Methodological Problems Research Articles

R E V I E W of the textbook «Danilyan O. G., Dzoban O. P. Scientific research activities in the field of law. Kharkiv: Pravo, 2024. 269 p.» (Yurii Yu. Kalynovskyi, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Philosophy, Yar

Modern society can develop dynamically only on the basis of scientific research, which is the basis of various types of activity. In the information age, when science has become the main productive force, and the scientific and technical revolution is gaining an incredibly wide scope, the development of problems of methodology and logic of scientific research is considered one of the most urgent tasks. The continuous and constantly growing flow of scientific research, a significant increase in the number of subjects engaged in science - all this not only stimulates general interest in the problems of scientific knowledge, but also requires the analysis and development of new research methods used in modern science. Modern professional activity in any social sphere requires the skills and abilities of specialists to solve fundamentally new tasks, conduct research and qualitatively process information, creatively use the achievements of science and improve their qualifications. The professional activity of a lawyer is no exception. A modern jurist must use current scientific methods to carry out scientific research and to solve complex professional tasks.

Efficient and reliable corrosion control for subsea assets: challenges in the design and testing of corrosion probes in aggressive marine environments

Abstract This review discusses the challenges in designing and testing corrosion probes for aggressive marine environments. The objectives are to analyze existing literature, identify methodological problems, and highlight research gaps in subsea corrosion control. To achieve these, a comprehensive review of relevant literature was conducted, focusing on factors like high salinity, fluctuating temperatures, and the presence of corrosive agents. The methods involved synthesizing information from peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and academic publications to thoroughly analyze current state of knowledge. The findings of this review highlight the need for standardized testing protocols, improved understanding of material compatibility, and consideration of real-world conditions in corrosion probe design and testing. Methodological problems include the lack of standardized testing protocols, limited understanding of material compatibility, and insufficient consideration of real-world conditions. These findings emphasize the challenges researchers and practitioners face in developing efficient and reliable corrosion control strategies for subsea assets. In terms of novelty and improvement, this manuscript contributes to improving corrosion control practices in aggressive marine environments by synthesizing existing literature, identifying methodological problems, and highlighting gaps. By addressing these challenges, future research can focus on developing innovative solutions and methodologies to enhance the durability and effectiveness of corrosion probes in subsea environments.

“Das Problem des Stilwandels”: Stylistic Transformation in the Work of Emil Staiger

AbstractThis article reconstructs a theoretical and methodological problem in the work of German literary scholar Emil Staiger, a representative of the postwar school of Werkimmanenz, which called for a renewal of form‐sensitive practices of reading. It analyzes Staiger's notion of style and traces its application in his monumental Goethe monograph and his essay collection Stilwandel, highlighting the difficulties that arise from Staiger's attempt to operationalize style in the sense of an artwork's inner unity (“Einstimmigkeit”) for his study of dynamic and changing forms. These difficulties led him to reframe his notion of style in a 1968 paper that, however, ultimately left the problem of how to write a history of literary styles unresolved.

Methodological approaches to the comparative assessment of cellular reactions of innate immunity in mollusk <I>Pomacea</I> sp. (<I>Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae</I>) in experimental aseptic inflammation

