Race Problem Research Articles

Психологическое насилие и угрозы безопасности обучающихся в американских школах и способы минимизации этих угроз

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article presents an analysis of contemporary research on threats to psychological well-being in US high schools. A meta-analysis of publications presented to the professional community on the portal: ResearchGate was conducted. 100 articles related to the problem of security in the US educational system were analyzed; as a result, 20 publications related directly to threats to psychological well-being were identified. The research is aimed at various categories of the population: elementary, middle, and high school students, students, children and adolescents with disabilities, representatives of minorities, educators, and parents. The threats identified are 1) violence in any form, from armed to sexual, 2) racial problems, 3) problems with ensuring the rights of minorities and the need to organize effective interaction with them, 4) professional burnout of teachers. Subjective and objective factors of ensuring psychological well-being in American schools are also highlighted. Objective factors include the peculiarities of American legislation, the presence of structures that ensure the safety of the educational environment and juvenile justice. National Association of School Psychologists. Subjective factors include the peculiarities of the country’s culture, in particular, the orientation toward individualism characteristic of the American mentality. Ways to minimize these threats to the psychological well-being of students include the involvement of social workers and the active involvement of parents in ensuring psychological safety at school. A three-dimensional conceptual model for improving the safety of an educational institution's environment is described and analyzed. Aspects of the model include physical, procedural, and psychological reinforcement.</p>

SENSORY EXPERIMENTS, SENSORY ORDERS, AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION

ABSTRACTErica Fretwell's Sensory Experiments: Psychophysics, Race, and the Aesthetics of Feeling (2020) raises crucial questions about the making of a concept of difference through marshaling the senses to the ends of a sensory order in postbellum United States. In this essay, I argue that Fretwell's book has opened a crucial horizon for rethinking how race and ideas of difference marking gender and disability were remade through the short‐lived but deeply consequential science of psychophysics. While the study focuses on how psychophysics and its aftermaths recast questions of difference in the US, Fretwell indirectly poses a major challenge for the critique of the twentieth‐century experience of race elsewhere—for example, of apartheid in South Africa. In this review essay, I argue that, beyond the US, Fretwell's meticulously elaborated argument renews approaches to the problem and problematization of race and difference. Read in relation to the making of race in South Africa, the book inadvertently brings into view a deceptive plot of petty apartheid, a banal everyday constitution of a sensory order that shares its origins in the discourse of psychophysics. When placed alongside the more pronounced forms of grand apartheid, the resultant psychophysical aesthesis conscripts the human sensorium to a cybernetic mode of power that shifts between a racialization of labor and a racialization of desire. Fretwell effectively invites us to consider the endpoints of psychophysics in a hierarchy of the senses, for which an aesthetic education may yet be required to short‐circuit and reroute the senses through intervals of synesthesia.

A Democratic Dilemma: Racial Attitudes, Authoritarianism, and Whites’ Evaluation of Minority Legislators

The United States prides itself on its immigrant heritage and diversity, yet historically, minority advancements have faced opposition and violence. Little scholarship exists on how whites evaluate minority representation when represented by a minority in a legislative chamber. Prior research suggests that diversity may trigger negative racial and authoritarian attitudes among whites. Given recent political events in the United States and increases in the number of racial minorities running for and winning political office, we investigate white responses to minority representation in the United States Congress. Using the 2022 CES data, we examine how racial and authoritarian attitudes predict whites’ evaluations of Minority House Members. We expand beyond the Black and white binary to include whites’ evaluations of Hispanic legislators and broaden the study of racial attitudes beyond the Racial Resentment index. Our findings demonstrate that whites’ evaluations of minority legislators are linked to racial attitudes and endorsements of policy-based authoritarianism, varying by the representative’s race. White respondents who are in districts that are not represented by a Black or Hispanic legislator exemplify higher levels of racial resentment, disagree that whites have advantages, and agree that racial problems are rare. They also support more authoritarian policies than in districts represented by a Black Representative. White respondents’ approval of minority legislators relies on authoritarian policies and racial attitudes when the member of Congress is Black or Hispanic. In these districts, white respondents who disapprove of their Congressmember have more racial resentment, disagree that whites have advantages, and support more authoritarian policies than white respondents who approve of their Congressmember. This research provides insights into the complexities of minority political representation and its connection to policy-based authoritarianism, as well as its implications for American democracy.

