pure ZnO nanoparticles, thus, extending the use of this plant to an industrial level.

Current Trends and Challenges in Pharmacoeconomic Aspects of Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment

Nanotherapy is a part of nanomedicine that involves nanoparticles as carriers to deliver drugs to target locations. This novel targeting approach has been found to resolve various problems, especially those associated with cancer treatment. In nanotherapy, the carrier plays a crucial role in handling many of the existing challenges, including drug protection before early-stage degradations of active substances, allowing them to reach targeted cells and overcome cell resistance mechanisms. The present review comprises the following sections: the first part presents the introduction of pharmacoeconomics as a branch of healthcare economics, the second part covers various beneficial aspects of the use of nanocarriers for in vitro, in vivo, and pre- and clinical studies, as well as discussion on drug resistance problem and present solutions to overcome it. In the third part, progress in drug manufacturing and optimization of the process of nanoparticle synthesis were discussed. Finally, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of nanoformulations due to up-to-date studies were summarized. In this review, the most recent developments in the field of nanotechnology’s economic impact, particularly beneficial applications in medicine were presented. Primarily focus on cancer treatment, but also discussion on other fields of application, which are strongly associated with cancer epidemiology and treatment, was made. In addition, the current limitations of nanomedicine and its huge potential to improve and develop the health care system were presented.

Plasma with carbon nanoparticles: advances and application

This article is devoted to the study of the glow intensity of radio-frequency capacitive discharge plasma with nanoparticles for further use in lighting devices. The process of carbon nanoparticles synthesis in the radiofrequency discharge was investigated, and the influence of plasma parameters on the formation and growth of the material was also studied. A method for determining the diameter of nanoparticles based on self-bias voltage and electron density is considered. It is revealed that the diameter of nanoparticles has a considerable influence on the optical properties of the plasma, in particular, on the emission intensity. Based on the obtained data, laboratory samples of lighting devices with improved luminous intensities were developed.

Plasmonic hyperthermia or radiofrequency electric field hyperthermia of cancerous cells through green-synthesized curcumin-coated gold nanoparticles.

Nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia is one of the prominent adjuvant therapies which has been faced by many problematic challenges such as efficiency and safety. To compare the nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy and radiofrequency electric field hyperthermia, green-synthesized curcumin-coated gold nanoparticles (Cur@AuNPs) were applied in an in vitro study. Using recently published methodologies, each step of the study was performed. Through green chemistry, curcumin was applied as both a reducing and a capping agent in the gold nanoparticle synthesis process. Various techniques were applied for the characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. The heating rate of Cur@AuNPs in the presence of RFEF or laser irradiation was recorded by using a non-contact thermometer. The cellular uptake of the Cur@AuNPs was studied by ICP-AES. The cellular viability and apoptosis rate of different treatment were measured to investigate the effect of two different nano-hyperthermia techniques on the murine colorectal cancer cell line. The average size of Cur@AuNPs was 7.2 ± 3.3nm. The stability of the gold nanoparticles in the phosphate buffer saline with and without fetal bovine serum was verified by UV-Vis spectroscopy. FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and TEM indicate that the stability is a result of phenolic coating on the surface of nanoparticles. Cur@AuNPs can absorb both light and radiofrequency electric field exposure in a way that could kill cancerous cells in a significant number (30% in 64μg/ml concentration). Green-synthesized Cur@AuNPs could induce apoptosis cell death in photothermal therapy and radiofrequency electric field hyperthermia.

The Antimicrobial Properties of Nanotitania Extract and Its Role in Inhibiting the Growth of Klebsiella pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an antimicrobial agent which is considered of potential value in inhibiting the growth of multiple bacteria. Klebsiella pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza are two of the most common respiratory infection pathogens, and are the most. Klebsiella pneumonia causes fatal meningitis, while Haemophilus influenza causes mortality even in younger patients. Both are associated with bacteremia and mortality. The purpose of this study was to test a new antibacterial material, namely nanotitania extract combined with 0.03% silver that was developed at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) and tested against K. pneumonia and H. influenza. The nanoparticles were synthesized through a modified hydrothermal process, combined with molten salt and proven to have excellent crystallinity, with the band-gap energy falling in the visible light spectrum. The nanoparticle extract was tested using a macro-dilutional method, which involved combining it with 0.03% silver solution during the process of nanoparticle synthesis and then introducing it to the bacteria. A positive control containing the bacteria minus the nanoparticles extract was also prepared. 25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, and 6.25 mg/mL concentrations of the samples were produced using the macro dilution method. After adding the bacteria to multiple concentrations of nanoparticle extract, the suspensions were incubated for 24 h at a temperature of 37 °C. The suspensions were then spread on Mueller-Hinton agar (K. pneumonia) and chocolate blood agar (H. influenza), where the growth of bacteria was observed after 24 h. Nanoparticle extract in combination with silver at 0.03% was proven to have potential as an antimicrobial agent as it was able to inhibit H. influenza at all concentrations. Furthermore, it was also shown to be capable of inhibiting K. pneumonia at concentrations of 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. In conclusion, the nanoparticle extract, when tested using a macro-dilutional method, displayed antimicrobial properties which were proven effective against the growth of both K. pneumonia and H. influenza.

Magnetite nanoparticles: Synthesis methods - A comparative review.

Iron oxide-based nanoparticles have gathered tremendous scientific interest towards their application in a variety of fields. Magnetite has been particularly investigated due to its readily availability, versatility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and special magnetic properties. As the behavior of nano-scale magnetite is in direct relation to its shape, size, and surface chemistry, accurate control over the nanoparticle synthesis process is essential in obtaining quality products for the intended end uses. Several chemical, physical, and biological methods are found in the literature and implemented in the laboratory or industrial practice. However, non-conventional methods emerged in recent years to bring unprecedented synthesis performances in terms of better-controlled morphologies, sizes, and size distribution. Particularly, microfluidic methods represent a promising technology towards smaller reagent volume use, waste reduction, precise control of fluid mixing, and ease of automation, overcoming some of the major drawbacks of conventional bulk methods. This review aims to present the main properties, applications, and synthesis methods of magnetite, together with the newest advancements in this field.