Explanation Of Process Research Articles

Developing Sustainable Education Disposition Scale and Teacher Views regarding the Education Disposition

This study aimed at developing a scale to measure the level at which schools stand for offering sustainable education. In addition, it was aimed to examine teachers' views on sustainable education disposition against school type or gender. This study is a descriptive survey and consists of two stages. As the first step, a sustainability scale was developed by the researcher to determine the level of sustainable education. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes along with reliability checks were conducted. Explanatory factor analysis was performed with the data from 209 teachers working at schools in Şarkışla and Yıldızeli districts and the scale was found to be one-dimensional with 32 items. Following the explanatory process, the scale was applied to 152 participants in Suşehri district for confirmatory factor analysis. The latter analysis was performed on the data obtained from the study group and the goodness-of-fit test was found within the acceptable limits. According to results, it can be inferred that the teachers have a high level of disposition to sustainable education. It was found out that teachers' views on sustainable education disposition differ between genders in favor of males.

Segregation in Basic School in Haiti, Reflecting the Social Relations of Inequality

This article aims to establish, on the basis of a mixed explanatory sequential estimate, how actors of the educational system (teachers and school managers) use academic and social mechanisms to distance strong students from the weak by means of categorizing or distributing them unevenly and differently in the school space. On the theoretical level, while relying on Bourdieu's structuralist constructivism, cultural discontinuity theory and systemic discrimination as a framework for analysis, this study combines three approaches to the sociology of education (functionalist, conflictualist and the approach of rational choices) as epistemological base, to try to understand the dynamics of school segregation and the mechanisms, by which it reflects the social relations of inequality. From a methodological point of view, it begins an empirical research conducted in the Western Department, starting; on the one hand, from a survey conducted by questionnaire with 303 actors (100 teachers, 95 parents, 13 managers of institutions and 95 students), and four group interviews with five teacher groups, four individual interviews with principals. Using quantitative and qualitative methods in an explanatory mixed sequential quote process, quantitative data analysis is followed by qualitative analysis to consolidate and explain the quantitative results.

Attachment behavior and hostility as explanatory factors linking parent-adolescent conflict and adolescent adjustment.

This study examined whether adolescents' behavior in a support-seeking context helped to explain associations between increases in mother-adolescent conflict during early adolescence and changes in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing symptoms. A sample of 194 adolescents aged 12 to 14 (51% female) and their mothers were followed over 1 year. Mother-adolescent pairs participated in a speech task introducing an external social stressor into the parent-child relationship. Using a latent difference score model, adolescents' observed attachment behavior and hostility were compared as potential explanatory processes. Analyses suggest specificity in the spillover process from conflict to adolescent behavior in a nonconflictual parent-child interaction context, with hostility uniquely linking increasing mother-adolescent conflict and externalizing problems, and disruptions in adolescent attachment behavior uniquely explaining the link with internalizing problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Making sense of models: How teachers use agent‐based modeling to advance mechanistic reasoning

AbstractComputer modeling promotes mechanistic reasoning when learners build and analyze models of complex systems to explore causal mechanisms and use models to generate patterns. StarLogo Nova (SLN), an agent‐based modeling (ABM) environment, enables novice programmers to model a system's individual components and investigate its emergent, collective behavior. Through case analysis of teachers using SLN, we demonstrate how ABM advances thinking about mechanisms generating phenomenon. Teachers who used simulation combined with the decoding of SLN models utilized mechanistic reasoning to make sense of how and why complex phenomenon emerged.Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic Mechanisms, or causal explanatory processes, are critical in science. Mechanistic reasoning is concerned with why a phenomenon occurs. Traditionally in science classrooms, teachers incorporate pre‐packaged simulations that limit the ability to understand mechanisms within the simulations. Agent‐based modeling empowers learners to model at the micro‐level to understand how macro‐level phenomenon emerge in complex systems. What this paper adds StarLogo Nova, an agent‐based modeling environment, has features that support mechanistic reasoning. Using simulation combined with decoding of models in StarLogo Nova promotes mechanistic explanations of why phenomenon occurs. Teachers are able to scaffold student interactions in StarLogo Nova to support students' mechanistic reasoning. Implications for practice and/or policy When using computer simulations in instruction, incorporate decoding of models to engage students in uncovering why a phenomenon occurs. In professional development programs on scientific modeling, it is important for educators to learn how decoding contributes to students' understanding of mechanisms in models and experience modeling as a scientific practice.