One of the significant methodological problems that arise in the study of cells of the innate immunity of invertebrates is the unsuitability of culture media and even salt solutions intended for mammals and humans. Another important methodological point is the significantly pronounced reactions of coagulation, which play an important protective role in all invertebrates, but manifest themselves in vitro in cellular suspensions prepared even with optimal saline solutions for this animal. To solve this problem, researchers widely use an anticoagulation buffer with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) even in functional tests. From the standpoint of traditional approaches of mammalian immunology, the use of EDTA is possible only for the study of cell morphology, but not their functions. The aim of the work is to adapt methodological approaches to the comparative assessment of cellular reactions of innate immunity in Pomacea sp mollusks in experimental aseptic inflammation. To evaluate the functions of phagocytic cells in mollusk Pomacea sp., we used a complete salt solution (CSS) with optimal concentrations of glucose, calcium ions, magnesium with addition to prevent coagulation, cellular aggregation and degranulation instead of EDTA sodium salt of heparin at a concentration of 100 IU/mL (CSS-hep). As a result of a specially conducted experiment, it was shown that during incubation of hemolymph cells in this solution, their viability is preserved, evaluated by flow laser cytometry during incubation with annexin V-PE (PE Annexin V) and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7- AAD), as well as in a test with trypan blue. The possibility of studying the phagocytic activity and a phagosome acidification of leukocytes from hemolymph, hematopoiesis organ (kidney) and the focus of inflammation induced by intramuscular injection of sterile suspension of zymosan using CSS-hep is shown. Unlike the Limnaea stagnalis and Biomphalaria glabrata mollusks, in which the production of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes in the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence reaction is well documented, we were unable to induce this reaction in Pomacea sp. mollusks. In a specially conducted experiment, we did not reveal the effect of the sodium salt of heparin at a concentration of 100 IU/mL on the production of reactive oxygen species by rat phagocytes.

An experimental study of the biological impact of a superflare on the TRAPPIST-1 planets

ABSTRACT In this study, we conducted experiments to assess the biological effects of high fluences of UV radiation (UVR) on the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system (planets e, f, g within the habitable zone), unlike previous estimates made by other authors which used theoretical approaches. To this end, we first calculated the UV fluxes at the orbits of the planets of the TRAPPIST-1 system during quiescent conditions and during a superflare. We then studied the effects of UVR on microbial life by exposing UV-tolerant (Deinococcus radiodurans) and UV-susceptible bacteria (Escherichia coli) to fluences equivalent to a superflare on the unshielded surface of these planets. Based on the results of our laboratory experiments, we have found a survival fraction of $6.31\times 10^{-8}$ for D. radiodurans and a survival fraction below the limit of detection for E. coli at the surface of the planet e, which would receive the highest UVR flux. These survival fractions were higher for the planets f and g. In contrast to the results obtained by other authors which used theoretical estimates, we show that a fraction of the population of microorganisms could tolerate the high UVR fluences of a superflare on the surface of TRAPPIST-1 planets, even without any shielding such as that provided by an atmosphere or an ocean. Our study evidences the existence of methodological problems in theoretical approaches. It also emphasizes the importance of performing specifically designed biological experiments to predict microbial survival in extraterrestrial contexts.

What can we know about legal minors who inject drugs? Exploring register data in three high-income countries

Background Research on legal minors who inject drugs is rare and beset with methodological problems. We explore the potential of register data for researching this population and present illustrative analyses contributing to the knowledge base. Method We obtained register data with national coverage from three high-income countries and assessed its analytic potential across two research themes. Descriptive analyses of the obtained data explored prevalence, mean age of debut, delay to accessing services, and treatment needs. Results There were differences in register types and variables collected within and between each country. The analytical potential of register data was assessed as good. Prevalence of injecting debut before the age of 18 (IDU < 18) was 29% (Sweden), 23% (Switzerland), and 5%–9% (Wales). IDU < 18 took longer to access services in each country than those with debut as adults. Complex treatment needs were identified, including mental health, education, and housing. Conclusion Register data is a viable method for better understanding this small, ‘hidden’ population, albeit with important caveats. Adolescent drug services may need to deliver or link to a range of treatment responses beyond drug use. Innovative outreach, and legal and policy change may be needed to ensure harm reduction access while injecting continues.

The problem of methodology in Islamic Theology

The article deals with the main stages of formation of methodological principles in Islamic Theology. The author of the paper analyzes various forms of the methodological approaches demonstration in the theological thought among Muslims since the VII century with the theoretical searches of righteous predecessors - Salafs, method in kalam, methodological searches in modern theological thought and Islamic modernism. The analysis of the formation of the methodological principles allows the author to assert that this problem today is one of the most undeveloped even in the modern Islamic Theology.