Modeling risky portfolios with guaranteed maximize returns under a patent race

This paper studies the patent race problem of communication enterprises investing in communication technologies, and constructs a portfolio optimization model which considers the expected returns, investment risks, and replacement costs, in order to achieve the dual goals of maximizing the net investment income of backward enterprises and minimizing the expected investment risk. Through numerical experimental analysis, the optimal investment portfolio strategy under different risk levels and the impact of different risk levels on the net income of lagging company are obtained. The research results show that due to the backward research in the first stage of the backward enterprises, when their own investment decision-making power is relatively high, they can focus on the development of self-interested key technology areas in order to achieve the victory of the patent race.

African Studies: The Chronotope of the Crossroads

The author of the article focuses her research on the works of the renowned intellectuals who made a special contribution to the decolonization of education and of humanitarian knowledge. Most of these authors were born shortly before the independence or during the first decade thereafter. The formation of sovereignty took place before their eyes, which, in many ways, determined the vector of their professional interest. The article places a special emphasis on the innovative approaches of the Africans to the study of Africa’s past and present. What makes their works unique is their use of their own experience, both academic and personal, obtained during the colonial and postcolonial eras—at the crossroads of the epochs. As a theoretical and methodological basis, the article uses the ideas of Mikhail Bakhtin, the founder of the chronotopic method of research in the humanities, particularly those concerning the “chronotope of the path/road.” The value of Bakhtin’s tools increases even more when applied to the research of historical and cultural (“civilizational”) crossroads. The author of this article analyzes the current, transitional situation in the development of African studies from the standpoint of chronotope. The article emphasizes that most scholars have adopted a universal academic model for the pursuit of scientific knowledge. However, a change has become obvious, both in the very matrix of African studies and in their subjects and style. And if Africa was once studied exclusively in the context of European history, mainly from the outside, at present, much more attention is proposed to be paid to the problems of its study from the inside. As a result, the central place in the works of African authors is occupied by the problems of race, ethnicity, identity, the formation of states and nations; and issues of periodization of the history of the continent, its stocktaking, reconstruction, and representation are becoming a matter of discussion.

Instrumentalising race: why critical terrorism studies continues to have a race problem

ABSTRACT This paper interrogates how the racial logic of instrumentalisation – the intended exploitation of racialised peoples for intellectual capital – shapes the field of Critical Terrorism Studies (CTS). I argue that the problem of instrumentalisation highlights CTS’s limitations to advance anti-racism because of how it standardises non-racist (rather than anti-racist) logic and practices in academia. Adopting a postcolonial perspective inspired by Frantz Fanon and Robbie Shilliam, this paper discusses the problem of CTS furthering the structural issue that is counterterrorism policymaking spaces privileging “white faces” rather than engaging knowledge production practices that are more cognisant of the relational attributes of ontology. This distinction of “rather than” is argued to be an important emphasis in how this distinction challenges the quality of criticality within CTS if CTS cannot meet its core commitments in the context of anti-racism. The aim of pursuing this evaluation is not to replace white faces with non-white representations by way of calling for diversity in the CTS professoriate. The focus of this critique of CTS is instead to explain why CTS scholars should re-examine their philosophical commitments and knowledge relations to evaluate how they can better demonstrate intellectual generosity and allyship in service to anti-racist intellectual traditions.

“Anything Too Black Nuh Good:” Contouring the Everyday and Extraordinary Anti-Black Racism of Contemporary Jamaica

