Heating Process Research Articles

Physical and Mathematical Modeling of the Process of Warming of the Greenhouse Soil

Statement of the problem. One of the main components of heat exchange in summer and seasonal greenhouses is investigated, i. e., the distribution of the temperature field in the heated soil. Results. Under the assumption of homogeneity of the semi-bounded space, which is a soil massif, the heat conduction equation with constant thermal and physical parameters is solved. It is shown that using the principle of superposition of solutions, as well as the properties of linearity and homogeneity of the equations, it is possible to apply (in order to study the dynamics of the temperature field in the closed ground of summer greenhouses) the method of heat waves with periodically changing boundary forces. In addition, the effectiveness of the application of mathematical physics methods using the dimension method in finding a partial solution to the heat conduction equation in order to model the process of soil heating in the conditions of a seasonal greenhouse is shown. Conclusions. Analytical expressions are obtained that allow us to determine the degree of heating of the soil layer of the summer greenhouse depending on the fluctuations of the temperature wave. For the soil of seasonal greenhouses, an expression was obtained for the change of the temperature gradient on the surface of the soil depending on the time of heating.

Electrically tunable metal–semiconductor behavior in 2H-MoTe2

In this study, we report tunable metallic and semiconducting behavior in molybdenum di-telluride (2H-MoTe2) by manipulating the Joule heating process through electrical control of the channel current. At low voltages, 2H-MoTe2 exhibits semiconducting behavior. As the current surpasses a critical threshold at higher voltages, the material transitions to a metallic-like state, confirmed by a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. Temperature- and voltage-dependent Raman studies confirm that this semiconducting to metal-like transition occurs without any accompanying structural phase transformation. This metallic behavior is likely due to enhanced phonon scattering caused by the increase in lattice temperature. In the metallic state, exposure to H2 gas results in a negative response, with increased resistance due to additional phonon scattering. Conversely, laser exposure at this state produces no noticeable photoresponse because the already high lattice temperature limits the impact of further heating. These effects were suppressed when 2H-MoTe2 was placed on a hexagonal boron nitride/multilayer graphene heat sink. This dynamic modulation of conductivity in 2H-MoTe2 through electrical stimuli highlights its potential for nanoelectronic device applications.

Numerical simulation of the oil pipeline temperature field for the thermal method of measuring the thickness of paraffin deposits taken into account of oil movement

The article provides an analysis of the problems of precipitation of asphaltresin-paraffin deposits on the inner surface of the walls pipelines. The problem of numerical modeling of the temperature field of the heated oil pipeline in the ANSYS software product is considered. The process of heating and cooling the pipeline at different sediment thicknesses and oil velocities is investigated. A two-dimensional numerical model of the oil pipeline has been developed, which allows studying the behavior of its temperature field during heating and cooling. The research developed in the article helps to reduce the cost of maintaining oil pipelines.

Tailoring Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Binders for High‐Voltage LiCoO2 via Thermal Pulse Sintering

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), as the commercial cathode binder for lithium‐ion batteries, presents several practical challenges, including insufficient conductivity, weak adhesion to active materials, and the use of toxic N‐methylpyrrolidone for slurry preparation. However, while most water‐soluble binders can address the aforementioned issues, they fail to meet the requirements of high‐voltage cathodes. In this work, we innovatively employed a thermal pulse sintering strategy to modify carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC), enabling their application in 4.6 V LiCoO2 (93% capacity retention after 200 cycles). This strategy facilitates the decomposition of electrochemically active carboxyl groups, leading to ring opening reactions that generate numerous ether linkages (‐C‐O‐C‐) without introducing undesirable side effects on LiCoO2. The resulting components form additional charge carrier (i.e., Li+ and e‐) pathways on the cathode surface. Additionally, the heating process also promotes uniform coating of the binder on the surface of LiCoO2, creating a protective layer that inhibits interfacial side reactions. Through proposing a scalable and economic manufacturing technology of multifunctional binder, this work enlightens the avenues for practical high‐energy‐density batteries.