On the Question of the Concept of “Historical Time” in the Psychology

The article examines the theoretical and methodological problems of historical psychology. The problem of forming one’s own conceptual and categorical apparatus of historical psychology is substantiated, and a scheme for highlighting the essential characteristics of the concept of “historical time” is proposed on the basis of V.I. Razumov’s categorical-system methodology and theory of dynamic information systems. The primary categorical triad allowed us to identify three main characteristics that are essential, necessary and sufficient to describe the content of a particular historical time. It is shown that “historical time” in psychological research can be considered taking into account the entire time context: historical events, historical personalities, worldview, lifestyle. The article identifies another significant aspect of the manifestation and reflection of “historical time” — material material history. The task of considering material history in a specific historical time is set.

Methodological Problems in the Studies of the History of Science Development

Methodological Problems in the Studies of the History of Science Development

Surgical interventions for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review with network meta-analysis.

Several surgical options for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are available, but current guidelines do not recommend which one should be prioritized. Although previous network meta-analyses (NMAs) have been performed on this topic, they have major methodological problems and could not provide the convincing evidence and clinical practical information required. Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) comparing at least two surgical interventions were included by searching AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE (inception to August 2023). A frequentist random-effects NMA was performed for physical function and adverse events due to any reason. For physical function, three follow-up time points were included: short-term (< 6months post-intervention), mid-term (≥ 6months but < 12months), and long-term (≥ 12months). Laminectomy was the reference comparison intervention. A total of 43 RCTs involving 5017 participants were included in the systematic review and 28 RCTs encompassing 14 types of surgical interventions were included in the NMA. For improving physical function (scale 0-100), endoscopic-assisted laminotomy (mean difference: - 8.61, 95% confidence interval: - 10.52 to - 6.69; moderate-quality evidence), laminectomy combined with Coflex (- 8.41, - 13.21 to - 3.61; moderate quality evidence), and X-stop (- 6.65, - 8.60 to - 4.71; low-quality evidence) had small effects at short-term follow-up; no statistical difference was observed at mid-term follow-up (very low- to low-quality evidence); at long-term follow-up, endoscopic-assisted laminotomy (- 7.02, - 12.95 to - 1.08; very low-quality evidence) and X-stop (- 10.04, - 18.16 to - 1.93; very low-quality evidence) had a small and moderate effect, respectively. Compared with laminectomy, endoscopic-assisted laminotomy was associated with fewer adverse events due to any reason (odds ratio: 0.27, 0.09 to 0.86; low-quality evidence). For adults with degenerative LSS, endoscopic-assisted laminotomy may be the safest and most effective intervention in improving physical function. However, the available data were insufficient to indicate whether the effect was sustainable after 6months. PROSPERO (CRD42018094180).

On the methodological aspect in the course of general physics at the university

The article analyzes the importance of the methodological aspect in teaching the course of general physics at the university, which is still given insufficient attention. The role of this component in the formation of students' ideas about the physical picture of the world, as the dominant element of the scientific picture of the world, is emphasized. The methodological requirement for the presentation of methodological issues of physics is considered. Examples of the presentation of these issues in the course of physics are given. It is noted that the formation of the personality of a specialist, as self-sufficient and capable of self-development is not possible without the study of methodological problems.

