Measurement Procedure Research Articles

Reference materials for food authentication.

The global food industry faces significant challenges in ensuring the safety and authenticity of food products. Economic adulteration and counterfeiting of food are estimated to cost the industry US$30-40 billion annually. Analytical testing plays a vital role in detecting food fraud. For ensuring the metrological traceability and comparability of testing results, the use of reference materials (RMs) is crucial. The article describes the role of RMs in food authenticity testing, including their applications in method validation, calibration, quality control, and the definition of conventional measurement scales. It also reviews the availability of RMs that can be used in measurement procedures to authenticate food. Furthermore, the applications of RMs in targeted adulterant detection methods, for compositional parameters used to authenticate foods and food supplements, isotopic measurements, untargeted food authenticity testing methods, and detection and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are explored. The document concludes by recommending the development of research grade test materials or representative test materials to harmonise untargeted testing methods and improve comparability of results across laboratories and over time.

Approaches for the measurement of lateral dimensions of graphene oxide flakes using scanning electron microscopy

Abstract There is a practical need, especially from the industrial community, to accurately measure the size and shape of graphene oxide (GO) flakes of commercial origin, in a reliable, simple, and unambiguous way. The sample preparation is a decisive step to obtain a homogeneous distribution of flakes on a substrate, which is suitable for image analysis. A certain level of inhomogeneity was still found but could be accepted for the purpose of this lateral size measurement study. A measurement procedure for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) including sample preparation, measurement, image analysis and reporting was developed and validated to be applied for the lateral size analysis of “real-world” 2D flakes. Samples were produced for analysis by drop casting GO dispersions onto Si/SiO2 substrates. After SEM imaging, the images were analysed using two approaches to derive size and shape parameters. The influence of different operators has been evaluated. A maximum difference of 10% for the size descriptor and 2% for shape descriptor was found for both image analysis approaches when different samples of the same source material are measured and analysed by the same operator, hence indicating variability caused by sample preparation and analysing different sample areas. When different laboratories/operators perform the image analysis on exactly the same images and same flakes, the deviation found for the size descriptor is 2% and 4.6% corresponding to the two approaches applied, while no difference in the shape descriptor is observed.

ENSURING AN ACOUSTICALLY UNPOLLUTED LIVING ENVIRONMENT

Human beings are always concerned with living in an unpolluted environment. Noise pollution is one type of pollution that can arise. To address this issue, the acoustic properties of the environment are studied. This is done through periodic measurements, identifying the sources of pollution at the same time. The impact on the environment is then evaluated based on the collected data. Based on this, pollution reduction measures are established, and measures to reduce pollution are implemented accordingly. The methodology, measurement procedures, development of reduction strategies, and their effectiveness are thoroughly outlined.

A Measurement Approach for Characterizing Temperature-Related Emissivity Variability in High-Emissivity Materials.

The effective knowledge of emissivity is pivotal to obtain reliable temperature measurements through non-contact techniques like pyrometry and thermal imaging. This is fundamental in high-temperature applications since material emissivity strongly depends on temperature conditions. Given the recent attention in high-temperature applications, especially for replacing fossil-fuel-dependent heating with greener solutions in energy-intensive processes, renewed interest in characterizing materials radiant properties rose. This work presents a measurement procedure for characterizing the total emissivity of high-emissivity materials exploiting microwaves for heating the test material. The procedure grounds on a sequential approach, using a reference material of known emissivity (e.g., high-emissivity coating, already characterized sample holder, etc.) to derive the target material total emissivity. Uncertainty analysis is performed to provide a metrological characterization of the approach. The procedure is validated on target materials of known emissivity, focusing on high-emissivity materials commonly employed in microwave heating processes. Results are compatible with reference literature and material datasheets, demonstrating the validity of the proposed approach.

