Realization Problem Research Articles

Problems of realization of the right to a safe environment for life and health under martial law

The article is devoted to the study of problematic issues of realization of the right to a safe and healthy environment in the context of military aggression by the russian federation. It is emphasized that on February 24, 2022, the russian federation launched a war of aggression against the independence and territorial integrity of Ukraine, which is accompanied by the leveling of international humanitarian law, destruction of economic and natural resources, civilian and critical infrastructure, as well as numerous cases of violations of the environmental rights of Ukrainian citizens, in particular the right to a safe environment for life and health.
 The author formulates the features of the right to a safe environment for life and health: 1) it belongs to the complex of environmental rights; 2) it is enshrined in the Constitution and laws of Ukraine; 3) it applies to all persons, without reference to the citizenship of Ukraine; 4) it is realized by a person in order to satisfy his or her vital and physiological needs; 5) it is inalienable; 6) it acts as an opportunity for any person to satisfy his or her vital and physiological needs; 7) its realization does not require active actions on the part of citizens; 8) it is protected and defended in accordance with the procedure established by law.
 It is emphasized that the aggressor country resorts to nuclear blackmail, land contamination, pollution of soil, water, air, nature reserves, destruction of flora and fauna, which leads to violation of the provisions of the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12.08.1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I).
 The documented crimes committed by the russian federation outlined in the article make it impossible to properly exercise the constitutional right to a safe environment for life and health, and Ukrainian citizens are unable to fully use environmental facilities and meet their own physiological needs with their help. The real extent of damage to the environment and the related long-term impact on public health from russian aggression can be assessed only after the war ends and all the territories of Ukraine are fully de­occupied.

The method of teaching physical exercises by means of sports games for students of the pedagogical profile with weakened health

Scientific and methodological approaches to the problem of implementation and realization of health-oriented technologies of students of medical groups are disclosed in the dissertation research.
 The solution of important issues regarding the deterioration of the state of health of student youth, a decrease in the level of their motor activity, an insufficient level of motivation for physical education classes, which requires the creation and implementation of practical measures aimed at the implementation of modern technologies in the process of physical education of students of a pedagogical profile with weakened health, remains relevant. The choice of the research topic "The method of teaching physical exercises by means of sports games for students of the pedagogical profile with weakened health" is due to the need to increase the effectiveness of the process of physical education of students of pedagogical profile with weakened health, which meets socio-economic requirements and is carried out under the "condition of implementation" of health learning technologies in the process of physical education of student youth. The proposed model of the methodology of teaching physical exercises and the development of physical qualities by means of badminton in the process of physical education of students of a pedagogical profile with weakened health, we propose to present as a system with defined components, which is formed by the totality, subordination and ratio of internal connections between its elements. In this regard, the motivational and target component is the main, system- forming part of the learning process and includes the purpose, tasks, functions and orientation of physical education of students of the pedagogical profile with weakened health, which contributes to the formation of students' motivation and a conscious attitude to the educational process of physical education, its means and methods, independent motor activities, the desire to constantly improve physical culture and sports skills.

Legal regulation of the implementation and protection of the rights of participants in surrogate motherhood legal relations in the conditions of war in Ukraine

On February 24, 2022, a full-scale war is taking place on the territory of Ukraine. Millions of people lost their homes and jobs. Children, as the most vulnerable category of the population, were particularly affected. Thousands of children were left without parental care, and some were not handed over to their legal parents at all. These events necessitated the study of the chosen research topic. The article is devoted to the rights of children who became victims of martial law on the territory of Ukraine as a result of the attack of the Russian Federation. The article shows the number of children affected by the war. The general principles of protection of children’s rights, defined by the international legislation are considered. An example of international experience in the protection of children in martial law is given. Particular attention is paid to the protection of the rights of children born to surrogate mothers during hostility in Ukraine. Problems of realization of the rights of participants of the specified legal relations are defined. It has been established that the fulfillment of the terms of the contract by the surrogate mother does not guarantee the protection of the interests of the child. The problems of the procedure of registration and documentation of the birth of children are mentioned. The provisions of the Family Code of Ukraine and other special legislation on the legal regulation of the procedure for registration of the birth of a child have been studied. It is noted that in conditions of martial law in the occupied territories, and in cities where hostilities continue, registration is impossible. Changes in the national legislation, introduction for the period of martial law in the field of the specified questions are considered. The author examines the possibility of adopting children born to surrogate mothers, as well as those left without care or evacuated to other countries. Conclusions were made about the impossibility of adopting these children under the accelerated procedure. Emphasis is placed on the need to comply with the adoption procedure established by national law. At the same time, it was noted about the need to strengthen the work of consulates in order to register children who are temporarily in another state. It is proposed in Ukraine to create appropriate registers of potential parents who apply to Ukrainian medical institutions for the birth of children from surrogate mothers. In order to record information about newborns and facilitate the search for biological parents of their own children, it is proposed to use the application “Diia”. In addition to these conclusions, the author stressed the need for Ukraine to ratify the Rome Statute.