History, Agency and Eurocentrism in the English School

The recent English School literature within the discipline of International Relations has been successful in renewing that tradition’s popularity, along with revising some of its core elements. This work have generated innovations in its theoretical framework, resulting in important differences in relation to the classic works of the British Committee. Despite such innovations, some of its limits remain in place, as it is still centred on an Eurocentric historical perspective. In this paper, I address two recent contributions to the body of English School literature: the new narrative of globalisation of the international society, and the turn to process sociology. By analysing these contributions, I argue that by not presenting a systematic conception of agency and historical change, history becomes relegated to a secondary role in their explanatory process: it is mobilised as a set of examples that either confirms or expands the theoretical conception of the international society or its expansion. This secondary role of history provides shelter for Eurocentrism in IR theory, since it allows for the incorporation of extra-European agencies and processes without challenging the theory that was produced in their absence. In return, I argue for a radically historicist conception of theory, drawing from a particular push for historicism in the tradition of Political Marxism. This radical historicism shifts the focus from overarching processes and their outcomes towards the many conflicting agencies who played a role in the transformations of international politics.

El papel del lenguaje en la construcción de explicaciones en la clase de ciencias en contextos bilingües a través del enfoque CLIL

This paper covers the issue with respect to elaborating explanations about natural phenomena in the Science class in bilingual contexts (Spanish (L1) – English (L2)), in which the role of the language is analysed from two perspectives: communicative and explanatory. To do so, this article focuses on the categorisation of cognitive-linguistic abilities exhibited by the students throughout the implementation of the designed unit, as well as analysing the expressions used by them from the communicative perspective; this analysis is born from the upcoming and growing concern of bilingualism implementation in Colombia and Latin America. The methodology used follows an interpretative-qualitative analysis with an inductive analysis approach, analysing the collected information during the didactic implementation in recordings, products developed by students and class diaries from a sample of 25 and 19 students belonging to two private secondary schools located in Cajicá and Bogotá, Colombia. The document presents the reflections arisen from the analysis categories built to assess the collected information: socio-linguistic abilities, communication of ideas in both L1 and L2, the conceptual, social, epistemological and didactic aspects of knowledge. It was found a close link between the L2 proficiency and the depth of the explanations elaborated by the students, enabling the more competent students in L2 to communicate better using the scientific language and getting to more complex explanations. Moreover, the implementation re-dimensioned the content perspective applied by some teachers when using the CLIL approach, placing bilingualism in the Science classes in a dimension distant from transmitting information, being a medium that fosters communicative and explanatory processes by nurturing different cognitive-linguistic abilities.

Mindfulness and Leadership: Communication as a Behavioral Correlate of Leader Mindfulness and Its Effect on Follower Satisfaction.

In recent years, the construct of mindfulness has gained growing attention in psychological research. However, little is known about the effects of mindfulness on interpersonal interactions and social relationships at work. Addressing this gap, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mindfulness in leader–follower relationships. Building on prior research, we hypothesize that leaders’ mindfulness is reflected in a specific communication style (“mindfulness in communication”), which is positively related to followers’ satisfaction with their leaders. We used nested survey data from 34 leaders and 98 followers from various organizations and tested mediation hypotheses using hierarchical linear modeling. Our hypotheses were confirmed by our data in that leaders’ self-reported mindfulness showed a positive relationship with several aspects of followers’ satisfaction. This relationship was fully mediated by leaders’ mindfulness in communication as perceived by their followers. Our findings emphasize the potential value of mindfulness in workplace settings. They provide empirical evidence for a positive link between leaders’ dispositional mindfulness and the wellbeing of their followers, indicating that mindfulness is not solely an individual resource but also fosters interpersonal skills. By examining leaders’ mindfulness in communication as an explanatory process, we created additional clarification about how leaders’ mindfulness relates to followers’ perceptions, offering a promising starting point for measuring behavioral correlates of leader mindfulness.

