Gathering Process Research Articles

ESL TEACHERS’ BELIEFS ABOUT ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING IN THE BOLE DISTRICT OF THE SAVANNA REGION OF GHANA

Assessment for learning or formative assessment is a process of gathering and analysing information about what learners know and can do and using that information to make instructional decisions. The role of assessment for learning, especially in an ESL classroom cannot be overemphasized. Among other things, formative assessments can go a long way in helping learners to set learning goals and prepare well for summative assessments. Regrettably, many teachers are unable to implement assessments for learning in their ESL classrooms. This study examined what the ESL teachers at Bole District of the Savanna Region of Ghana think about the assessment for learning, how they implement it, and the challenges they face in implementing it. The study adopted the mixed methods approach and the convergent parallel design. Census sampling was used to select all the 82 ESL teachers in the Bole District. The findings showed that ESL teachers had positive beliefs about assessment for learning practices. However, they did not implement it in their classrooms due to challenges such as inadequate time on timetables, large class sizes, lack of resources, limited access to technology, and overloaded English curriculum. It is recommended that school heads should make every endeavour to provide adequate time on timetables and they should also provide the ESL teachers with the needed assessment for learning resources for effective teaching and learning.

Study on the unheated gathering boundaries of crude oil during high water content period in cold region

The energy consumption of oil gathering and transportation can be effectively reduced by using an unheated gathering process in oilfields with high water content. However, the phenomenon of “condensate sticking to the wall” may arise due to low temperatures in the cold region, which affects the safe production of this process. In this study, the safe production temperature limit of high water content crude oil in a cold climate without heating is determined by using a combination of a cold finger experiment and a field test. Research using cold finger devices indicates that crude oil’s viscous wall temperature typically below the pour point and diminishes as water content and shear stress rise. Through field tests with gradually decreasing oil–water mixture temperatures, the relationship between the oil–water mixture temperature and pipeline pressure drop is established. The temperature at the pressure drop surge point is then chosen as the limit for unheated gathering and transportation. A model for calculating the viscous wall temperature considering the flow state is established, its average calculation error is 1.44%. This study can provide important guidance for the feasibility judgment of the unheated gathering and transportation process and its safe operation in oil fields in cold regions.

Methodology and Data Collection Challenges in the Development of Multidimensional Inequality Profiles for Households

The issue of inequality is one that is frequently brought up in conversation in virtually every nation. The problem has been acknowledged for a significant amount of time as one of the most significant and persistent economic and social concerns. In this study, multidimensional inequalities in households in Kompleks Perkampungan Rambong, Baling, Kedah are identified. These inequalities include differences in income, health, education, and well-being. In addition to this, it defines the indicators for each dimension that cover the elements of inequality that are necessary for providing a comprehensive knowledge of household inequality. Nevertheless, challenges need to be conquered during the process of data gathering. One example of such a challenge is the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the imposition of a mobility control order. The problem of the researcher's ability to penetrate the subject of the study is another obstacle that needs to be overcome. This paper also explored the methodological issues and the difficulties in data collecting that arose in the process of achieving multidimensional assessments of inequality among families.

Effects of User Experience in Automated Information Processing on Perceived Usefulness of Digital Contact-Tracing Apps: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