Tailoring Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Binders for High-Voltage LiCoO2 via Thermal Pulse Sintering.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), as the commercial cathode binder for lithium-ion batteries, presents several practical challenges, including insufficient conductivity, weak adhesion to active materials, and the use of toxic N-methylpyrrolidone for slurry preparation. However, while most water-soluble binders can address the aforementioned issues, they fail to meet the requirements of high-voltage cathodes. In this work, we innovatively employed a thermal pulse sintering strategy to modify carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC), enabling their application in 4.6 V LiCoO2 (93% capacity retention after 200 cycles). This strategy facilitates the decomposition of electrochemically active carboxyl groups, leading to ring opening reactions that generate numerous ether linkages (-C-O-C-) without introducing undesirable side effects on LiCoO2. The resulting components form additional charge carrier (i.e., Li+ and e-) pathways on the cathode surface. Additionally, the heating process also promotes uniform coating of the binder on the surface of LiCoO2, creating a protective layer that inhibits interfacial side reactions. Through proposing a scalable and economic manufacturing technology of multifunctional binder, this work enlightens the avenues for practical high-energy-density batteries.

Analysis of Heat and Moisture Transfer and Fungi-Induced Hot Spots in Maize Bulk with Different Broken Kernel Contents

Kernel breakage and fungi-induced hot spots can easily lead to potential safety hazards in maize storage. The objective of this study was to focus on the formation and development of hot spots in maize bulk with two different broken kernels contents (BKCs), i.e., 4.26% (BKC4.26) and 6.14% (BKC6.14), and a moisture content of 16.3% under the same storage conditions. A multifunctional simulation system was developed to simulate the heat and moisture transfer process in stored grain bulk, and a new method was proposed to evaluate the effect of local hot spots on the storage safety of maize bulk with different BKCs. The results showed that there are differences in fungal respiration rates in the maize bulk with two different BKCs, and the temperature impact range caused by hot spots under the same storage conditions was different. The maximum temperature caused by fungal growth in BKC4.26 and BKC6.14 was 37.47 °C and 38.81 °C, and the proportion of high-temperature areas caused was 64.2% and 62.3%. The relative humidity at local hot spots continued to decrease, reaching 64.8% and 71.7% when stored for 1800 h in BKC4.26 and BKC6.14. The CO2 concentration at hot spots in BKC6.14 was higher than that of BKC4.26, while the O2 concentration was lower than BKC4.26. Dry matter loss (DML) at the hot spots in BKC6.14 was higher than that in BKC4.26. A nonlinear model was developed to predict temperature changes of fungi-induced hot spots in maize bulk considering the storage time, temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration at the hot spots, and the model fit the experimental data reasonably well.

Combined use of additives for improving heat resistance and processability of stereocomplex crystallization polylactic acid

AbstractThe limited heat resistance and high brittleness of polylactic acid (PLA) materials pose significant challenges to enabling their broad application. Compared to traditional PLA, stereocomplex polylactide (sc‐PLA) offers superior thermal stability and a higher melting point, attributed to the dense packing and strong physical interactions between polymer chains. Specifically, while PLA has a melting temperature of approximately 160–180 °C, sc‐PLA can reach a melting temperature of 230 °C. The enhanced thermal stability and improved mechanical properties make sc‐PLA a valuable alternative for applications requiring durability. Here, we report a method to enhance the crystallinity and toughness of sc‐PLA by mixing poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(d‐lactic acid) (PDLA) in addition to using a nucleating agent and toughening agent. Specifically, a PLA and polyethylene glycol block copolymer and PLA microspheres are prepared, with ethylene‐methyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate used as a toughener. The optimal composition is found to be PLLA/PDLA blends with a 70/30 mass ratio, 1% microsphere nucleating agent and 10% toughener addition. The Vicat softening temperature of this blend is 72.2 °C, approximately 10% higher than the control sample, with toughness increased by about 2.3 times. This blend also presents an enhanced processability by the combined effect of additives. This work provides a promising strategy for producing sc‐PLA with enhanced heat resistance and processability, improving the performance for various applications. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Traditional techniques in Rajata Shodhana: A comprehensive review of classical methods