Sale of goods through marketplaces: problems of realization and protection of consumer rights

The subject of the research in this article is the problems of legal regulation of the sale and protection of the rights of buyers when selling goods through marketplaces. The authors pay special attention to the characteristics of the application of this method of selling goods. The specifics of providing the marketplace to the consumer with reliable, complete and accurate information about the characteristics of the product, price, delivery and return conditions, the specifics of ordering and canceling the order, returning goods of inadequate quality and goods that did not suit the consumer in shape, dimensions, style, coloring, size or configuration are considered. The doctrinal approaches to the definition of the concepts of "marketplace" and "information aggregator" are investigated. It is noted that terminological certainty, which is so necessary in this field of legal regulation, is accepted as a condition for extending legal guarantees of the realization and protection of consumer rights in their universal meaning to the studied relations. The research was conducted using general philosophical (materialistic, dialectical), general scientific (logical, system-structural), private scientific (formal legal) methods. As a result of the study, it is proved that the sale of goods to consumers through marketplaces is characterized by a number of significant features that distinguish this method from distance trading in general, due to the presence of which there is a need to develop rules for the sale of goods (provision of services, performance of works) based on the marketplace. The authors propose to understand the marketplace as an intermediary platform between consumers of goods, works and services, organizations, individual entrepreneurs selling goods for personal, family and other consumption unrelated to entrepreneurial activity, built on the basis of a specific aggregator of information about goods, designed to create conditions for the conclusion, execution, termination and modification of the contract between the specified entities through e-commerce. It is noted that the mandatory components of the rules should be the rules for the exchange and return of goods purchased through the marketplace; the rules for refunding funds for goods of inadequate quality or goods that did not suit the consumer in shape, size, style, coloring, size or configuration; the rules for disclosing information about the sold product, including requirements for its originality; the rules registration and cancellation of the product order on the marketplace; rules for handling complaints and appeals to the marketplace.

The concept of increasing the efficiency of financial risk management based on the application of new digital technologies

Aim. Development of the author’s concept of increasing the efficiency of financial risk management on the basis of application of the technology of creating and using the digital twin of the enterprise.Objectives. To formalize the problems of existing approaches to solving the problems of financial risk management of enterprises of the real sector of economy; to identify trends in the development of digital twins, to formulate the advantages of their practical application and to give the author’s interpretation of the concept of “digital twin of the enterprise”; to build and substantiate a multilayer system of indicators of the digital twin of the enterprise in the context of improving the efficiency of financial risk management; to develop the principles of building a digital twin of the enterprise, focused on solving the problems of financial risk management.Methods. The research was carried out on the basis of system approach, in the process of realization of which the methods of synthesis, logical comparative, factor and graphical analysis, basic provisions of financial risk management and the results obtained in domestic and foreign scientific literature on the problems of realization of approaches and methods of financial risk management were used.Results. The author’s concept of increasing the efficiency of financial risk management based on the application of new technologies for creating digital twins is proposed. In particular, by means of formalizing the problems of existing approaches to solving the problems of financial management, identifying trends in the development of methodology and technologies for creating digital twins, the idea of increasing the efficiency of financial risk management on the basis of creating a digital twin of the enterprise is outlined. The multilayer system of indicators defining the structure of this digital twin is proposed and substantiated, the tasks are defined and the principles of its construction oriented to solving the tasks of financial risk management are developed. The financial kernel of the digital twin of the enterprise is constructed, containing the contours of formation of financial indicators common for different enterprises, determining the achievement of the objectives of financial risk management and its efficiency. The qualitative substantiation of increasing the efficiency of financial risk management with the application of the methodological basis for the creation and use of digital twins proposed in the article is given.Conclusions. Conceptual provisions of creation and use of digital twins for the purposes of financial risk-management, given in the article, create a theoretical and methodological basis for increasing the efficiency of financial risk-management taking into account the use of new digital technologies and can serve as a basis for practical construction of effective systems of financial risk-management at enterprises of the real sector of economy.