In pandemic situations, digital contact tracing (DCT) can be an effective way to assess one's risk of infection and inform others in case of infection. DCT apps can support the information gathering and analysis processes of users aiming to trace contacts. However, users' use intention and use of DCT information may depend on the perceived benefits of contact tracing. While existing research has examined acceptance in DCT, automation-related user experience factors have been overlooked. We pursued three goals: (1) to analyze how automation-related user experience (ie, perceived trustworthiness, traceability, and usefulness) relates to user behavior toward a DCT app, (2) to contextualize these effects with health behavior factors (ie, threat appraisal and moral obligation), and (3) to collect qualitative data on user demands for improved DCT communication. Survey data were collected from 317 users of a nationwide-distributed DCT app during the COVID-19 pandemic after it had been in app stores for >1 year using a web-based convenience sample. We assessed automation-related user experience. In addition, we assessed threat appraisal and moral obligation regarding DCT use to estimate a partial least squares structural equation model predicting use intention. To provide practical steps to improve the user experience, we surveyed users' needs for improved communication of information via the app and analyzed their responses using thematic analysis. Data validity and perceived usefulness showed a significant correlation of r=0.38 (P<.001), goal congruity and perceived usefulness correlated at r=0.47 (P<.001), and result diagnosticity and perceived usefulness had a strong correlation of r=0.56 (P<.001). In addition, a correlation of r=0.35 (P<.001) was observed between Subjective Information Processing Awareness and perceived usefulness, suggesting that automation-related changes might influence the perceived utility of DCT. Finally, a moderate positive correlation of r=0.47 (P<.001) was found between perceived usefulness and use intention, highlighting the connection between user experience variables and use intention. Partial least squares structural equation modeling explained 55.6% of the variance in use intention, with the strongest direct predictor being perceived trustworthiness (β=.54; P<.001) followed by moral obligation (β=.22; P<.001). Based on the qualitative data, users mainly demanded more detailed information about contacts (eg, place and time of contact). They also wanted to share information (eg, whether they wore a mask) to improve the accuracy and diagnosticity of risk calculation. The perceived result diagnosticity of DCT apps is crucial for perceived trustworthiness and use intention. By designing for high diagnosticity for the user, DCT apps could improve their support in the action regulation of users, resulting in higher perceived trustworthiness and use in pandemic situations. In general, automation-related user experience has greater importance for use intention than general health behavior or experience.

COVID-19 induced changes to news gathering and news production: Practical experiences from five Ghanaian newsrooms

This study, grounded in Kurt Lewin’s theory of change management, investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced change in the news gathering and news production process in five newsrooms in Ghana. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews, our study proves that the social restrictions that were introduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic forced Ghanaian newsrooms to introduce certain measures, including work-from-home policies, a strategy that had never been explored prior to the pandemic. Our study further reveals that, whereas male journalists were usually given tasks that were considered dangerous, such as reporting from the morgue and intensive care units of hospitals, female journalists were usually assigned news conferences and tasked to conduct interviews with various stakeholders, a gender perspective to news gathering during the pandemic which has never been reported. Based on these and other findings, we argue that the COVID-19 pandemic did indeed drive change in how journalists gather and produce news.

Adaptive Scheduling of High-Availability Drone Swarms for Congestion Alleviation in Connected Automated Vehicles

The Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) serves as a pivotal element within urban networks, offering decision support to users and connected automated vehicles (CAVs) through comprehensive information gathering, sensing, device control, and data processing. Presently, ITS predominantly relies on sensors embedded in fixed infrastructure, notably Roadside Units (RSUs). However, RSUs are confined by coverage limitations and may encounter challenges in prompt emergency responses. On-demand resources, such as drones, present a viable option to supplement these deficiencies effectively. This paper introduces an approach where Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) technologies are integrated to formulate a high-availability drone swarm control and communication infrastructure framework, comprising the cloud layer, edge layer, and device layer. Drones confront limitations in flight duration attributed to battery limitations, posing a challenge in sustaining continuous monitoring of road conditions over extended periods. Effective drone scheduling stands as a promising solution to overcome these constraints. To tackle this issue, we initially utilized Graph WaveNet, a specialized graph neural network structure tailored for spatial-temporal graph modeling, for training a congestion prediction model using real-world dataset inputs. Building upon this, we further propose an algorithm for drone scheduling based on congestion prediction. Our simulation experiments using real-world data demonstrate that, compared to the baseline method, the proposed scheduling algorithm not only yielded superior scheduling gains but also mitigated drone idle rates.

COVID-19 information spaces, boundaries, and information sharing: an interview study

Introduction. The goal of this paper is to understand who shares information used by the general public about COVID-19 and how they decided what information to share. Method. Our qualitative work is based on semi-structured interviews conducted from April 2022 through December 2023 with 23 people who have provided COVID- 19 information through paid and volunteer roles. We used the critical incident technique. We also asked participants about their information gathering and credibility checking processes; their role in spreading information; and their typical audience for sharing. Analysis. We transcribed interviews and conducted thematic analysis in MAXQDA software. Results. We conceptualise the information space as consisting of the audience, communities, sharers, and experts. We illustrate three distinct exemplars of sharers. We describe how personal and historical experiences create boundaries around individuals (sharers and audience), which determine what sources of information are trustworthy, and how our participants share the information with their audience. Conclusion. For COVID-19 information, the audience may be identified first or the information service may be formed first. Fact-checkers and science journalists’ job is to report truthful and verified information, and they do not tailor it to a specific community as much as people-centered sharers, such as patient advocates.