Introduction: The traditional Ayurvedic process of Rajata Shodhana (silver processing) is essential in preparing silver for therapeutic applications, transforming it from a raw metal into a safe, bio available from known as Bhasma. This review comprehensively examines classical methods of Rajata Shodhana, focusing on techniques that involve various herbal, mineral, and heating processes to detoxify and enhance the metal’s medicinal properties. By analyzing these traditional practices, the review aims to highlight their scientific underpinnings and relevance. Material and Methods: A detailed analysis of the following 14 classical Ayurvedic texts on were undertaken for this study: Anandakanda, Rasendra Chudamani, Rasarnava, Rasa Paddhati, Sharangdhara Samhita, Rasaprakash Sudhakara, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasendra Chintamani, Rasendra Sara Sangraha, Rasa Manjiri, Ayurveda Prakash, Rasa Jala Nidhi, Rasa Tarangini, and Rasamrita. Results & Discussion: The primary techniques employed in the Shodhana of Rajata include Nirvapa, Dravana, Dhalana, Dhamapana, and Swedana, with Nirvapa being the most frequently used. The quenching process ranges from a minimum of 3 to a maximum of 21 repetitions. Various Shodhana media are detailed in Rasashastra classics, with Naga (lead) being the most commonly used, appearing 14 times in the reviewed texts. The processes of Dhmapana or Dravana often incorporate Naga, along with Kharpara and Tankana, as purifying media. Conclusion: These varied media illustrate a comprehensive approach to metal processing, combining chemical reactions, traditional practices, and therapeutic properties to achieve the desired processing of Rajata. The choice of media depends on the specific requirements of the processing of the traditional knowledge embedded in the practice.

Experimental Research of Heating Characteristics on An Air Source Heat Pump System with Capillary Direct Floor Radiant

A new-type air source heat pump system with capillary direct floor radiant (ASHPCFR) was proposed, in which the vapor refrigerant condensed directly in the capillary under the floor to heat the room. Theoretical calculation of heat transfer in the capillary floor was conducted. The results indicated that the optimal capillary spacing should be 100 mm and it was best for a thickness smaller than 60 mm with the floor cement layer. An experimental apparatus for the ASHPCFR system was developed, and its low-temperature heating process and normal heating process were experimentally investigated. Experimental results showed that when the outdoor temperature was -5 °C, the indoor air temperature reached 20 °C after 120 minutes of running, while the temperature difference of a 20 mm thick cement floor could reach 1.73 °C and its maximum temperature could reach 27.5 °C. When the outdoor temperature was -10 °C, the system heating COP was stable at 3.06.

A Novel Method by Three Slot Coupling Holes Alternate Working to Improve Microwave Heating Uniformity

ABSTRACTMicrowave heating is a booming technology in the food industry that has gained attention for its outstanding benefits. However, the problem of uneven heating remains a persistent challenge in practical applications. To solve this problem, this study presents a novel microwave heating method that improves heating uniformity by generating a rotating electric field. However, unlike traditional methods, it does not rely on physical rotation. To illustrate the method succinctly, a structure with three center‐symmetric coupling slots was designed. The cyclic activation of these slots results in an effect similar to a port in rotation, generating a dynamic electric field in the resonant cavity so that the microwave energy is absorbed more uniformly. To validate the proposed method, a corresponding multiphysics field simulation model is developed. The heating process was simulated and analyzed by deeply coupling Maxwell's equations with heat conduction equations. Moreover, a well‐established system was built for physical experimental validation. The results show that the proposed method surpasses the traditional single‐port fixed‐position heating with a 79.3% improvement in heating efficiency and a 17.2% improvement in heating uniformity.

Heat integration and process improvement of a batch distillation unit using a gradual feeding strategy: A case study on MIBK-water separation

Heat integration and process improvement of a batch distillation unit using a gradual feeding strategy: A case study on MIBK-water separation

Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Structure, Composition, and Electromagnetic Properties of FeCoSm/C Nanocomposites

New materials are actively being developed for use in various fields of electronics, as they can significantly improve the performance of electronic devices and prevent adverse effects. Such materials include nanocomposites, which include nanoparticles of magnetic metals and alloys in a non-magnetic polymer or carbon matrix. For the first time, we synthesized FeCoSm/C nanocomposites and studied the effect of synthesis conditions on their structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the heating processes of nanocomposite precursors allowed optimizing the mode of IR processing of precursors. X-ray phase analysis (XPA) showed that nanoparticles of a solid-metal solution based on the FeCo structure are formed, and at temperatures above 700 °C, the formation of SmCo5-x alloy nanoparticles is also possible. As the synthesis temperature increases, the average size of nanoparticles of alloys containing Sm increases. The effect of the metal ratio in the precursor on the structure, composition, and electromagnetic properties of FeCoSm/C nanocomposites is analyzed. It has been established that the most promising of all the studied materials are those obtained at a temperature of 700 °C with a metal ratio of Fe:Co:Sm = 50:40:10.