The problem of implementing the concept of maximum integration of heterogeneous data in practical navigation

The topic of the work is the research of the problem of the practical realization of opportunistic navigation, which actually consists in the fact that the “signals of opportunity” are not optimized for global navigation according to their original purpose. A hypothesis about the possibility of strategic application of the navigation concept based on the principles of data integration with the objective existence of tactically surmountable difficulties is put forward. In the conditions of vulnerability of the global satellite system, an approach to use an additional source of combined signals in order to continuously ensure accurate geolocation of water transport vehicles is proposed. The comparative assessment confirms the comparability of the positioning error of alternative navigation with the data of classical satellite observations of mobile objects. An assumption about the effectiveness of spline modeling of the cartographic standard of informativeness for the practical organization of the basic principle of opportunistic positioning by analogy with the paradigm of correlation-extreme navigation is made. A computer visualization of a fixed fragment of the ocean gravitational field based on spline approximation is performed in order to optimize the problem of simultaneous localization and three-dimensional representation of the ship movement in a graphical environment unaffiliated with foreign software. A hybrid algorithm for mathematical synthesis of the navigational isosurface has been tested as a harmonized support for the navigation staff to implement the “terrain-referenced procedure” in the landscape coordinate space. The variants of the “ambiguity resolution” problem implementation in the issue of maximum integration of heterogeneous navigation data are considered. The probability of practical use of the opportunistic navigation postulates in marine applications, taking into account the “navigation gap” factor for leveling local satellite incapacity with a real possibility of countering malicious interception of ship control, is estimated. The expediency of using the factor of observational reckoning of the vessel path as an additional condition for navigation safety in the aspect of packet processing of the “signals of opportunity” slot is substantiated.

On the realisation problem for mapping degree sets

On the realisation problem for mapping degree sets

Formation of universal competencies of undergraduate and graduate students - participants of the olympiad "School of leadership in healthcare"

This article considers the problem of realization of the Olympiad movement in higher education institution. The main subject of discussion in the article is the use of Olympiads in medical school as the most effective way to form universal competencies of undergraduate and graduate students. The aim of this paper was to describe the preparation and conduct of the Olympiad "School of Leadership in Health Care" by the Departments of Public Health and Public Health and Pedagogy and Psychology, aimed at the formation and quality control of universal competencies, such as: the ability to carry out a critical analysis of problem situations; the ability to manage the project at all stages of its life cycle; the ability to organize and manage the work of the team, developing a team strategy to achieve the goal; According to the data of psychological and pedagogical studies of the Olympiad movement in medical universities, the authors note that the relevance of the application of the Olympiad lies in the opportunity for undergraduates and graduate students not only to improve their knowledge in a particular specialty, but also to develop the ability to communicate and teamwork, to obtain practical skills and abilities. In addition, participation in the student Olympiad provides students with a number of advantages: portfolio replenishment, additional points when entering residency or postgraduate studies in a specialty. Our study is based on the competence and activity approaches. We use theoretical methods: analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, systematization, generalization; empirical methods: diagnostic (observation, survey); prognostic (expert evaluation). In accordance with the goal of our study, the authors determined that participation in the Olympiad movement allows undergraduate and graduate students to learn to interact with each other, which contributes to the formation of universal competencies within the competence-based approach; competence-based technologies in medical school contribute to the development and consolidation of leadership skills necessary for future health care organizers to make effective decisions; improving the training of specialists with higher education.

A Survey on Scenario Theory, Complexity, and Compression-Based Learning and Generalization.

This work investigates formal generalization error bounds that apply to support vector machines (SVMs) in realizable and agnostic learning problems. We focus on recently observed parallels between probably approximately correct (PAC)-learning bounds, such as compression and complexity-based bounds, and novel error guarantees derived within scenario theory. Scenario theory provides nonasymptotic and distributional-free error bounds for models trained by solving data-driven decision-making problems. Relevant theorems and assumptions are reviewed and discussed. We propose a numerical comparison of the tightness and effectiveness of theoretical error bounds for support vector classifiers trained on several randomized experiments from 13 real-life problems. This analysis allows for a fair comparison of different approaches from both conceptual and experimental standpoints. Based on the numerical results, we argue that the error guarantees derived from scenario theory are often tighter for realizable problems and always yield informative results, i.e., probability bounds tighter than a vacuous [0,1] interval. This work promotes scenario theory as an alternative tool for model selection, structural-risk minimization, and generalization error analysis of SVMs. In this way, we hope to bring the communities of scenario and statistical learning theory closer, so that they can benefit from each other's insights.