An information behaviour exploration of personal and family information and curation of our life histories

Introduction. Family stories and life histories are often shared among household and family members via oral and written communication, family traditions, and many other information practices. We explore these practices through the lens of information behaviour. Method. This study uses first-hand reports of such family information practices. We use collaborative autoethnography through a narrative methodology for creating rich understandings of information practices within families. Analysis. The first-hand self-reports from the four authors/researchers from four different countries are analysed using a narrative analysis method. Results. Although each author describes the process of gathering and preserving their personal and family history differently, they all consciously or unconsciously defaulted to the role of information holders and occasionally gatekeepers of personal information within their families, especially as the previous generation age, suffer memory loss, or pass away. Conclusion. Family events such as holidays, celebrations, funerals, and other spaces in which members come together, serve as boundaries of our information worlds, or as information grounds. However, the tension between traditional and digital documentation and communication methods within families, the digital divide, and globally dispersed families can lead to intergenerational information loss.

Inspecting the impact of Big Five traits on internship stress and students’ rethinking stress

This study aims to investigate the factors that contribute to internship stress among Vietnamese students by analyzing the associations between personality traits, internship stress, stress mindset, and demographics. A cross-sectional study design was utilized, comprising 149 Vietnamese students who were engaged in internship programs. The data gathering process encompassed the assessment of personality traits, internship stress levels, stress mindset, and participant demographics, which encompassed gender, age, GPA, and internship hours. We conducted path analyses to examine the relationships between these variables, and conducted moderation analyses to explore the interaction between age and the impact of extraversion on internship stress. Increased degrees of neuroticism were associated with a negative stress mindset, and this association was largely mediated by the stress experienced during an internship. Age moderated the negative association between the trait of extraversion and internship stress. More precisely, the association between extraversion and stress was significantly greater among younger students than it was among older students. Female students reported a lower stress mindset compared to male students, and higher GPAs were associated with both reduced internship stress and a more optimistic stress mindset. The results indicate that specific personality traits, such as neuroticism and extraversion, as well as internship stress, have a notable impact on the stress mindset of Vietnamese students. Gaining insight into these aspects can guide the development of internship programs that provide greater support and equip students with specific coping methods to enhance their well-being and manage internship difficulties more efficiently.

PRE-ISPY phase I/Ib oncology platform program (PRE-I-SPY-P1).

e12641 Background: Many promising agents or combinations regimens relevant to breast cancer lack sufficient clinical information for use in the neoadjuvant setting. To enable acceleration of drug development by reducing time and cost of clinical trial planning and conduct, the Phase I initiative PRE-ISPY Program was created. Methods: The PRE-ISPY Program is built within the I-SPY network, with the overall aim to streamline the regulatory pathway and the processes of trial design, contracting, activation, enrollment, execution, data gathering and analysis, as well as reporting of new therapeutic agents or combinations of relevance to breast cancer. Results: The PRE-ISPY trial is an open-label platform phase IB study designed to evaluate compelling single agent or combination regimens with the overall goal of moving promising drug regimens into I-SPY2 Trial and/or into other oncology-based trials in a timely manner. Graduation of a PRE-ISPY regimen to I-SPY2 is not mandatory. The primary objectives in each study Arm are to determine safety and to obtain preliminary efficacy data of the new regimen in patients with metastatic cancer, including a cohort of breast cancer patients. Each Arm may contain a Part 1 (dose finding) and a Part 2 (dose expansion). The new treatment can be tested also in patients with other solid malignancies than breast cancer, in which the treatment may be applicable, as specified in the design of the Arm. A breast cancer specific cohort is required in Part 2. Candidate treatment regimens are selected with advice from the I-SPY2 Agent Selection Working Group. The PRE-ISPY/Phase IB trial has multiple ongoing drug regimen Arms subsequently added as new protocol appendices through amendments to a Master protocol. There is no randomization; participants are enrolled, and treatment selected according to the relevance of therapy to their disease. Prospective companion biomarkers are evaluated. The current arms under study are PRE1: ALX-148 combined with trastuzumab deruxtecan; PRE2: tucatinib combined with zanidatamab; and PRE3: vidutolimod combined with cemiplimab. Selected agents or therapeutic combinations are tested through this protocol in the I-SPY Network Centers that participate in the PRE-ISPY Program. Toxicities are graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Clinical responses are evaluated based on RECIST v1.1 criteria. Conclusions: Once safety is established, promising regimens can be rapidly transitioned to I-SPY 2.2 or other phase 2/3 trials. The first patient was enrolled on 2/1/2023. Clinical trial information: NCT05868226 .