Synthesis and characterization of 18‐crown‐6 with 3‐aminocyclobutanone guest: A novel host‐guest inclusion compound with phase transition

A B S T R A C T The focus of this study is on the development of novel host‐guest inclusion compounds, which is a crucial molecule model for the synthesis of dielectric phase transition materials. In this research, a new host‐guest inclusion compound was successfully synthesized by selecting 18‐crown‐6 as the host and 3‐aminocyclobutanone as the guest molecule. Thermal behavior and crystal structure of the compound were analyzed in this article. It is found that the compound exhibits a reversible phase transition near 147 K, accompanied with a dielectric anomaly, exhibiting dielectric switching characteristic. The 18‐crown‐6 molecule and the 3‐aminocyclobutanone molecule were connected via hydrogen bonding. Furthermore, the enthalpy changes of the heating process and cooling process were also calculated. This finding is expected to yield valuable new insights into the design of host‐guest inclusions.

Investigation of the deterioration of concrete from surface to interior under temperature gradient effects

In this investigation, to assess the deterioration processes of concrete from the surface to the interior under temperature gradient effects, 150 mm cubic concrete specimens were heated at 800°C without a temperature-rising stage for different durations (20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min) and then cooled under running water. For the purpose of evaluating the deterioration characteristics of the heated concretes, compressive strengths and cracking conditions, microstructural morphologies of concrete constituents and the dehydration degrees of the concrete matrix from surfaces to interiors were determined. The results showed that, during the heating process, the deterioration of the concrete matrix from surface to interior could be divided into a heat-affected area (HAA), a semi-HAA and a heat-unaffected area (HUA). In the HAAs, the dehydration degrees of the hydration products were extremely severe and the microstructural integrity almost completely lost. With an increase in heating duration, the HAAs gradually expanded towards the concrete interiors, making the semi-HAAs gradually become HAAs and the HUAs become semi-HAAs. Consequently, with increasing heating durations, the compressive strengths of the heated concretes gradually decreased.

Mechanism of Curcuma phaeocaulis Extracts on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Gallbladder Cancer Cells via mTOR/p70S6K Signaling Pathway

Background Curcuma phaeocaulis (CP) is utilized as a Chinese herbal medicine to treat abdominal distension and other related ailments. Curcuma phaeocaulis extracts (CPE) are rich in active components and exhibit anti-tumor properties. Purpose Purpose: This work was to assess the impact of CPE on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells (GCC), aiming to investigate its potential underlying mechanisms of action. Methods CP was utilized as the raw material to prepare CPE volatile oil via drying and heating processes. Total phenolic content analysis was conducted, assessing its scavenging capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and •OH free radicals, as well as its inhibitory effects on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Human GCC line GBC-SD was selected, cultured conventionally as a control, and treated with CP volatile oil at concentrations of 25 µg/mL (Low-CPE group), 50 µg/mL (Middle-CPE group), and 100 µg/mL (High-CPE group). Cell proliferation activity was evaluated using MTT assay, apoptosis rate was assessed via flow cytometry, migration, and invasion were measured using the Transwell chamber assay, and Western blot was performed to assess proteins in the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. Results The total phenolic content in the volatile oil prepared from warm CPE was approximately 30.9 mg/g, consisting of over 20 active constituents. The warm CP volatile oil exhibited scavenging rates of 85.3% for DPPH• radicals and 91.5% for •OH radicals, with minimum inhibitory concentrations against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa at 4.0 mg/mL, 8.0 mg/mL, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Relative to the Ctrl group, Low-CPE, Middle-CPE, and High-CPE groups demonstrated decreased cell proliferation activity, increased apoptosis rates, reduced cell migration and invasion, decreased phosphorylation levels of mTOR and p70S6K proteins ( p < 0.05), exhibiting concentration-dependent characteristics. Conclusion The volatile oil derived from warm CPE exhibited robust anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities. The warm CP volatile oil effectively inhibited GCC proliferation, migration, and invasion by suppressing the activation of the mTOR/p70S6K signaling, while promoting apoptosis.

Micro-CT Assessment of Heat and Vibration Effect on Sealant Penetration in Different Fissure Types.

To make micro-CT comparison and evaluation of sealant penetration depth in different types of fissures after heating of the material or application of vibrations. One hundred sound third molars have been sealed as follows: group 1 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant at room temperature, group 2 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant, preheated to 41.0°C, group 3 (n = 20), light-cured resin sealant, preheated to 51.0°C, group 4 (n = 20), resin sealant with application of vibrations before light-curing at room temperature, group 5 (n = 20), resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. The samples were analysed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The profile of each fissure was classified, and the penetration depth of the sealant into the fissure and the fissure depth were measured. The ratio of filled area and total depth of the fissure was calculated in percentages. Pre-heating of the sealants and the usage of a vibrating tool improved the penetration depth compared to the application of the material at room temperature. U- and V-type fissures exhibited better penetration capability than others. For IK-type fissures, the best penetration was observed with resin sealant heated at 51.0°C. I-shaped fissures exhibited lower penetration rates despite the heating process. Glass-ionomer cement showed the least depth penetration. Pre-heating of the resin sealant or application of vibrations improve statistically significantly penetration in the different fissure types.