A low-SAR four-element antenna for ISM/NR78 band applications

ABSTRACT This article introduces a novel four-port doughnut-shaped coplanar waveguide (CPW) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed for dual-band operation. Operating within the 2.4–2.5 GHz and 4.4–5 GHz frequency ranges, the antenna boasts a remarkable 10 dB impedance bandwidth. Fabricated on a 55 mm x 55 mm x 1.6 mm FR4 substrate, this antenna achieves impressive isolation of over 20 dB among its elements through orthogonal placement, thereby enhancing key MIMO parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), diversity gain (DG), and mutual coupling enhancement gain (MEG). Fabrication and measurement procedures validate the antenna’s performance, demonstrating close alignment with simulation results. This validation confirms the antenna’s suitability for deployment across various domains, including Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands and the n78 band for biomedical and 5 G applications. Additionally, specific absorption rate (SAR) calculations support the antenna’s performance, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards for human exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Commutability assessment of new standard reference materials (SRMs) for determining serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D using ligand binding and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays.

Commutability is where the measurement response for a reference material (RM) is the same as for an individual patient sample with the same concentration of analyte measured using two or more measurement systems. Assessment of commutability is essential when the RM is used in a calibration hierarchy or to ensure that clinical measurements are comparable across different measurement procedures and at different times. The commutability of three new Standard Reference Materials® (SRMs) for determining serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], defined as the sum of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], was assessed through an interlaboratory study. The following SRMs were assessed: (1) SRM 2969 Vitamin D Metabolites in Frozen Human Serum (Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Low Level), (2) SRM 2970 Vitamin D Metabolites in Frozen Human Serum (25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 High Level), and (3) SRM 1949 Frozen Human Prenatal Serum. These SRMs represent three clinically relevant situations including (1) low levels of total 25(OH)D, (2) high level of 25(OH)D2, and (3) 25(OH)D levels in nonpregnant women and women during each of the three trimesters of pregnancy with changing concentrations of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP). Twelve laboratories using 17 different ligand binding assays and eight laboratories using nine commercial and custom liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays provided results in this study. Commutability of the SRMs with patient samples was assessed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) approach based on 95% prediction intervals or a pre-set commutability criterion and the recently introduced International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) approach based on differences in bias for the clinical and reference material samples using a commutability criterion of 8.8%. All three SRMs were deemed as commutable with all LC-MS/MS assays using both CLSI and IFCC approaches. SRM 2969 and SRM 2970 were deemed noncommutable for three and seven different ligand binding assays, respectively, when using the IFCC approach. Except for two assays, one or more of the three pregnancy levels of SRM 1949 were deemed noncommutable or inconclusive using different ligand binding assays and the commutability criterion of 8.8%. Overall, a noncommutable assessment for ligand binding assays is determined for these SRMs primarily due to a lack of assay selectivity related to 25(OH)D2 or an increasing VDBP in pregnancy trimester materials rather than the quality of the SRMs. With results from 17 different ligand binding and nine LC-MS/MS assays, this study provides valuable knowledge for clinical laboratories to inform SRM selection when assessing 25(OH)D status in patient populations, particularly in subpopulations with low levels of 25(OH)D, high levels of 25(OH)D2, women only, or women who are pregnant.

Protocol to study inter-tissue communication between the hypothalamus and white adipose tissue and lifespan using a chemogenetic approach in aged mice.

Here, we present a protocol for assessing the impact of a chemogenetic manipulation in a subpopulation of the hypothalamic neurons on aging and lifespan control using a mouse model developed specifically for this purpose. We describe steps for stereotaxic viral injection and assess inter-tissue communication between protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 17 (Ppp1r17)-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and white adipose tissue. We then detail procedures for lifespan measurements following chemogenetic manipulation in aged mice. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tokizane etal.1.

Results of pilot comparisons in the field of measuring the nutritional value of milk powder COOMET 880/RU-a/23