Arrangement of Nondestructive Tests for Technical Inspection Process of Electrofusion Weld in Gas Polyethylene Pipe

Due to the reduction of operational costs, Non-corrosiveness, and ease of implementation, polyethylene pipes are a suitable replacement for steel pipes in gas distribution networks. Considering the irreversible events of gas leakage, effective and feasible non-destructive testing of electrofusion welding is an essential factor to avoid the hazards of gas leakage. To control the quality of welds, the nature of the electrofusion structure leads us to manufacture vacuum boxes, internal pressure devices, and Tapping Saddle Connector for testing polyethylene joint leakages. This article focuses on the sequence of these non-destructive tests to monitor the health of polyethylene electrofusion joint structures under gas network project implementation conditions. To examine the testing chain and the proposed sequence of non-destructive tests, the data gathering process was performed, and with respect to the sensitivity of the electrofusion weld to the operator's skill, welding process, and the condition of the pipe and fittings, in each case the influential factors to find the key parameters were evaluated. The results of laboratory tests in cases of short tests and long-life tests using artificial defects such as slow crack growth with defective samples of on-site joints and defects reported in projects were compared. To validate leak detection, leak location, and leak measurement, weld simulation with finite element and CFD software analysis conforming to real conditions was considered. The test sequence, acceptance criteria, and calibration method of the tools according to EN 1555 standard were argued for performing the final inspection steps. In this perspective, for each leak testing technique, the average type, pressure level, test duration, and finally the acceptance criteria were proposed. The main outcome is the technical specifications for electrofusion weld assessment and baseline risk- based inspection scheme in gas supply projects. In this regard, a database software based on the proposed ITP (Inspection and Testing Plan) has been developed, which is fundamental for monitoring the whole project from the first stage of polyethylene granule control, pipe and fitting manufacture, and gas injection to the final stage in network and commissioning. Operations to determine failure causes and suitability for performance assessment. Another proposed idea is standardizing the recent technical specifications internationally. This idea will be implemented when management realizes that non-destructive testing can lead to cost savings, protection of humans and the environment, and when codes and standards encompass such requirements.

So Why Do They Not Engage? Grounded Theory Research to Understand and Explain Why Medical Students Disengage from Undergraduate Psychiatry Education in India.

For almost 60 years, Indian psychiatry literature has called for all medical students to learn psychiatry so that millions of mentally unwell people across India might receive appropriate treatment. Yet for almost 60 years, medical students have disengaged from psychiatry education, resulting in limited learning. The literature has repeatedly cited the solution as one that involves longer exposure on posting and more exam questions, with little impact. This research sought to understand why medical students disengage from psychiatry education so that meaningful change might occur. The research utilized constructivist grounded theory, initially in one medical college in Mumbai, followed by a quantitative survey to test the findings with a wider group of interns across 10 states of India. An iterative process of data gathering and analysis was undertaken using the constant comparison method and theoretical integration. Findings identified that 98% of interns believe all MBBS (doctors) should "know" psychiatry, with "know" meaning practical skills-how to assess and treat people with mental illness. The majority of students attend psychiatry to learn those skills, but on finding faculty too overworked to teach, they disengage, saying: "there's nothing in it for me." The findings indicate that more exam questions would not increase engagement. Medical students want to learn skills to help those in mental distress. Faculty do not have time and, arguably, the training to teach them. To address the nation's mental health needs, the government needs to prioritize teaching of psychiatry skills by releasing and enabling psychiatry faculty, alongside the certification of psychiatry skills.