The Poet-Creator of Philosophy: To the Methodology of Research in Philosophical Thought by Rabindranath Tagore

The Indian poet and educator Rabindranath Tagore was the creator of an original philosophy that gives additional meaning to the picture of the history of Indian philosophy in the 20th century. He usually emphasized his identity as a poet and an artist, not considering himself a philosopher. However, Tagore embodies the phenomenon of a poet-thinker who comprehends universal philosophical problems and, in the process of philosophizing, offers his own vision of them. Moreover, he owns a number of texts of a religious-philosophical and socio-philosophical nature, in addition to the content of poetry and fiction. The philosophy created by the poet requires a comprehensive holistic study, which, in turn, raises the problem of research methodology. The article proposes the author's methodology for the reconstruction of Rabindranath Tagore's philosophy, based on an understanding of his personality, the contexts of thought and the hermeneutics of texts. The methodological model of philosophy reconstruction includes three levels. The first involves analyzing the personality of R. Tagore using the categories "cross-cultural thinker" and "problematic thinker". The second is a description of the contexts of his philosophizing: external general civilizational, internal epochal and internal biographical. The third is the hermeneutics of texts, taking into account the poetic component and the philosophical problems of speeches and fiction. The novelty of the described methodological model is due to the possibilities and prospects of reconstructing Tagore's philosophical thought and concepts. 1. Description of the phenomenon of a poet and writer creating a philosophy in which the experience of artistic creation generates a universal religious and social meaning and actualizes humanistic issues. 2. Presentation of the process of formation of cross-cultural philosophy of the XX century on the material of a particular thinker. 3. The analysis of the contexts of the unfolding of philosophy helps to trace the continuity of the thinker and his ideas with the Indian philosophical tradition in a broad sense and at the same time identify innovation, not least due to his dialogue with Western culture and modernity. 4. Seeing Tagore's philosophy as a kind of quintessence of the Bengali Renaissance heritage, it is not difficult to notice its significance and relevance for modernity. 5. Reconstruction along the proposed methodological path will open up not only direct, but also comparative prospects for studying Tagore's philosophical thought in comparison with the reflections of philosophers from different cultural areas, primarily peripheral to the West and non-Western ones.

The Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network: An international research consortium investigating environment, climate, and health.

Research on the health risks of environmental factors and climate change requires epidemiological evidence on associated health risks at a global scale. Multi-center studies offer an excellent framework for this purpose, but they present various methodological and logistical problems. This contribution illustrates the experience of the Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network, an international collaboration working on a global research program on the associations between environmental stressors, climate, and health in a multi-center setting. The article illustrates the collaborative scheme based on mutual contribution and data and method sharing, describes the collection of a huge multi-location database, summarizes published research findings and future plans, and discusses advantages and limitations. The Multi-Country Multi-City represents an example of a collaborative research framework that has greatly contributed to advance knowledge on the health impacts of climate change and other environmental factors and can be replicated to address other research questions across various research fields.

Eye movements in conceptual and non-conceptual thinking

AbstractHow to influence and assess whether students engage in conceptual thinking are longstanding methodological problems in mathematics education. Recently, eye-tracking technology has fueled a discussion on whether eye movement analysis can support valid inferences about mathematical thinking. This study investigates whether eye movement analysis can distinguish between conceptual and non-conceptual thinking in a geometric classification task where both modes of thinking lead to identical responses. Participants were asked to classify geometric shapes while we tracked their eye movements and to report their thinking verbally. Our findings indicate that self-reported conceptual thinking is characterised by fewer eye movements between task shapes and response shapes, and that self-reported non-conceptual thinking involves comparing the shapes’ similarity directly. A logistic regression model correctly classified the self-reported ways of thinking in 80.3% of the cases. We conclude that eye-tracking can contribute to making inferences about mathematical thought processes and facilitate research on how to engage students in conceptual thinking and development.

