Power Engineering Problems Research Articles

Sensitivity and functionally oriented models for power system planning, operation, and control

This paper presents results of research into the use of factorial experimental design for constructing sensitivity as well as functionally oriented models for power system planning, operation, and control. The rationality of applying factorial experimental design for this goal is associated with the possibility to “build” secants but not tangents (how it is done in the use of existing techniques) to improve the adequateness of constructed models. Considering that the experiments with mathematical models of systems (but not with real systems) create difficulties in all stages of statistical evaluating the results of experiments (the impossibility to estimate reproducibility dispersions without the results of so-called parallel experiments), questions of their overcoming are discussed. The sensitivity models obtained with the use of experimental design techniques are applicable to planning, operation, and control technologies related to applying knowledge based approaches (in particular, a fuzzy logic based approach) as well as to utilizing optimization approaches. Taking this into account, the results of the paper are illustrated by their applications to solving the following power engineering problems: (a) fuzzy logic based coordinated voltage and reactive power control in regulated and deregulated environments and (b) power system operation, based on the application of procedures of sequential multicriteria optimization to realize dispatch on several objectives. The paper also describes procedures for constructing functionally oriented models (models with given or predefined structures, which can serve, in particular, as flexible equivalents for diverse functionalities in power engineering) on the basis of applying experimental design techniques. Their application is illustrated by the construction of functionally oriented equivalents to evaluate power system reaction in solving problems of monocriteria or multicriteria optimizing network configuration in distribution systems.

Environmental problems of wind power engineering

Results of the review and comparative analysis of the factors that impact environment and human health in the course of construction, operation, and liquidation of wind power plants (WPPs) as compared to those of traditional power engineering is presented.

Thermophysical problems of nano power engineering. Part 2

The specific features of radiation heat transfer, the wetting and spreading processes on nanoscales, heat transfer in nanocomposites and nanofluids, and matters of boiling physics are discussed.

Thermodynamic models of extreme intermediate states and their applications in power engineering

Thermodynamic models of extreme intermediate states intended primarily for solving scientific and technical problems of power engineering are described. Examples illustrating the potential possibilities of using these models in developments and investigations of power engineering technologies are given.

Decision making in fuzzy environment and multicriteria power engineering problems

This paper presents results of research into the use of the Bellman–Zadeh approach to decision making in a fuzzy environment for solving multicriteria power engineering problems. The application of the approach conforms to the principle of guaranteed result and provides constructive lines in computationally effective obtaining harmonious solutions on the basis of solving associated maxmin problems. The presented results are universally applicable and are already being used to solve diverse classes of power engineering problems. It is illustrated by considering problems of power and energy shortage allocation, power system operation, optimization of network configuration in distribution systems, and energetically effective voltage control in distribution systems.

Thermophysical problems of nano power engineering. Part 1

A brief analysis of thermophysical problems that appear at the nanoscale level is presented. Recent experimental data and the models for their description are given. Equilibrium (thermodynamic) properties of nanosystems and transport phenomena in these systems are considered. The main differences in the systems behavior at different scales are emphasized. For brevity and convenience, the matters concerning the problem under consideration are identified as “nano power engineering.”

Combustion science and problems of contemporary power engineering

Nowadays fine control of physical and chemical processes at combustion and detonation of hydrocarbon fuels, aimed at obtaining certain target characteristics for power engineering applications is getting more realistic. Since control implies deep understanding of interrelations between various phenomena, the role of basic science is crucial for attacking the problem. Discussed in the paper are the latest scientific accomplishments in the field of combustion and detonation control, in particular, the possibility of controlled flameless combustion of gases, controlled combustion in porous matrices, and controlled detonations, as well as the problems of practical implementation of controlled combustion and explosion.