A necessary condition for obtaining high-quality food products that satisfy human physiological needs for essential nutrients and energy is continuous monitoring of the macronutrient content. The correctness of measurements in the process of such monitoring is verified by analyzing, in parallel with working samples reference materials of the composition of food products and food raw materials. The certified values of these reference materials shall be traceable to measurement standards and/or measurement results of national metrology institutes. For mutual recognition of the calibration and measurement capabilities of national metrology institutes, they must obtain equivalent results in key comparisons. The possibility of organizing key comparisons is assessed during pilot comparisons. The article presents the results of pilot comparisons in the field of measuring the nutritional value of milk powder COOMET 880/RU-а/23 with the participation of national metrology institutes of the Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic and China. Samples of skim and whole milk powder were selected as the objects of comparison. The measured characteristics are mass fraction of moisture, nitrogen, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates (lactose). Each participant in the comparison used measurement procedures, measurement instruments and equipment that ensure the highest accuracy. When assessing the uncertainty of the values of the specified measured characteristics, the participants took into account the standard deviation of the results of parallel determinations, uncertainties from the quantities included in the measurement equations, and methodological factors. The comparisons demonstrated the consistency of most of the measurement results presented by the participants. Some deviating measurement results of operationally determined quantities (mass fraction of ash, mass fraction of moisture) are due to the empirical nature of the methods used, i.e. the dependence of the measurement results on the applied drying or ashing conditions. For rational values (mass fraction of nitrogen), the discrepancies are probably due to incomplete extraction of the component from the test sample, as well as the lack of established traceability of the sample used to standardize the titrant. The results of the comparisons will be used in preparing proposals for conducting key comparisons for the purpose of mutual recognition of national standards and calibration and measurement certificates in the field of measuring the nutritional value of milk powder.

Reliability and Accuracy of Standard Reference Procedures for Measurements of Trunk and Arm Postures in Ergonomics.

Adequate reference procedures for obtaining the reference zero-angle position are important for precise and accurate posture measurements, but few studies have systematically investigated these. A limited number of previous studies suggest differences in accuracy between procedures, with some causing an underestimation of the true arm elevation angle when sensors are taped to the skin. The reliability of commonly used reference procedures for the measurement of the trunk posture is also not well explored, and alternative procedures may improve precision. Based on this identified gap, this study evaluated the test-retest reliability of the N-position (I-pose), i.e., the standard procedure for recording trunk postures, and compared it with two new alternative procedures. Additionally, the accuracy of the N-position for measuring arm elevation angles was compared with one alternative procedure. A total of 40 participants (22 women and 18 men) aged 26-70 years performed the reference procedures in a laboratory setting. Postures were recorded using a smart workwear system equipped with two inertial measurement units (IMUs) embedded in pockets within the workwear. For the trunk posture, the N-position showed a slight lack of test-retest reliability, while one of the alternative procedures demonstrated better test-retest reliability. For the arm posture, the N-position, which does not include lateral trunk inclination, resulted in a substantial underestimation of the arm elevation angle of approximately 15°, which is a novel finding. In contrast, the posture involving trunk inclination closely matched the targeted reference, with a difference of less than 2°. This study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate reference procedures to ensure precise and accurate posture measurements.

Neurofilament Light Chain under the Lens of Structural Mass Spectrometry.

Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is an early nonspecific biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury, indicating axonal damage. This work describes the detailed structural characterization of a selected primary calibrator with the potential to be used in future reference measurement procedure (RMP) development for the accurate quantification of NfL. As a part of the described workflow, the sequence, higher-order structure as well as solvent accessibility, and hydrogen-bonding profile were assessed under three different conditions in KPBS, artificial cerebrospinal fluid, and artificial cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of human serum albumin. The results revealed that NfL is a structurally heterogeneous protein, eliciting a large conformational flexibility. Its structural ensemble changed when it was diluted with an aqueous buffer versus a surrogate matrix, artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), and/or aCSF with human serum albumin. Various regions of protection and deprotection in the protein head, central helical, and tail domains that experienced altered solvent accessibility and conformational changes caused by different solvent conditions were identified. Moreover, interfacial residues, which may play a role in a potential direct interaction between NfL and human serum albumin, emerged from hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). These data pinpointed distinct regions of the protein that may participate in such an interaction. Overall, critical quality attributes of a potential primary calibrator for NfL measurements are provided. These findings will ultimately inform ongoing biochemical and clinical assay development procedures and manufacturing practices, giving careful consideration during sample handling and method development.

Evaluation of a new soluble transferrin receptor assay and comparison to three measurement procedures.

Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a useful marker in the differentiation of anemia. Clinical utility is limited by lack of standardization between measurement procedures and interpretative recommendations. Our objective was to evaluate the analytical performance of a research sTfR immunoturbidimetric assay (Alinity c, Abbott Diagnostics) and compare it to three established measurement procedures. Assay imprecision was assessed with 7 panels across the analytical measuring interval. 159 patient samples were measured across four instrument systems (Alinity c [Abbott Diagnostics], Tina-quant c502 [Roche Diagnostics], Quantex Biokit [Werfen], and ACCESS [Beckman Coulter]). Ferritin was also measured to calculate an sTfR/Log Ferritin ratio. Sera from 100 reference individuals were assayed for sTfR and ferritin (Alinity) for reference interval (RI) verification (sTfR) or establishment (sTfR index). Assay imprecision met defined goals. Method comparison between Alinity c and ACCESS sTfR assays showed good agreement (slope: 1.06, intercept: -0.12, r: 0.989). Comparisons across other assays demonstrated significant proportional bias with slopes ranging from 0.44 (Tina-quant c502, mean bias: -2.52mg/L) to 1.24 (Quantex Biokit, mean bias: 0.60mg/L). A proportional bias was observed between other instruments. While the sTfR RI was verified on the Alinity assay, agreement in interpretation (within vs outside RI) between Alinity and other platforms ranged from 74.2 to 80.5%. We report the first characterization of the performance of a research sTfR immunoturbidimetric assay (Alinity c, Abbott Diagnostics). Our findings emphasize the lack of harmonization between measurement procedures and result interpretation for sTfR and sTfR index, necessitating standardization efforts and clinical studies.

Experimental setup for labyrinth seals: Pressure, temperature, mass flow rate, rotation velocity, and pressure drop simultaneous measurement.

Labyrinth seals (LSs) in turbomachinery are used to minimize leaks. This study presents an experimental setup designed to test and validate LS designs. The test bench (TB) described in this paper can evaluate different LS designs obtained through various methods to find better solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Prototypes with conventional geometry, such as straight-through and interlaced LSs, are initially implemented and tested. A measurement procedure and experimental methodology for collecting leakage data are defined. The experimental methodology includes a measurement TB that supports a pressure difference of up to 5bar. The leakage rate is measured in g/s using instrumentation that corrects the mass flow rate based on pressure and temperature measurements. The experimental results are compared to the Computational Fluid Dynamics results. Thus, the setup given in this article is a new and versatile TB setup focused on leakage measurement, which allows being used for analyzing various types of LS (with or without rotor structures) and is effective for evaluating the performance of LSs, helping the development of new LS geometries that can reduce GHG emissions.

Characterization and Compensation of Nonideal Effects of Modulation Functions in Time‐Modulated Array for Direction‐of‐Arrival Extraction

ABSTRACTThis article investigates nonidealities of the time modulation function that may affect the measurement accuracy when extracting the direction of arrival (DOA) using the time‐modulated array. The types of nonidealities are identified and the fundamental and harmonic Fourier coefficients for each type are calculated theoretically. The measurement DOA error is calculated using these Fourier coefficients, and the allowable bounds of the nonideal parameters guaranteeing the confidence region of the error are proposed. Furthermore, a two‐step measurement procedure is proposed to reduce these errors. For a systematic reduction of the measurement errors, a method for characterizing and compensating the nonidealities is investigated. To verify the validity of the proposed theory and measurement method, experiments are conducted to compare the results with and without calibration and compensation.

Affective polarization in a word: Open-ended and self-coded evaluations of partisan affect.

The literature finds that partisanship drives negative emotional evaluations of out-partisans. Yet, scholars base these insights on measures-like thermometers, candidate evaluations, and social-distance measures-that discount the sentiment attached to individuals' negative attitudes. We introduce a unique measure of affect capturing the motivation underpinning partisans' attitudes. Our measure asks respondents for one-word to describe voters in their party and the opposing party. Then respondents code the sentiment behind their word choice themselves. Together, our measure produces qualitative and quantitative measures of respondents' affect. We find that our self-coded open-ended measure has strong face validity and correlates strongly with existing affect measures. This measure advances our understating of partisan affect by allowing scholars a window into respondents' state of mind. Scholars can easily apply our measure's procedure beyond partisanship to other groups of interest.