Effects of mother-offspring and father-offspring dynamics on emerging adults' adjustment: The mediating role of emotion regulation.

The present study tested a theoretical model of emotion regulation between parent-offspring dynamics and emerging adults’ adjustment. The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies, including cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, were investigated for the effects of mother-offspring and father-offspring dynamics on emerging adults’ adjustment. A sample of 352 Chinese emerging adults in Hong Kong (230 female, 121 male) participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete a set of self-reported questionnaires. Findings based on structural equation modeling indicated that greater mother-offspring intimacy and father-offspring intimacy predicted emerging adults’ better cognitive reappraisal and psychological, social, and general health. Greater mother-offspring conflict also predicted more expressive suppression and poorer psychological and social functioning. Distinctive mediation pathways as a function of parents’ gender were identified. These findings enrich the literature for parent-offspring dynamics and emotion regulation as explanatory processes of emerging adults’ adjustment.

A process model linking occupational strength to attitudes and behaviors: The explanatory role of occupational personality heterogeneity.

This study proposes a mediated process model that seeks to explain how occupational strength influences personality heterogeneity, ultimately affecting attitudes and behaviors. Specifically, it proposes that strong occupations restrict personality heterogeneity (defined as the extent to which there is variability in incumbents' personalities), which mediates the effect of occupational strength on work-related outcomes. Using a sample of 178,087 individuals employed in 315 occupations, the results indicate that strong occupations (operationalized as having high task significance) had advantageous effects on occupational satisfaction, tenure, and turnover intentions, and these effects were partially mediated by personality heterogeneity. Task significance had a negative effect on personality heterogeneity, and personality heterogeneity led to less favorable attitudes and behaviors. The occupational autonomy operationalization of situational strength also had advantageous effects on incumbents' occupational satisfaction, tenure, and turnover intentions, but these effects were not mediated by personality heterogeneity. In addition, personality distance (defined as the extent to which incumbents were personally different from others in the occupation) adversely affected within-occupation attitudes and behaviors. This study reexamines situational strength theory, shifting the emphasis away from an interaction (behavior = person × situation) to an explanatory process (behavior is a function of personality heterogeneity, which is a function of situational strength). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Demographic sources as a local wisdom: Potency of Indonesian physics education researchers in conducting survey research

The trends of population and the dependency ratio from 2020 to 2030 (young and elderly to working age) give a benefit to Indonesia. These demographic sources are one of the local wisdom as well as culture, diversity, ethnicity, and natural resources. In this paper, therefore, survey research, especially in physics education was proposed in responding the potency of demographic factors. Generally, survey design is used to describe trends, to determine individual opinions about special topics or policy issues, and to provide useful information to evaluate programs in schools. The research method addressed the explanatory process of cross-sectional survey designs and longitudinal survey designs, which were conducted by the author previously. The discussion was started from the simple process of survey study and followed by some examples of survey research designs. For the cross-sectional survey, the AT-STEM (Attitudes towards STEM), Conception of Learning Physics (CLP), and Physics Learning Self-Efficacy (PLSE) were discussed. Meanwhile, for longitudinal survey designs, the Attitudes towards (Teaching) Science (ATS) were exemplified. Moreover, the research about Attitudes towards a New Physics Curriculum (ATNPC) was also demonstrated. Finally, some recommendations of physics education research were also proposed.