VII international conference “basic problems of electrochemical power engineering” and X international conference “basic problems of energy conversion in lithium electrochemical systems“ (Russia, Saratov, June 23–27, 2008)

VII international conference “basic problems of electrochemical power engineering” and X international conference “basic problems of energy conversion in lithium electrochemical systems“ (Russia, Saratov, June 23–27, 2008)

Multi-Agent Systems for Power Engineering Applications—Part II: Technologies, Standards, and Tools for Building Multi-agent Systems

This is the second part of a two-part paper that has arisen from the work of the IEEE Power Engineering Society's Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) Working Group. Part I of this paper examined the potential value of MAS technology to the power industry, described fundamental concepts and approaches within the field of multi-agent systems that are appropriate to power engineering applications, and presented a comprehensive review of the power engineering applications for which MAS are being investigated. It also defined the technical issues which must be addressed in order to accelerate and facilitate the uptake of the technology within the power and energy sector. Part II of this paper explores the decisions inherent in engineering multi-agent systems for applications in the power and energy sector and offers guidance and recommendations on how MAS can be designed and implemented. Given the significant and growing interest in this field, it is imperative that the power engineering community considers the standards, tools, supporting technologies, and design methodologies available to those wishing to implement a MAS solution for a power engineering problem. This paper describes the various options available and makes recommendations on best practice. It also describes the problem of interoperability between different multi-agent systems and proposes how this may be tackled.

Decision making in a fuzzy environment and its application to multicriteria power engineering problems

This paper presents results of research into the use of the Bellman–Zadeh approach to decision making in a fuzzy environment for solving multicriteria optimization problems. Its application conforms to the principle of guaranteed result and provides constructive lines in obtaining harmonious solutions on the basis of analyzing associated maxmin problems. The use of the Bellman–Zadeh approach has served as a basis for solving a problem of multicriteria allocation of resources (or their shortages) and developing a corresponding adaptive interactive decision making system (AIDMS1). AIDMS1 includes procedures for considering linguistic variables to reflect conditions that are difficult to formalize as well as procedures for constructing and correcting vectors of importance factors for goals. The use of these procedures permits one to realize an adaptive approach to processing information of a decision maker to provide successive improvment in solution quality. The results of the paper are universally applicable and are already being used to solve power engineering problems. It is illustrated by considering problems of multicriteria power and energy shortage allocation and multicriteria power system operation.

Models and methods of decision making in fuzzy environment and their applications to power engineering problems

AbstractResults of research into the use of fuzzy sets for handling various forms of uncertainty in optimization problems are presented. Two types of situations which need the application of a multicriteria approach are classified. According to this, two classes of models (〈X, M〉 and 〈X, R〉 models) are considered with utilizing the Bellman–Zadeh approach to decision making in a fuzzy environment and techniques for modelling of fuzzy preference relations for their analysis. The application of the Bellman–Zadeh approach for solving 〈X, M〉 problems conforms to the principle of guaranteed result and provides constructive lines in obtaining harmonious solutions on the basis of analysing associated maxmin problems. Analysis of 〈X, R〉 models is considered as part of a general approach to solving problems with fuzzy coefficients. Three techniques for processing of fuzzy preferences relations are considered. The first technique is associated with building and analysing a membership function of a subset of non‐dominated alternatives considering all criteria simultaneously. The second technique is of a lexicographic character and consists in step‐by‐step consideration of criteria. The third technique is based on aggregating membership functions of subsets of non‐dominated alternatives for each criterion. The results of the paper are universally applicable and are already being used to solve power engineering problems. It is illustrated by considering problems of multicriteria power and energy shortage allocation, multicriteria power system operation, and substation planning with considering criteria of quantitative as well as of qualitative character. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fuzzy preference modeling and its application to multiobjective decision making