Robotic Leg Prosthesis: A Survey From Dynamic Model to Adaptive Control for Gait Coordination.

Gait coordination (GC), meaning that one leg moves in the same pattern but with a specific phase lag to the other, is a spontaneous behavior in the walking of a healthy person. It is also crucial for unilateral amputees with the robotic leg prosthesis to perform ambulation cooperatively in the real world. However, achieving the GC for amputees poses significant challenges to the prostheses' dynamic modeling and control design. Still, there has not been a clear survey on the initiation and evolution of the detailed solutions, hindering the precise decision of future explorations. To this end, this paper comprehensively reviews GC-oriented dynamic modeling and adaptive control methods for robotic leg prostheses. Considering the two representative environments concerned with adaptive control, we first classify the dynamic models into the deterministic model for structured terrain and the constrained stochastic model for stochastically uneven terrain. Inspired by the concept of synchronization, we then emphasize three typical problems for the GC realization, i.e., complete coordination on structured terrain, stochastic coordination on stochastically uneven terrain, and finite-time delayed stochastic coordination. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on the remaining challenges and opportunities in controlling robotic leg prostheses.

Environmental crimes: theoretical and legal analysis and problem definition

The article reviews the provisions of domestic legislation and legal doctrine on the concept and classification of environmental crimes. The authors' positions and approaches concerning attributive and substantive characteristics of environmental crimes are presented, the problems of realisation of legal responsibility for their commission are outlined, and the ways of their resolution in the foreseeable future are outlined.

Problems of realization of the main functions of the wage in Ukraine

Problems of realization of the main functions of the wage in Ukraine

Transversal total hop domination in graphs

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite simple graph. A set [Formula: see text] is a total hop dominating set of [Formula: see text] if for every [Formula: see text], there exists [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text]. Any total hop dominating set of [Formula: see text] of minimum cardinality is a [Formula: see text]-set of [Formula: see text]. A total hop dominating set [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] which intersects every [Formula: see text]-set of [Formula: see text] is a transversal total hop dominating set. The minimum cardinality [Formula: see text] of a transversal total hop dominating set in [Formula: see text] is the transversal total hop domination number of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we initiate the study of transversal total hop domination in graphs. First, we characterize a graph [Formula: see text] of order [Formula: see text] for which [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], and also we determine the specific values of [Formula: see text] for some special graphs [Formula: see text]. Next, we solve some realization problems involving [Formula: see text] with other parameters of [Formula: see text]. Finally, we investigate the transversal total hop domination in the complementary prism, corona, and lexicographic product of graphs.

Methods for the graph realization problem

Abstract The graph realization problem seeks an answer to how and under what conditions a graph can be constructed if we know the degrees of its vertices. The problem was widely studied by many authors and in many ways, but there are still new ideas and solutions. In this sense, the paper presents the known necessary and su cient conditions for realization with the description in pseudocode of the corresponding algorithms. Two cases to solve the realization problem are treated: finding one solution, and finding all solutions. In this latter case a parallel approach is presented too, and how to exclude isomorphic graphs from solutions. We are also discussing algorithms using binary integer programming and flow networks. In the case of a bigraphical list with equal out- and in-degree sequences a modified Edmonds–Karp algorithm is presented such that the resulting graph will be always symmetric without containing loops. This algorithm solves the problem of graph realization in the case of undirected graphs using flow networks.

Ontological aspects of the problem of realizability of control of complex systems

The article deals with the management of complex systems. The general definitions of the concepts "control" and "control system" are formulated. It is stated that the control system in its basis is an information system, for which the most important characteristics are performance and rapidity. Definitions are given and differences between these characteristics are revealed. The problem of realizability of control of complex systems is stated, which consists in the necessity of providing sufficient rapidity, at which the whole necessary complex of control operations is placed in the control cycle. The relationship between the control parameters: the complexity of the control object, the duration of the control cycle and the rapidity of the control system is investigated. As a result, a number of significant dependencies are revealed: the duration of the control cycle is approximately inversely proportional to the complexity of the control object; the rapidity of the control system is approximately proportional to the square of the object complexity. It is stated that within the framework of the general theory of systems there are two main options for increasing the stability of a complex system: the option of monocentrism with a central element, or by increasing the number of links in the object. The first option does not allow increasing rapidity. The second variant of stability can be implemented in practice in the form of a decentralized system. The latter option is universally realized in living systems and is promising for the control of technical systems.