The impact of the business cycle in the construction industry on cement production in Poland

The article evaluates the impact of the business cycle in the building industry on the volume of cement production in Poland. Therefore, a dynamic congruent econometric model was constructed and estimated, where the volume of cement production was a dependent variable. The set of potential explanatory processes includes four selected indicators describing the economic situation on the building market: the current domestic investment portfolio, the utilization of the production capacity by construction companies, the current domestic production, and the current financial situation of construction companies. These indicators came from surveys conducted by the Central Statistical Office using the so-called „business cycle testing”, based on a questionnaire survey. The study showed that the only important causal factor related to the volume of cement production is the use of production capacity by construction companies. This process proved to be significant as the current process (in the time period) and with a one-month lag (in the time period t-1).

The self-reported perceptions of the repercussions of the disease and its treatments on daily life for young women with breast cancer and their partners

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the self-reported perceptions of the repercussions of the disease and its treatments and emotional distress in young women with breast cancer and their partners.Design: Cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaires.Sample: 491 couples in which women were aged <45 years when diagnosed with non-metastatic breast cancer in four different groups of treatment: during chemotherapy with or without Trastuzumab; under Trastuzumab with or without hormone therapy; during hormone therapy; and during the follow-up period.Methods: Patients and partners completed a questionnaire assessing their self-reported perceptions of the disease and treatments (Patient YW-BCI and Partner YW-BCI for the partners) and their emotional distress (CESD; STAI).Findings: Patients reported more difficulties than partners in the management of child(ren) and everyday life, body image and sexuality, negative affectivity about the disease and apprehension about the future, career management, and finances. While the difficulties were generally more marked in the chemotherapy and Trastuzumab groups than in the hormone therapy and follow-up groups, the negative affectivity about the disease and apprehension about the future was high in all four groups, especially in patients. The partners reported more difficulties in sharing with close relatives, and even more in those groups reflecting the latest treatment phases. No difference appeared between patients and partners in couple cohesion and deterioration of relationships with relatives. Partners were less anxious than patients but as depressed as them.Conclusions: Difficulties of patients and partners seem particularly severe in the early care pathway, maybe reflecting better adjustment in women under surveillance and their partners. A longitudinal study will substantiate this finding and enable a better identification of some explanatory processes of these differences and similarities in the daily self-reported repercussions of the disease throughout the cancer care pathway.Implications for psychosocial oncology: It seems important to support young women with breast cancer and their partners, as our results evidence distress in both and differences according to the type of treatment the woman is currently receiving. Healthcare providers need consistent methods to identify and respond to couples’ distress and reduce significant disparities in support.