This paper reflects results of research into the construction and analysis of 〈 X, R〉 models within the framework of a general approach to solving optimization problems with fuzzy coefficients. This approach involves a modification of traditional mathematical programming methods and is associated with formulating and solving one and the same problem within the framework of mutually interrelated models. The use of the approach allows one to maximally cut off dominated alternatives. The subsequent contraction of the decision uncertainty region is based on reducing the problem to models of multiobjective choosing alternatives in a fuzzy environment with the use of fúzzy preference relation techniques for analyzing these models. Three techniques for fuzzy preference modeling are discussed in the paper. The first technique is based on the construction of membership functions of subsets of nondominated alternatives with simultaneous considering of all criteria (fuzzy preference relations). The second technique is of a lexicographic character and consists of step-by-step introducing of fuzzy preference relations. The third technique is based on aggregating membership functions of subsets of nondominated alternatives corresponding to each preference relation. These techniques have served for developing a corresponding system for multiobjective decision making (MDMS). C++ windows of the MDMS are presented for input, output, and some intermediate procedures. The results of the paper are of a universal character and are already being used to solve power engineering, naval engineering, and management problems.

Fuzzy set based multiobjective allocation of resources and its applications

This paper presents results of research into the use of the Bellman-Zadeh approach to decision making in a fuzzy environment for solving multiobjective optimization problems. Its application conforms to the principle of guaranteed result and provides constructive lines in obtaining harmonious solutions on the basis of analyzing associated maxmin problems. The use of the Bellman-Zadeh approach has served as a basis for solving a problem of multiobjective allocation of resources (or their shortages) and developing a corresponding adaptive interactive decision-making system (AIDMS1). Its calculating kernel permits one to solve maxmin problems using an algorithm based on a nonlocal search (modification of the Gelfand's and Tsetlin's “long valley” method). The AIDMS1 includes procedures for considering linguistic variables to reflect conditions that are difficult to formalize as well as procedures for constructing and correcting vectors of importance factors for goals. The use of these procedures permits one to realize an adaptive approach to processing information of a decision maker to provide successive improving of the solution quality. C++ windows of the AIDMS1 are presented for input, output, and special possibilities related to considering linguistic variables and constructing and correcting vectors of importance factors. The results of the paper are universally applicable and are already being used to solve power engineering problems.

Algorithms of discrete optimization and their application to problems with fuzzy coefficients

An approach to solving optimization problems with fuzzy coefficients in objective functions and constraints is described. It consists in formulating and solving one and the same problem within the framework of mutually related models with constructing equivalent analogs with fuzzy coefficients in objective functions alone. It enables one to maximally cut off dominated alternatives “from below” as well as “from above”. Since the approach is applied within the context of fuzzy discrete optimization problems, several modified algorithms of discrete optimization are discussed. These algorithms are associated with the method of normalized functions, are based on a combination of formal and heuristic procedures, and allow one to obtain quasi-optimal solutions after a small number of steps, thus overcoming the computational complexity posed the NP-completeness of discrete optimization problems. The subsequent contraction of the decision uncertainty regions is associated with reduction of the problem to multiobjective decision making in a fuzzy environment with using techniques based on fuzzy preference relations. The techniques are also directly applicable to situations in which the decision maker is required to choose alternatives from a set of explicitly available alternatives. The results of the paper are of a universal character and can be applied to the design and control of systems and processes of different purposes as well as the enhancement of corresponding CAD/CAM systems and intelligent decision making systems. The results of the paper are already being used to solve problems of power engineering.

Fuzzy preference relations in models of decision making

Analysis of 〈 X , R 〉 models is considered as part of a general approach to solving optimization problems with fuzzy coefficients. This approach involves a modification of traditional optimization methods and is associated with formulating and solving one and the same problem within the framework of mutually interrelated models by constructing equivalent analogs with fuzzy coefficients in objective functions alone. The use of the approach allows one to maximally cut off dominated alternatives. The subsequent contraction of the decision uncertainty region is based on reducing the problem to multiobjective choice of alternatives in a fuzzy environment. Three techniques for processing of fuzzy preference relations reflecting criteria of quantitative as well as qualitative character are discussed. The results of the paper are universally applicable and are already being used to solve power engineering problems.