If asked, many Jamaicans will adamantly state that the country does not have a race problem; rather, it (openly) has a class problem. This series of "meditations on race" explore the tensions of living, loving, and dying in a "paradise" tenebrously held together by the country's motto "Out of Many One People." The excursion starts at the feet of an Indian grandmother, the counterpoint against which the writer’s earliest understandings of her own Blackness were formed. Along the way, it onboards and unpacks the experiences of the BlackPoor, the BlackQueer, the BlackWoman, the BlackChild, and Jamaica’s mostly Black diaspora, to grapple with the complex and far-reaching anti-Black reality of colonial and contemporary Jamaica. What does it mean when Black death is so normalized that it redefines grief and an entire genre of music? What decisions must be taken by people living in the chokehold of racism and cultural imperialism, as a matter of survival? And how do even the most intimate aspects of human existence deflate and reform under the pressure of persistent poverty, supported and exploited by the “Global North”? Through prose-like and poetic explorations of the every-day and extraordinary experiences of Black Jamaicans, this piece unsettles the easy equivocation of a majority Black population with a Black-accepting nation. It shifts the façade of "paradise" to explore the depth of its colonial roots. And it amplifies the breathless, relentless question of "should I stay or should I go?" that has haunted the writer and many like her for decades.

Portrayal of Race and Gender in the Selected Novels of Toni Morrison: A Critical Reading

With deep insight into the racial problems that have been confronted by Blacks since their existence, Toni Morrison has boldly projected the prejudices and racism faced by African American Women and explicitly exposes the long struggle that Blacks have had against the exploitative tendencies of the Whites. In my paper, I will analyze the selected novels of Toni Morrison, namely, The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Beloved. My thrust area in these novels of Toni Morrison will be on the theme of race and gender, which is persistent and is rendered as an entirely different perspective in each of her novels.

Value-Semantic Blocks in Images of African Poetry (in the Context of Historical and Social Changes)

The article presents an interdisciplinary study at the intersection of culturology and African studies. The author suggests that the formation and transformation of values and meanings in Africa were influenced by specific facts of the history of sub-Saharan Africa. On the one hand, a colossal cultural layer is associated with the colonial past of African countries, with the influence of Western culture and Western values. Colonization of the continent, the struggle for freedom and independence, racial problems have determined the identity of Africans, the specifics of their identification, the need to restore their dignity. On the other hand, there exists a powerful foundation of traditional culture. The paper analyzes specific African value-semantic blocks associated with the facts of African history. It raises the question about the mission of Africa and the “Black man”, expressed in the value-semantic block “the black man is the savior of faith, the guardian of spirituality and honor” and the question of the unique “cosmogonic” system of representations of the African man, embodied in the value of connection with ancestors, with nature, with the earth and with heaven. Examples of the reflection of a number of value-semantic blocks in the images of African poetry are given.

Analysis of the Impact of Racial Discrimination on Real-life Social Interactions

Race has always been one of the core issues focused on throughout the world. With the technological progress and civilization of mankind, people's living standards have improved to a great extent, and civilization has developed to a greater extent, but the problem of racial discrimination in a variety of scenarios has not been eliminated, and in some ways, racial discrimination can have a very profound impact on a country to a company. In some ways, racial discrimination can have a profound effect on a country or a company. In general, in companies where racial discrimination is a minimal problem, there tends to be less conflict and tension among members. Conversely, when prejudice and discrimination are prevalent among individuals within a company, it can lead to the perpetuation of problems such as unfair communication, cooperation and promotion practices. Ultimately, this can have a negative impact on a company's performance and reputation. Therefore, it is crucial to address the issue of racial discrimination. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and mitigate the impact of racial discrimination on our lives and work through collected data and specific case studies.

Analysis of the Causes of the Split of the Commonwealth of Independent States

In recent years, the influence of the Commonwealth of the Independent States (CIS) international organization has declined, and the role of its internal summits has become less and less. In fact, there is a gradual division within the CIS. This paper deduces the reasons for the CIS' division by studying and analyzing the problems of race, religion, political ideas, and economic problems caused by external influences. Russia cannot lead regional development, and there are many contradictions between countries. Through this article, you can understand the historical problems of Russia and Ukraine and the reasons for the problem of economic stagnation that existed during the Soviet period.