Using The Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis for Down Fabrics’ Heat Storage Modification and Process Optimization

Using The Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis for Down Fabrics’ Heat Storage Modification and Process Optimization

High L10-Ordering and Flat Surface Introducing a Two-Step Heating Process with Frank–Van der Merwe Initial Growth Mode at Low Temperature

High <i>L</i>1₀-Ordering and Flat Surface Introducing a Two-Step Heating Process with Frank–Van der Merwe Initial Growth Mode at Low Temperature

On Arrhenius steady hydromagnetic heat transfer to natural convection flow in a stretching upright sheet: viscous dissipation and Newtonian heating

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Arrhenius kinetics on hydromagnetic free convection of an electrically conducting fluid flowing past a vertically stretched sheet maintained at a constant temperature, considering viscous dissipation. In this study, the understanding of the Biot number is essential for comprehending and enhancing heat transfer processes in a flow. Mastering this concept is crucial for the efficient design and management of various industrial and natural systems. The effect of Newtonian heating is accurately addressed by adjusting the traditional temperature boundary condition. Design/methodology/approach The presiding inconsistent Partial differential equations are contrasted to ordinary differential equations by similitude changes and the solutions are completed numerically by fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK-4) and shooting procedures. Tables and graphs feature vividly in annotating the outcomes of changing parameters on the flow. Findings Notably, the Biot number significantly impacts temperature gradients and distribution, which subsequently affect the flow’s velocity and thermal characteristics; that is, velocity and temperature contours increase directly to an upsurge in the Biot number. Contrasting with existing work, a perfect harmony is experienced. Arrhenius kinetics are essential for predicting and managing fluid flow behaviour in systems where reactions are sensitive to temperature. Grasping this relationship helps engineers and scientists enhance process efficiency, ensure safety and optimize fluid-based systems. Similarly, Newtonian heating significantly impacts fluid flow by affecting temperature distribution, viscosity, buoyancy-driven flows and flow stability. Mastering the control of this heating process is vital in both natural and engineered fluid systems. Technical applications of this research include variation cooling and atomic power generation refrigeration. Originality/value The distinguishing quality of this research lies in the scrutiny of Arrhenius steady hydromagnetic heat transfer to natural convection flow in a stretching upright sheet: viscous dissipation and Newtonian heating. To best of the authors’ understanding, a problem like this has not been considered. The findings in this work will give useful information to scientists and engineers.

Extreme Heating of Minor Ions in Imbalanced Solar-wind Turbulence

Abstract Minor ions in the solar corona are heated to extreme temperatures, far in excess of those of the electrons and protons that comprise the bulk of the plasma. These highly nonthermal distributions make minor ions sensitive probes of the collisionless processes that heat the corona and power the solar wind. The recent discovery of the “helicity barrier” offers a mechanism in which imbalanced Alfvénic turbulence in low-β plasmas preferentially heats protons over electrons, generating high-frequency, proton-cyclotron-resonant fluctuations. We use the hybrid-kinetic particle-in-cell code Pegasus++ to drive imbalanced Alfvénic turbulence in a 3D low-β plasma with additional passive ion species, He2+ and O5+. A helicity barrier naturally develops, followed by clear phase-space signatures of oblique proton-cyclotron-wave heating and Landau-resonant heating from the imbalanced Alfvénic fluctuations. The former results in characteristically arced ion velocity distribution functions, whose non-bi-Maxwellian features are shown by linear ALPS calculations to be critical to the heating process. Additional features include a steep transition-range electromagnetic spectrum, proton-cyclotron waves propagating in the direction of the imbalance, significantly enhanced proton-to-electron heating ratios, ion temperatures that are considerably more perpendicular with respect to magnetic field, and extreme heating of heavier species in a manner consistent with mass scalings inferred from spacecraft measurements. None of these features are realized in an otherwise equivalent simulation of balanced turbulence. If seen simultaneously in the fast solar wind, these signatures of the helicity barrier would testify to the necessity of incorporating turbulence imbalance in a complete theory for the evolution of the solar wind.