Incorporating Triple Entry Accounting as an Audit Tool—Enhancing Modern Accounting Systems

Abstract: Despite the advancements in modern accounting systems, fraud remains a prevalent issue, necessitating extensive time and financial resources for audits. Integrating modern accounting ledgers with a public blockchain could facilitate easily verifiable accounting records, streamlining the audit evidence gathering and analytics process. Continuous audits could become feasible through readily available audit evidence from the public blockchain. The proposed audit solution aims to establish verifiable "Financial Fingerprints" (signed indexes) for each accounting entry, subsequently publishing them to specific addresses on the public blockchain. This initiative seeks to structure accounting ledgers in a Triple Entry Accounting format, where the third entry involves notarizing an index of each accounting entry on the public blockchain. The essence of Triple Entry Accounting lies in its atomicity, ensuring a single authoritative set of books. Any attempt to present an alternative set of books would be automatically detected. The approach to achieving this objective can be articulated through two value propositions. Firstly, Triple Entry Accounting offers a means to establish a provable official set of books, providing market access independent of network effects. Secondly, it aims to dismantle data silos by leveraging the blockchain as a shared ledger, thereby assisting auditors in efficiently gathering adequate audit evidence. With its standalone value proposition, Triple Entry Accounting offers benefits even before the network effect comes into play, leading to the development of an open standardized protocol for implementing it as an extension to modern accounting systems.

Rock mass substitute geometry theory (SGT) and 3D centroid sliding pyramid (CSP) method

Discontinuous analysis methods are typically used for the stability analysis of fractured rock masses with multiple sets of joints. Among various discontinuous methods, the key block theory (KBT) requires less data input, has a higher computational efficiency, and is suitable for wide-ranging engineering applications. Classical discontinuous numerical methods typically require complete boundary information for rock block units. However, current information-gathering methods can only capture information on rock surfaces. The proposed rock mass substitute geometry theory (SGT) overcomes this limitation by using local geometric information to equivalently represent the original geometric body simplifying subsequent analyses. A 3D centroid sliding pyramid (CSP) method is introduced for motion state analysis of a rock block that uses only the collinear faces of a block’s free surfaces. A comparison of CSP with KBT proves that CSP not only addresses the issue of collecting only surface information of rock masses but it significantly minimizes the computation scale. Additionally, a 3D discontinuous analysis program was developed, encompassing the entire process of rock mass information gathering, 3D discontinuous modeling, and 3D CSP analysis. The effectiveness and efficiency of the method were validated using stochastically generated models, while its practical engineering applicability was demonstrated at an engineering site.

Low-cost tools for virtual reconstruction of traffic accident scenarios

Investigations into traffic accidents that lead to the determination of their causes and consequences are useful to all interested parties, both in the public and private sectors. One of the phases of investigation is the capture of data enabling the complete reconstruction of the accident scene, which is usually the point at which a conflict arises between the slow process of information gathering and the need to restore normal traffic flow. To reduce to a minimum the time the traffic is halted, this paper follows a methodology to reconstruct traffic accidents and puts forward a series of procedures and tools that are applicable to both large and small scenarios. The methodology uses low-cost UAV-SfM in combination with UAS aerial image capture systems and inexpensive GNSS equipment costing less than €900. This paper describes numerous tests and assessments that were carried out on four potential work scenarios (E−1 and E−2 urban roads with several intersections; E−3, an urban crossing with medium slopes; and E−4, a complex road section with different land morphologies), assessing the impact of using simple or double strip flights and the number of GCPs, their spacing distance and different distribution patterns. From the different configurations tested, the best results were achieved in those offset-type distributions where the GCPs were placed on both sides of the working area and at each end, with a spacing between 100 and 50 m and using double strip flights. Our conclusion is that the application of this protocol would be highly efficient and economical in the reconstruction of traffic accidents, provide simplicity in implementation, speed of capture and data processing, and provide reliable results quite economically and with a high degree of accuracy with RMSE values below 5 cm.

A correlational study to assess the relationship between body mass index and selected life style practices among high school students in selected schools at Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India