M. C. Escher and Huayan(華嚴) : Focusing on the Huayan Treatise on the Golden Lion (｢華嚴金獅子章｣) of Fazang (賢首法藏)

본 논문의 목적은 네덜란드 판화가 M. C. 에셔(Maurits Cornelis Escher; 1898-1972)의 작품과 당(唐)나라 현수 법장(643-712)이 쓴 &#65378;화엄금사자장&#65379;의 유사성 탐구를 통해 그 둘의 이해를 넓히는 데 있다. 에셔는 조각으로 평면을 채우는 테셀레이션(tessellation), 존재 불가능한 공간, 분할된 평면의 무한한 연결 등을 작품에 사용했다. 이 결과, 그의 작품은 공간 활용이 뛰어난 미적인 프랙털(fractal) 속성을 얻었으나, 이 때문에 작품들은 주로 상업적&#65381;실용적으로 사용되며 학문 연구도 이에 치중되어 왔다. 화엄의 ‘참되고 불변하는’ 진여(眞如)를 설명하기 위해 법장은 &#65378;화엄금사자장&#65379;을 기술했다. 이 글에서 법장은 금으로 사자를 만들고 그 사자를 변형해 다시 금으로 환원시키며 에셔와 유사한 방식으로 진리에 대한 탁월한 인식을 드러낸다. 그러나 이 글은 종교에 귀속된 오래전의 글이며 그림 등의 시각적 도움이 없기 때문에 그 이해가 쉽지 않다. 따라서 시기, 지역, 분야가 다른 위 양자의 유사성 탐구는 에셔의 작품에는 상업성과 실용성을 벗어난 인문적&#65381;보편적 작품 해석을, &#65378;화엄금사자장&#65379;에게는 글의 이해를 돕는 시각적&#65381;현대적 해석을 줄 것으로 여겨진다. 비교는 그 둘의 유사성에 근거해 연기(緣起) 혹은 관계하기, 낯설게 하기, 순환하기 순서로 이루어질 것이며 이를 통해 에셔의 작품과 화엄에 숨어 있는 ‘참되고 불변하는 것이 없음을 아는 독립체’를 확인할 것이다.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the similarities between the works of the Dutch printmaker Maurits Cornelis Escher (1898-1972) and the Huayan Treatise on the Golden Lion ( ; Ch. Huayan jinshizi zhang) written by the Tang Dynasty monk Fazang (643-712), thereby broadening our understanding of both. In his works, Escher used tessellation that involves the tiling of a plane with no gaps or overlaps, impossible spatial objects, infinite connections on a divided plane, and so on. As a result, his works have aesthetic fractal attributes that are exceptional in their utilization of space. Due to this nature of his works, however, they are mainly used in commercial and practical domains, and academic research on Escher has also focused on such aspects. Fazang expounded the Huayan Treatise on the Golden Lion in order to explain the Huayan concept of the “true and unchanging” Thusness (眞如; Ch. zhenru, Sanskrit tath&#257;t&#257;). In the treatise, Fazang makes the gold into a golden lion, and transforms it again to reduce it back to gold. This explanatory process is similar to the technique employed in Escher s various works. However, although Fazang s explanation contains an excellent grasp of the truth, it is not easy to understand because it is an old religious treatise and offers no visual aid like paintings. Therefore, it is believed that an investigation of the similarities in the works of Escher and Fazang, which come from different times and places, will serve to illumine both. Such an investigation will afford a humanistic and universal interpretation Escher s works that go beyond their commercial value and practical use, while providing a visual and modernized interpretation to aid the understanding of Fazang s Huayan Treatise of the Golden Lion. Based on the similarities between the two sets of works, the comparative study will proceed in the order of relationship-formation, defamiliarization, and circulation, thereby shedding light on “the entity of knowing that nothing is true and unchanging” that is concealed in the works of Escher and Huayan Buddhism.

Interplay of Supervisor Undermining &amp; Rejection Sensitivity on FNE &amp; Outcomes

Utilizing the reasoning of Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Stress and Coping and Approach-Avoidance framework the current study examines how and when Fear of negative evaluation (FNE) acts as a unique protective mechanism between supervisor undermining (SU) and deviant work behaviors (Organizational citizenship behaviors and negative gossips). Specifically, we hypothesized that employees who face supervisor undermining might depict decreased OCBs and engage in increased negative gossiping about the supervisors. Further we hypothesized that fear of negative evaluation (FNE) acts as an explanatory process through which supervisor undermining translates into higher OCBs and negative gossips. We also hypothesized that the supervisor undermining and fear of negative evaluation relationship will be strengthened for the individuals high on rejection sensitivity. Using moderated mediation process technique, adopting a three-wave design; and two source time lagged data collected from 206 dyads in the service sector ...