A lower bound in the problem of realization of cycles

AbstractWe consider the classical Steenrod problem on realization of integral homology classes by continuous images of smooth oriented manifolds. Let be the smallest positive integer such that any integral ‐dimensional homology class becomes realizable in the sense of Steenrod after multiplication by . The best known upper bound for was obtained independently by Brumfiel and Buchstaber in 1969. All known lower bounds for were very far from this upper bound. The main result of this paper is a new lower bound for that is asymptotically equivalent to the Brumfiel–Buchstaber upper bound (in the logarithmic scale). For , we prove that our lower bound is exact. Also, we obtain analogous results for the case of realization of integral homology classes by continuous images of smooth stably complex manifolds.

Realizability problem for constraint LTL

Constraint linear-time temporal logic (CLTL) is an extension of LTL that is interpreted on sequences of valuations of variables over an infinite domain. Atomic formulas can constrain valuations over a range of positions along a sequence, with the range being bounded by a parameter depending on the formula. The satisfiability and model checking problems for CLTL have been studied before. We consider the realizability problem for CLTL. The set of variables is partitioned into two parts, with each part controlled by a player. Players take turns to choose valuations for their variables, generating a sequence of valuations. The winning condition is specified by a CLTL formula — the first player wins if the sequence of valuations satisfies the specified formula. We prove that checking whether the first player has a winning strategy in the realizability game for a given CLTL formula is undecidable in general and identify decidable fragments.

The connection between growth imperative of monetary production economies, the realization problem and Kornai's surplus economy

AbstractKornai challenged not only the dominant economic views of the socialist system, but also those of market economies. The former brought him fame, and the latter remained, so to speak, his scientific testament. He studied the systemic properties of different economic systems through the analytical grid of the sign of aggregate excess supply, which defined three categories: shortage economies, equilibrium economies and surplus economies. In this paper, we show that business plans postulated with the aim of realizing strictly positive net retained profits in nominal terms exclude equilibrium economies; these business plans imply a surplus economy. This definition of the business plan makes it possible to combine seemingly disparate results from different parts of the economic literature. An economy in which business plans are the rule and no economic agent can run a permanent negative budget is a surplus economy, which manifests itself in the phenomena of both growth imperative and realization problem. In short, all these phenomena are the manifestations of the same essence: the working of the business plans.

On polylinear differential realization of the determined dynamic chaos in the class of higher order equations with delay

The investigation has defined the characteristic criterion (and its modification) of solvability of the problem of differential realization of the bundle of controlled trajectory curves of determined chaotic dynamic processes in the class of bilinear non-autonomous ordinary second- and higher-order differential equations (with and without delay) in the separable Hilbert space. The problem statement under consideration belongs to the type of converse problems for the additive combination of nonstationary linear and bilinear operators of the evolution equation in the Hilbert space. The constructions of tensor products of the Hilbert spaces, structures of lattices with an orthocomplement, the theory of extension of M2 -operators and the functional apparatus of the entropy Relay Ritz operator represent the basis of this theory. It has been shown that in the case of the finite bundle of the controlled trajectory curves the existence of the property of sub-linearity of the given operator allows one to obtain sufficient conditions of existence of such realizations. Side by side with solving the main problems, grounded are topological-group conditions of continuity of projectivization of the Relay Ritz operator with computing the fundamental group (Poincare group) of its compact image. The results obtained give incentives for the development of the quantitative theory of converse problems of higher-order multilinear evolution equations with the operators of generalized delay describing, for example, differential modeling of nonlinear Van der Pol oscillators or Lorentz strange attractors.

Realisation of the transient dynamics of dimension-varying control systems

The quotient space method provides a novel idea for modelling the transient dynamics of dimension-varying control systems. This paper investigates the realisation problem of the transient dynamics of dimension-varying control systems. By revealing the structure of the controllable subspace for the linear system on quotient space, we propose the condition for the realisation of the transient dynamics of dimension-varying control systems, based on which a new scheme for modelling the transient dynamics is given. Moreover, the proposed scheme justifies the existing result for the strategy for modelling the transient dynamics. A numeric example is given to illustrate our theoretical results.