Abstracts from the 2024 European Association for Vision and Eye Research Congress, 3-5 November 2024, Valencia.

This study aims to assess whether changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) occur after a blood draw and quantify these changes' magnitude in a group of patients over 60 years old. We analysed data from the right eye of 54 subjects, with a mean ( SD) age of 68 4 years. The measurements were conducted in the morning while fasting. First of all, subjects rested in a seated position for 5 minutes to equalise baseline conditions. IOP was then measured using the iCare rebound tonometer (IC100, iCare Oy, Finland) and the mean value obtained from 6 measurements was recorded. After 10 minutes, subjects underwent the blood draw. Five minutes after the blood draw, the subject sat back in the chair for the second IOP measurement, conducting the same procedures for both measurements. Pre- and post-drawing IOP values were compared with Wilcoxon signed rang test, for related samples. The analysis showed that IOP decreased after extraction, with a mean ( SD) of 14.09 3.18 mmHg pre-extraction and a mean ( SD) of 13.33 2.90 mmHg post-extraction. Grouping the sample into age groups, no statistically significant differences were found in the 60-64 age group (n = 11; p = 0.35) and the 75-79 age group (n = 5; p = 0.68). A trend towards significance was found in the 70-74 age group (n = 18; p = 0.06) and statistically significant differences in the 65-69 age group (n = 20; p = 0.04). Grouping the sample according to their IOP values (using to the sample IOP median) no statistical differences were found when IOP values were between 8 and 15 mmHg (n = 38; p = 0.57) and statistically significant differences were found in the group with IOP between 16 and 28 mmHg (n = 16; p = 0.001). It was found that IOP decrease after a blood draw, tending to decrease more in subjects aged 65 to 74 years and remains unchanged in the other age groups. Additionally, higher baseline IOP levels lead to greater changes post-extraction. These results may be related to reflex effects of the autonomic nervous system, activating a vagal reflex, which may induce a decrease in IOP. Future studies are required to analyse the various influencing factors.

A novel analytic procedure for accurate patient surface dose measurement during computed tomography examination: systematic uncertainty correction related to incident X-ray direction

A novel analytic procedure for accurate patient surface dose measurement during computed tomography examination: systematic uncertainty correction related to incident X-ray direction

Abstracts from the 2024 European Association for Vision and Eye Research Congress, 3-5 November 2024, Valencia.

This study aims to assess whether changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) occur after a blood draw and quantify these changes' magnitude in a group of patients over 60 years old. We analysed data from the right eye of 54 subjects, with a mean ( SD) age of 68 4 years. The measurements were conducted in the morning while fasting. First of all, subjects rested in a seated position for 5 minutes to equalise baseline conditions. IOP was then measured using the iCare rebound tonometer (IC100, iCare Oy, Finland) and the mean value obtained from 6 measurements was recorded. After 10 minutes, subjects underwent the blood draw. Five minutes after the blood draw, the subject sat back in the chair for the second IOP measurement, conducting the same procedures for both measurements. Pre- and post-drawing IOP values were compared with Wilcoxon signed rang test, for related samples. The analysis showed that IOP decreased after extraction, with a mean ( SD) of 14.09 3.18 mmHg pre-extraction and a mean ( SD) of 13.33 2.90 mmHg post-extraction. Grouping the sample into age groups, no statistically significant differences were found in the 60-64 age group (n = 11; p = 0.35) and the 75-79 age group (n = 5; p = 0.68). A trend towards significance was found in the 70-74 age group (n = 18; p = 0.06) and statistically significant differences in the 65-69 age group (n = 20; p = 0.04). Grouping the sample according to their IOP values (using to the sample IOP median) no statistical differences were found when IOP values were between 8 and 15 mmHg (n = 38; p = 0.57) and statistically significant differences were found in the group with IOP between 16 and 28 mmHg (n = 16; p = 0.001). It was found that IOP decrease after a blood draw, tending to decrease more in subjects aged 65 to 74 years and remains unchanged in the other age groups. Additionally, higher baseline IOP levels lead to greater changes post-extraction. These results may be related to reflex effects of the autonomic nervous system, activating a vagal reflex, which may induce a decrease in IOP. Future studies are required to analyse the various influencing factors.