Feeding our profession [power engineering education

Power engineering education feeds the power engineering profession. If the profession is to continue to be a vital part of electrical engineering, something must be done about the educational stem. In some sense, power education is at a crossroads, and there is a need to take a positive growth path by moving the most pressing and difficult problems in power engineering to a viable high-tech power program. Such an educational program must center on systems, new materials, applications of advanced mathematics and physics, and the integration of economic principles. One potential avenue is to appeal to national governments worldwide to support power engineering research through university-based centers. An upsurge in student interest at the undergraduate level and the importance and complexity of typical power engineering problems are indicative of positive growth in the field; however, vigilance and increased industry participation in all educational sectors are needed to ensure vitality of the field. This article discusses various aspects of power engineering education including the power engineering curriculum, supply and demand for education, faculty careers, and alternative strategies for power engineering education.

Fuzzy sets and models of decision making

Results of research into the use of fuzzy sets for handling various forms of uncertainty in optimization problems related to the design and control of complex systems are presented. Much attention is given to considering the uncertainty of goals that is associated with a multicriteria character of many optimization problems. The application of a multicriteria approach is needed to solve 1. (1)|problems in which solution consequences cannot be estimated on the basis of a single criterion, that involves the necessity of analyzing a vector of criteria, and 2. (2)|problems that may be considered on the basis of a single criterion but their unique solutions are not achieved because the uncertainty of information produces so-called decision uncertainty regions, and the application of additional criteria can serve as a convincing means to contract these regions. According to this, two classes of models (〈 X, M〉 and 〈 X, R〉 models) are considered with applying the Bellman-Zadeh approach and techniques of fuzzy preference relations to their analysis. The consideration of 〈 X, R〉 models is associated with a general approach to solving a wide class of optimization problems with fuzzy coefficients. This approach consists in formulating and analyzing one and the same problem within the framework of interrelated models with constructing equivalent analogs with fuzzy coefficients in objective functions alone. It allows one to maximally cut off dominated alternatives. The subsequent contraction of the decision uncertainty region is associated with reduction of the problem to multicriteria decision making in a fuzzy environment with its analysis applying one of two techniques based on fuzzy preference relations. The results of the paper are of a universal character and are already being used to solve problems of power engineering.

A general approach to solving a wide class of fuzzy optimization problems

Results of research into the use of fuzzy sets for handling various forms of uncertainty in the optimal design and control of complex systems are presented. A general approach to solving a wide class of optimization problems containing fuzzy coefficients in objective functions and constraints is described. It involves a modification of traditional mathematical programming methods and is associated with formulating and solving one and the same problem within the framework of mutually conjugated models. This approach allows one to maximally cut off dominated alternatives from below as well as from above. The subsequent contraction of the decision uncertainty region is associated with reduction of the problem to multicriteria decision making in a fuzzy environment. The general approach is applied within the context of a fuzzy discrete optimization model that is based on a modification of discrete optimization algorithms. Prior to application of these algorithms there is a transition from a model with fuzzy coefficients in objective functions and constraints to an equivalent analog with fuzzy coefficients in objective functions alone. The results of the paper are of a universal character and are already being used to solve problems of power engineering.

Nuclear power of the 21st century

In the period after the F-1 start-up in Russia, tens of nuclear systems for different applications have been designed, built, tested, and put into operation. To satisfy a predicted growth of energy consumption, a competitive development of different power sources will be required. In the first half of the 21st century, natural gas will dominate over other power sources. But even this ‘gas bridge’ will pass through its maximum around the middle of the 21st century. The principle advantages of nuclear power, such as unlimited fuel resources, compactness of wastes, and freedom from combustion products discharge, contributes to its competitiveness. If nuclear power is to be a substitute for organic fuel, nuclear fuel breeding and reprocessing is imperative. The beginning of the 21st century, along with traditional operations, will be characterized by the use in reactors of a surplus of weapons-grade highly enriched uranium and plutonium. In further nuclear power development and scaling up, its structuring will be impossible without considering the capabilities of different reactor types. In Russia, an increase in the utilization of reactor heat for district heating, as well as in the use of low power autonomous nuclear sources, are in sight. In the coming decades, the designs of the NPP under construction will use technical solutions that have already been proven by practice. At the same time, it is absolutely necessary to continue with exploratory research and development of revolutionary reactor designs of the next generation to cope with the problems of large-scale power engineering.