A Tale of Female Liberation? The Long Shadow of De-Professionalization on the Lives of Post-War Women

This article argues that though women born in the long 1940s experienced an expansion in educational and occupational opportunities, these opportunities were largely in gender segregated jobs within the welfare state. These same jobs were hit hard by the depreciation in working-conditions that occurred from the late 1980s onwards. Women of this generation’s material circumstances and sense of self were significantly affected by these changes; in part, precisely because they had been socialized to expect more from their working-lives. By foregrounding female experience, the article also aims to demonstrate that the shifts in public sector employment enacted by successive Conservative governments constituted a process of de-professionalization which principally impacted women workers. This demonstrates the adaptability of gendered inequality. De-professionalization had such profound implications that it deserves to be considered alongside de-industrialization as one of the key explanatory processes of late twentieth-century Britain and the neoliberal project; doing so would mark a shift away from the masculinised narratives of work that dominate contemporary history.

Status of the Trait Concept in Contemporary Personality Psychology: Are the Old Questions Still the Burning Questions?

This special issue of Journal of Personality addresses one of the cardinal concerns of personality psychology, namely, the status of traits in contemporary personality science. Trait theory is a major scientific model for personality explanation and research. Although there have been critiques of traits, typically formulated from the point of view of the social-cognitive perspective, the trait approach can be viewed as a continuously developing paradigm. However, personality psychology persists in tackling burning questions concerning the status of traits that need to be answered. Modern trait approaches confront problems such as constructing an objective personality traits assessment, connecting the descriptive traits with explanatory processes, applying traits for understanding the individual person, clarifying the relation of traits to behavior, and using traits for solving cardinal concerns of personality psychology (e.g., personality organization). This special issue presents examples of contemporary trait theories that attempt to provide possible solutions to these issues and/or delineate other main issues to be resolved by future research and theorizing. We have asked contributors to portray their approach and describe in what way their trait theory continues a historic tradition and in what respect it breaks with the past and moves trait models to more mature scientific levels.

Business Intelligence Using Data Mining for Organizational Sustainability: A Case Study of Digi Telecommunication Sdn Bhd

In today business, meeting consumer satisfaction and needs is an unquestionable requirement. The organizations need to incorporate the vast volumes of data accessible and to utilize this information to bolster the nature of their decision making, in order to remain competitive advantage (sustainability) and to expand the profit. This paper displays a log information explanatory process in telecommunication industry, for business intelligence intrigued by breaking down client and behavioural data to enhance their comprehension of client dependability and client’s satisfaction. The data mining procedure to accomplish key client management goals is introduced. This paper gives a demonstrated information explanatory strategy used to recognize variety kinds of attributes in telecommunication industry, specifically in Digi Telecommunication Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia.

Supports and hindrances to the integration of co-located services in multiple models of primary health care delivery Integration in co-located primary health care services

Introduction: In 2008 the Australian Government funded the establishment of GP Super Clinics based loosely on the UK Darzi polyclinic model. The intention was to collocate general practice and allied health services. The initiative was centred in primary care and integration between primary care and specialist medical or hospital services was not a prime objective. No specific model for how integration was to be achieved was mandated. This study is an evaluation integration of six GP Super Clinics in South Australia and Victoria funded by the Australian Primary Care Research Institute conducted between 2014-5. Methods: The design was a multiple case study (mixed methods design). Quantitative data was collected using three surveys (clinic manager survey, health professional survey, patient survey) and qualitative data from patient and health professional focus groups. Each collection tool was applied concurrently at each case study site. Survey tools were administered first, sample GP management plans collected, and then focus groups conducted. Explanatory sequential process was used as the basis for data analysis (quantitative data then qualitative data to explain findings). A case study database was established to collate information collected for each site. Each case study site was described in terms of the seven components (for example, level of variety of services co-located, level of internal service integration mechanisms). Quantitative survey data was manually coded, entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and imported into SPSS for analysis. Frequencies, means, standard deviation and range, as well as cross-tabulations with percentages were calculated. Results: There was mixed evidence that the health clinics were aligning their services to match surrounding community demand with only two centres basing their decisions on service development on local research. All clinics started with a core set of services that expanded over time usually starting with at least GPs. In Australia, all GP pathology, radiology, specialist services and some allied health services have a Medicare funded rebate. While often there was no out-of-pocket expense to clinic patients access for some services or for patients not considered disadvantaged required a ‘gap’ payment. This impact on access to comprehensive care for some patients The clinics had similar ways of reimbursing health care professionals but there was some variation for allied health professionals. Nurses were most commonly salaried across all organizations and the State funded clinics were able to provide allied health free to patients by having the resources to pay staff a salary. Patients and practitioners felt the collocation improved patient convenience and satisfaction. Practitioners identified a lack of formal integrated care structures. The important role of nurses working in these clinics at integrating care between other health professionals was identified. Patients participating in the focus groups sensed that integration was not occurring in the clinics. Conclusions: When contemplating integration health professionals focused on communication, trust, familiarity and the importance of process in defining if it could be successful. Integration tended to be understood in terms of sharing of information about an approach to treatment, treatment proposed for the patient and not about how treatment was delivered. Patients perceived an absence of communication and information sharing among health professionals. Lessons learned: Health professionals are the drivers of integrated care. There were low rates of integrated care across all health service models in our study. Currently there are few incentives to achieve integrated care in Australia Limitations: Limited resource study examining only 6 of the 64 funded clinics in a limited geographical area. Data coded by only one researcher. Suggestions for future research: To what extent have resources and infrastructural supports been concertedly reviewed for their facilitation or obstruction to integration within different co-located PHC models within GP Super Clinics?