Portable pH meter-based competitive immunoassay of E-selectin using urease-encapsulated metal-organic frameworks.

E-selectin (CD62E) is an adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs) and its level increases significantly upon the stimulation of ECs by inflammatory factors. Quantitative analysis of CD62E is of great importance to early diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases and hypertension. A new method for the determination of CD62E was developed using a portable pH meter in this work. Two nanocomposites, urease-encapsulated and CD62E antibody-linked zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (U@ZIF-8-Ab) and CD62E protein-coated Fe3O4 magnetic beads (MB-CD62E), were prepared successfully. MOF shells of U@ZIF-8-Ab provided an effective protection against inactivation for urease. The reaction product of two nanocomposites, which was collected via magnetic separation, catalyzed the hydrolysis of urea and led to the increase in pH of the substrate solution. CD62E could competitively react with U@ZIF-8-Ab, inhibiting the binding of two nanocompoaites. Due to the reduction of urease in the magnetically separated product, the hydrolysis of urea was limited and the pH increasing extent declined. The pH difference was found to be linearly related to the logarithm of the CD62E concentration from 0.02 to 500ngmL-1 with a detection limit of 9.28pgmL-1. The developed method displayed some advantages, such as good selectivity, reproducibility and stability, low-dose reagents, and simple measurement procedure. This work provides a valuable sample for immunoassay and biosensing using enzyme-encapsulated metal-organic frameworks and portable pH meter as signal readout.

The Application of Digital PCR as a Reference Measurement Procedure to Support the Accuracy of Quality Assurance for Infectious Disease Molecular Diagnostic Testing.

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) assist in the diagnosis of numerous infectious diseases. They are typically sensitive and specific and can be quickly developed and adapted. Far more challenging is the development of standards to ensure NAATs are performing within specification; reference materials take time to develop and suitable reference measurement procedures (RMPs) have not been available. This study investigated digital PCR (dPCR) RMP delivery of traceability for NAAT external quality assessment (EQA). Three National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) applied reverse transcription (RT)-dPCR as a candidate RMP to estimate the RNA quantity in 32 independent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 materials. The results were combined to value assign the respective materials: 21 materials were used in 6 rounds of EQA over 17 months for 61 laboratories for COVID-19 testing results compared with reference values. The agreement between the 3 NMIs showed <2-fold difference between laboratories. EQA laboratory reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) values estimation of viral RNA quantity showed good median agreement with RT-dPCR reference value; however, RT-qPCR differences were generally between 10- and 50-fold between laboratories. This work demonstrates how RT-dPCR can provide reference values for whole virus materials for NAAT quality assurance. RT-dPCR values guided EQA control material selection and provided EQA participants with traceability to RNA copy number delivered through the RMP. This approach can be used to support routine reference material use as well as to standardize quality assurance for NAATs where established reference materials are not available, such as in disease outbreaks.

Quantifying Measurement Uncertainty in Photovoltaic Module Performance at Standard Test Conditions: A Machine-Based Approach

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of measurement uncertainty in the output parameters of photovoltaic (PV) devices, focusing specifically on measurements conducted under standard test conditions (STC). Accurate characterization of module I-V performance is crucial for PV manufacturers, researchers, and investors alike. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the measurement procedures for both performance and temperature coefficient of PV modules, with a strong emphasis on the detailed calculation of associated uncertainties. Notably, the research was conducted under real-world sunlight conditions, with special attention given to reference devices such as reference cells, modules, or pyranometers, which play a pivotal role in determining overall uncertainty components. By utilizing a diverse array of machines from various sources, the results obtained are applicable across a wide range of measurement configurations. Furthermore, adherence to the ISO/IEC 17025 series of standards ensures a standardized and reliable approach. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive approach to uncertainty analysis, encompassing both performance and temperature coefficient measurements under real-world conditions. By providing valuable guidelines for PV module characterization and reliability assessment, particularly in uncertainty estimation, this study contributes significantly to the advancement of photovoltaic technology.