Basic trends in scientific developments in water power problems and means of water-power development

The All-Russian conference of hydraulic engineers was organized by the Russian joint-stock company for power and electrification "EI~S Rossii," the corporation "Edinyi t~lektro6nergeticheskii Kompleks," the International Energy Academy, and the AOOT "B. E. Vedeneyev All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering." The idea for the conference was supported by the Division of Physicotechnical Problems of Power Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on Reliability and Safety Problems of Large Power Systems, a number of representatives of the State Council, specialists of the body of the Government of the Russian Federation, administrations of subjects of the Russian Federation, many organizations with a water-power profile, power systems, hydroelectric plants, and other organizations. The objective of the conference was to analyze the modern state of water power, assess its role in the United Power System of Russia, address the program of current and long-term development in the field, prepare proposals for government support of water power, and to develop drafts of a number of regulatory documents at the presidential and governmental level. The proposal concerning the conference for Russian water-power engineers generated a broad response. Representatives of more than 300 organizations and establishments, including the body of the Government of the Russian Federation, the Russian Autonomous Union "EF~S Rossii," the corporation "EI~I~K," the Ministry of Fuel and Power of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Natural Resources, 23 power systems (Mos6nergo, Chita6nergo, Tyumen'6nergo, Vostok6nergo, Karel6nergo, Kuban'6nergo, etc.), 11 hydroelectric power plants (Kama, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chirkey, Zeya, etc.), series of hydroelectric power plants (Svir', Kern', Vygsk, Sulak), nine construction organizations (Gidro6nergostroi, Kureig6sstroi, Katun'g6sstroi, Chirkeig6sstroi, etc.), 14 design organizations (Gidroproekt, Sevzap6nergoproekt, Krasnoyarskgidroproekt, Teplo61ektroproekt, etc.), six scientific-research organizations (B. E. Vedeneyev All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Scientific-Research Institute of Construction Economics, Siberian Scientific-Research Institute of Power Engineering, etc.), construction-assembly organizations (Spetsgidro6nergomontazh, Gidrospetsstroi, Gidromontazh, Gidro61ektromontazh, etc.), and a number of organizations of different profiles (Soyuzgidropostavka, Tekhnoprom6ksport, Sevzap6nergotekhnadzor, the PAO "Volgobla," etc.) took part in the work of the conference, which was conducted on 23-24 October 1996 in Saint Petersburg. Deputies of the State Council, representatives of regional administrations of Russia, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Russian Engineering Academy, and the Academy of Water Utilization Sciences participated in the conference. Representatives of the Moldov6nergo, Ukrgidroproekt, and Tashgidroproekt attended from neighboring countries. Welcoming telegrams from First Vice Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation A. A. Bol'shakov, Governor of Saint Petersburg V. Ya. Yakovlev, Governor of the Leningrad Oblast V. A. Gustov, and General Secretary of the Council of the Interparliamentary Assembly of Government Participants for Friendship Between Independent Governments M. Krotov were delivered in an address to the conference. Twenty-two papers were heard at the conference; "Basic positions of the Program for development of water power in Russian from 1997 through 2015 with a prospectus to 2030," which were prepared by the Russian Autonomous Union "EI~S Rossii," the corporation "Et~t~K," the Autonomous Union "Institut Gidroproekt," the Autonomous Union