Integrative Priming of Compositional and Locative Relations.

Integrative priming refers to the facilitated recognition of a target word (bench) as a real word following a prime (park). Prior integrative priming studies have used a wide variety of integrative relations including temporal (summer rain), topical (travel book), locative (forest river), and compositional (peach pie) relations. Yet differences in the types of integrative relations may yield differences in the underlying explanatory processes of integrative priming. In this study, we compared the magnitude, time course, and three theoretically based correlates of integrative priming for compositional (stone table) and locative (patio table) pairs in a lexical decision task across four stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs; 50, 300, 800, and 1,600 ms). Based on the Complementary Role Activation theory, integrative ratings (the extent to which the prime and target can be combined into a meaningful phrase) were predicted to facilitate target RTs. Based on the Embodied Conceptual Combination (ECCo) theory, the local co-occurrence of the prime and target, and the ability to perceptually simulate (visually experience) the prime-target pair were tested as predictors. In comparison to unrelated pairs (nose table), target RTs were faster for the compositional and locative pairs, though did not differ between these relations. In support of the Complementary Role Activation theory, integrative ratings predicted target RTs above and beyond our control variables. In support of the ECCo theory, co-occurrence emerged as an early predictor of target RTs, and visual experience ratings was a reliable predictor at the 300 ms SOA, though only for the compositional relations.

How Leaders Affect Followers’ Work Engagement and Performance: Integrating Leader−Member Exchange and Crossover Theory

Drawing on leader−member exchange and crossover theory, this study examines how leaders’ work engagement can spread to followers, highlighting the role of leader−member exchange as an underlying explanatory process. Specifically, we investigate if leaders who are highly engaged in their work have better relationships with their followers, which in turn can explain elevated employee engagement. For this purpose, we surveyed 511 employees nested in 88 teams and their team leaders in a large service organization. Employees and supervisors provided data in this multi‐source design. Furthermore, we asked the employees to report their annual performance assessment. We tested our model using multilevel path analyses in Mplus. As hypothesized, leaders’ work engagement enhanced leader−member exchange quality, which in turn boosted employee engagement (mediation model). Moreover, employee engagement was positively linked to performance and negatively linked to turnover intentions. As such, our multilevel field study connects the dots between work engagement research and the leadership literature. We identify leaders’ work engagement as a key to positive leader−follower relationships and a means for promoting employee engagement and performance. Promoting work engagement at the managerial level may be a fruitful starting point for fostering an organizational culture of engagement.