Overlooked by the Spirit-filled: Womanist Pentecostalism and the case of the Hellenistic widows

ABSTRACT From its inception until now, Pentecostalism has thrived among Black communities, women and those experiencing socio-economic deprivation. Pentecostal theological ethicists have dealt in some ways with the themes of race, class and gender but often as single issues, meaning that Black women, who exist at the intersections, can be overlooked. Womanist ethics has a particular contribution to make to Pentecostal theology and Pentecostal studies since womanists centre the Spirit, as well as the lived experiences and faith of Black women in a world (and churches) marked indelibly by racism, sexism and classism. Given the centrality of the Bible in Black Pentecostal women’s spirituality, in this article, I examine the case of the Hellenistic widows in Acts 6 which illustrates the importance of Pentecostal womanism for critiquing the problems of race, gender and class, that shape even the Spirit-filled community not only in the early church but also today.

How Social Structures Are More Than Collections of Individuals

The problem of race has typically been treated as a problem of individual or institutional prejudice. However, more attention needs to be paid to structural racism, which shows how racialized opportunity structures sustain racial injustice even when actors are not prejudiced. Because Catholic social thought treats social structures as mere aggregates of individual behavior, however, it is unable to explain how opportunity structures constrain human agency, how social positions condition the behaviors of people who occupy them, and how harms may occur without intent. A critical realist approach to understanding social structure corrects the reductive tendencies of dominant perspectives on race, such as colorblindness and antiracism, and helps explain how nonracists can perpetuate racial injustice. An analysis of the case of residential segregation shows how the pursuit of individual goods in racialized opportunity structures like the housing market simultaneously hinders the common good.

“The name is Blacula!”: Identity and Palimpsest in William Marshall’s Vampire Diptych

Abstract: In the early 1970s, a new cinematic genre, the Blaxploitation film, emerged from a creative scene which saw Black actors, writers, and directors enabled to produce their own original works for the first time. Often accused of trafficking in unsavory racial tropes, Blaxploitation films nevertheless displayed aspects of America’s racial problems and subtly complicated Black stereotypes while capitalizing on them to entertain both Black and White audiences. Films such as Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song (dir. Melvin Van Peebles, 1971) and Shaft (dir. Gordon Parks, 1971) may be most recalled as having catapulted this genre to fame, but an often-overlooked subgenre—the Blaxploitation horror film—also offered its unique brand of cultural insight. William Crain’s seminal Blaxploitation horror film, Blacula (1972), and its fast-tracked sequel, Scream Blacula Scream (dir. Bob Kelljan, 1973), demonstrate the power of the Blaxploitation framework to transcend its harmful stereotypes and to expose oppressive cultural practices. Our analysis of this pair of Blaxploitation horror films focuses upon two aspects of their position as representatives of their subgenre: first, their influence upon the wider cinematic culture, particularly the culture of horror cinema; second, the ability of Blacula and its sequel to play with and against their racial stereotypes.

Что происходит с образовательной системой США?

The article examines a complex of different types of problems that the Joe Biden administration faced when pursuing a course in the field of education, identifies painful points in its system, shows the ratio of successes and failures in educational policy and the extent to which the White House has taken into account changes in the demand for graduates in the labor market USA and in the perception of young Americans about the value of a university. Higher education in this country is considered a source of pride and the key to unlocking the American Dream. American universities rank nineteenth out of the top thirty in the world’s university rankings, and nine of the most successful universities are located in this country. However, behind this facade lies the accumulation of financial, personnel, social and racial problems in educational institutions. An analysis is given of the decline in the attractiveness of college in the eyes of the younger generation of Americans, caused by some devaluation of the diploma on the labor market, the rising cost of education and the increase in student debt on loans. In turn, the factors for the high cost of education are: the cycle of supply and demand, inflation, bloated administrative, teaching staff and university staff, whose work is ultimately paid for out of the pockets of students and their parents. An alternative to college and university that offers a faster and much cheaper route to a career in the form of short-term online courses and technical education schools is becoming popular among a significant portion of the younger generation. A special section is devoted to the analysis of the political and intellectual movement called Critical Race Theory, which has penetrated the curriculum of schools and colleges in many American states and identified another line of division in American society.