People in the 18.5-22.4 BMI range with high scores on the alternate healthy eating index and high levels of physical activity have the lowest risk of early mortality, while those with higher BMIs can still have a lower risk if they also have at least one low risk lifestyle component. To assess the body mass index of high school students in a selected school, lifestyle practice, find the association between selected lifestyle practices with demographic variables in high school students and association between Body Mass Index with demographic variables in high school students. Prior to starting the data gathering process, approval from BEO and the headmistresses of the chosen high schools was obtained. Canara High School and St. Aloysius High School in Mangalore hosted the primary study. The data gathering period ran from October 121, 2017, to January 1, 2018. All participants were told of the study's goal and gave their informed permission. The respondents received guarantees on the privacy and confidentiality of the data they submitted. Data from the samples were gathered by the researcher herself. In order to gather data, questionnaires about baseline data were used, along with a self-made rating scale to evaluate lifestyle behaviours and measures of height and weight to determine BMI. Karl Pearson ‘s correlation coefficient and Chi square test.The majority of samples, or 70%, had normal BMIs. Merely 20% of those surveyed were overweight. The least number of respondents (10%) were underweighted. Eighty-two percent of the respondents followed moderate lifestyles. Good living habits are present in 15% of the samples. The fewest responders (3%) led unhealthy lifestyles. Level of lifestyle habits broken down by area: The average lifestyle practice of students was 60.657.68, indicating that the majority of students follow a moderate lifestyle.A noteworthy correlation was observed between the mother's work and certain baseline factors, such as the body mass index score. Consequently, the null hypothesis was disproved. The score of a few chosen lifestyle activities and a few chosen baseline characteristics, such gender, were significantly correlated. They rejected the null hypothesis.Teenagers are the future citizens of this country, and their future depends on them. It is crucial to regularly assess students' body mass index and lifestyle choices so that those who lead unhealthy lifestyles can be quickly identified and treated appropriately to reduce their chance of developing health issues later on. Nurses will be able to teach parents and pupils about healthy lifestyle practices since they are aware of the relationship. The present study's findings have been taken into consideration for drawing the following conclusions.

Chemotaxis in heterogeneous environments: A multi-agent model of decentralized gathering past obstacles

Chemotaxis, cell migration in response to chemical gradients, is known to promote self-organization of microbiological populations. However, the modeling of chemotaxis in heterogeneous environments is still limited. This study analyzes a decentralized gathering process in environments with physical as well as chemical barriers, using a multi-agent model for Disctyostelium discoideum colonies. Employing a topology-independent metric to quantify the system evolution, we study dynamical features emerging from complex social interactions. The results show that obstacles may hamper the gathering process by altering the flux of chemical signals among amoebas, acting as local topological perturbations. We also find that a minimal set of agent’s rules for robust gathering does not require explicit mechanisms for obstacle sensing and avoidance; moreover, random cell movements concur in preventing multiple stable clusters and improve the gathering efficacy. Hence, we speculate that chemotactic cells can avoid obstacles without needing specialized mechanisms: tradeoffs of social interactions and individual fluctuations are sufficient to guarantee the aggregation of the whole colony past numerous obstacles.

The reported impact of non-communicable disease investment cases in 13 countries

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading health and development challenge worldwide. Since 2015, WHO and the United Nations Development Programme have provided support to governments to develop national NCD investment...

The Influence of Promotion, Price Perception, and Brand Image on Purchase Decision for Walls Ice Cream in Surabaya

The purpose of this study is to find out how Walls Ice Cream pricing perception and brand image affect consumers' decisions to buy in Surabaya. The research methodology employed is quantitative. The demographic for this study consisted of all individuals in the city of Surabaya who drink Ice Cream, with a total of 105 respondents. The data gathering process involved the distribution of questionnaires, while the data analysis was conducted using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique with the Smart PLS software. The findings of this study suggest that the promotion of pricing perception and brand image plays a significant role in influencing the decision to purchase Walls Ice Cream in the city of Surabaya. The factors show that Walls Ice Cream in Surabaya City purchase decisions are positively and significantly impacted by them.

Recent Approaches of Impurity Profiling in Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Concise Review

Purity profiling is the process of gathering and analyzing information to determine the biological safety of a specific impurity, hence highlighting its importance and range in pharmaceutical research. In the field of pharmaceuticals, impurity has no precise meaning. Identification, structural elucidation, and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk medicinal materials and pharmaceutical formulations are all included in impurity profiling. Since unrecognized, possibly poisonous impurities are dangerous to health and should be found and determined by selective procedures in order to increase the safety of drug therapy, impurity profiling has become more significant in contemporary pharmaceutical analysis. Impurities are typically described using words like residual solvents, byproducts, transformation products, degradation products, interaction products, and related products. Impurity identification is carried out using different chromatographic methods in addition to passing the CGMP, QC, QA, and water activity tests, a pharmaceutical ingredient also needs to satisfy the requirements for a new impurity. It is important to separate and characterize impurities in order to collect and evaluate data that determines biological safety, which emphasizes the need for and promise of drug impurity profiling in pharmaceutical research. To separate and measure the pollutants, a range of instrumental analytical techniques have been consistently used. The detection and regulatory evaluation of organic impurities is a very challenging task because to the numerous sources of organic impurities, including microbiological contamination, API breakdown products, and traces of intermediates.