Racial Colorblindness in Speech-Language Pathology Students

Purpose: Implicit racial biases have been documented across a variety of allied health professions and training programs. The purpose of this study was to examine implicit racial bias within speech-language pathology (SLP) students by evaluating their attitudes towards statements reflecting racial colorblindness. Method: Fifty-nine students currently enrolled in an SLP program completed the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS; Neville et al., 2000) via an online Qualtrics survey, comprised of three subscales: Racial Privilege, Institutional Discrimination, and Blatant Racial Issues. Results: Results suggested that although 67% do not endorse colorblind statements on the CoBRAS, 33% of the students either agreed with colorblind statements (18%) or indicated neither agreement nor disagreement with colorblind statements (15%). Colorblind statements related to Racial Privilege (e.g., Everyone who works hard, no matter what race they are, has an equal chance to become rich.) were rejected less frequently (55%) than statements related to Institutional Discrimination (68%; e.g., Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. have certain advantages because of the color of their skin.) or Blatant Racial Issues (79%; e.g., Racial problems in the US are rare, isolated situations.). Conclusion: Voluntary self-examination of implicit racial bias within any pre-professional training program is a difficult, but important step towards addressing issues of systemic racism prior to entering the field. This study is the first to do so within speech-language pathology. Although data indicating relatively high rejection of colorblind statements found in this study are promising, students did not uniformly reject colorblind statements. Such response variation provides a foundation to further educate SLP students about implicit bias and its potential to impact one’s cultural responsivity.

Critical Race and Religion

Laura McTighe (2020, 299) argues in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion that “Religious Studies has a race problem.” I strongly agree with this argument: not only does the field largely ignore issues of race in its examination of cultural and religious differences, but also the field itself was formed and developed (largely over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) in the context of British, continental European, and American colonialism. That is, the field of religious studies has in particular a whiteness problem. In short, the study of religion has the issue of race and racialization at its centre—and thus any attempt to explore issues of critical religion should also embrace critical race theory in all its forms. Drawing on writers such as Sara Ahmed, Aime Cesaire, Angela Y Davis, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Toni Morrison, I will examine some of the contours of what a “Critical Race and Religion” approach may contribute to a decolonized study of religion—including a strong critique of the underlying issues of whiteness (and white supremacy) within the contemporary field.

Perforating colour lines: Japan and the problem of race in the ‘non-West’

Abstract Why do racialised states subscribe to the racial international hierarchy? While the critical scholarship in International Relations (IR) has meaningfully unsettled the discipline’s silence on race, it remains bound to the white versus non-white binary, neglecting the transmission and persistence of racism in international politics outside that divide. This article proposes a Lacanian reading of race as constitutive of state subjectivity in the modern world order to address this gap. Focusing on Lacan’s notion of the ‘lack in the Other’, I suggest that non-West/non-white racism is a fantasy that racialised states construct upon encountering the void of ‘Whiteness’ as a master signifier. I argue that racialised states appropriate racism in response to the anxiety induced by the collapse of the Other’s authority. Using the case of Japan’s transition to a modern nation-state, I mobilise the framework to examine Japan’s flirtation with Western racial theories and subsequent attempts to depart from the white racial order by creating its own racial hierarchy.

African Americans and federal land policy: Exploring the Homestead Acts of 1862 and 1866

AbstractWe examine the history of US land policy, with a focus on the Homestead Acts, underscoring the precarious position of African Americans during the homesteading period. We discuss the historical context and the shifting political landscape of the Civil War and Reconstruction era, providing the context for research on federal land policies and problems of race. Past research is almost entirely outside of the agricultural and applied economics profession. We believe that the applied economics discipline is especially suited for empirically examining the influence of federal land policies on past and present disparities and racial makeup of American agriculture.

The Origin, Current Situation and Trends of Racism in the West

ABSTRACT After World War II, and especially following the Civil Rights Movement, racism was generally rejected in the West, but the root of racism—capitalist private ownership—still exists. Since the Great Recession of 2008, racial problems have become increasingly serious. The living conditions of blacks and other minority groups have not improved, while ethnic and migrant conflicts are widening. At the same time, white supremacism has gone on the offensive, “neo-racism” has emerged, and far-right parties and organizations are on the rise. The anti-racist movement faces bleak prospects in the “post-ideological” era. The initiative of “building a community with a shared future for mankind” proposed by China advocates that all civilizations should draw on each other’s strong points, make common progress, and promote a higher level of liberation for the masses, including colored people. In this way, we can create better conditions for a transition to a more advanced social system.