ИСТОРИКО-ПРОСВЕТИТЕЛЬСКИЙ ФАКТОР В ПЕРЕВОДЕ КАЗАХСКОГО АЛФАВИТА НА ЛАТИНИЦУ

This article is dedicated to the issue of the transition of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin script. The article provides a review of the literature on the influence of Soviet ideology on education in general and on the influence of this ideology on the two changes in the Kazakh alphabet in the first half of the twentieth century. From our point of view, the modern approach is more flexible, scientific, and consistent with the process of Romanization in neighboring Turkic-speaking countries. We also took into account the position of Russian researchers interested in the problems of education policy in this area. It was important for us to analyze possible didactic and methodological problems associated with the introduction of Latin graphics into the educational sphere, since the education and development of children is a priority task of our society. Further, the collected data will be compared with the policy of translating the modern Kazakh alphabet into Latin and with programs such as “Spiritual Renewal” and “100 new books”. The research methods of the survey are (historical) observation and content analysis. The data were collected through a short-term review. The study results conclude that changing the alphabet twice in eleven years during the Soviet period is less effective and scientific than the current policy of translating the Kazakh alphabet into Latin.

Institutionality of discourse as a methodological problem

Institutionality of discourse as a methodological problem

Problems of methodology of personalistics research in history and life, work of Akseleu Seidimbek

Problems of methodology of personalistics research in history and life, work of Akseleu Seidimbek

Методологические проблемы отечественной экономической науки

The article is devoted to the study of methodological problems of domestic economic science. Modern economic science in Russia is going through a difficult stage of its transformation. The rejection of Western mentoring and the transition to sovereign thinking caused the renewal of theoretical views and practical approaches to solving economic problems. This could not but cause a close interest in the methodological foundations on which the science of economy is based. At the same time, many economists are still at a loss as to where to look for the necessary methodology: in philosophy, in history, in conceivable economic-theoretical constructions, or in something else. It should be kept in mind that the methodology of economic research belongs to the basic foundations of economic science and is the meta-theoretical level of economic knowledge. It is at this level that the trajectory of economic development and reflection on the practice of modernity are synthesised, from which, in turn, the principles, conclusions and proofs of many economic statements, theorems and theories are derived. The authors believe that dialectical-materialist methodology has not exhausted all its resources and possibilities and as a method of research of modern transformations occurring in the sphere of domestic economy, it may well serve as a guide to the creation of national economic theory.

한국 연극학계 수행성연구 메타비평 II - 수행성 강도와 공연중단의 사건성 중심으로

This paper aims to present and to criticize the methodological problems of Performance Studies in Korea and alternatives to 100 domestic academic papers published from 2000 to 2023 under the keyword of “performtivity and theatre.” In the Korean Performance Studies, first, it does not describe the intensity of the performativity and describes it in a “performative action” based on a specific theory. And the success and failure of performance or appropriateness and inadequacy is not described. Therefore, this paper intends to present three concepts of performance intensity that are important in performance theory. Second, almost all studies are consistent with studies on 'successful' performance, so this paper intends to clarify the implications of the discontinuation of performance by using interrupted performances and failed performances as examples.

Маркетинговый аудит в управлении инновационной деятельностью компании: методология и метрики

In today's complex digital business world, almost every company understands the importance of introducing innovations in the process of operation. At the same time, the issues of diagnosing and assessing the results of the chosen innovative path using a marketing audit remain relevant for the reason that there is simply no ready-made template or algorithm for conducting a marketing audit of a company. The problem is the ambiguous definition of a set of indicators for the marketing audit procedure. The purpose of the work was to determine the importance of conducting a marketing audit in the process of managing an innovative company using the algorithm and metrics of a marketing audit. The methodological basis of the study was a review of scientific works of Russian and foreign authors on the issues of conducting marketing audits and an analysis of the operating features of companies involved in the development and implementation of innovations. The specific features of managing an innovative company were identified, and the methodological and methodological problems of conducting a marketing audit of an innovative company were identified. The results of the study showed that the approaches existing in foreign and domestic literature that describe the process and mechanics of conducting a marketing audit are fragmentary. The work proposed its own algorithm for conducting a marketing audit, and identified a set of additional quantitative indicators (metrics) for a more complete and comprehensive procedure for conducting a marketing audit for managing the innovative activities of a company operating in conditions of uncertainty, risks and competition. The article substantiated the importance and relevance of introducing a marketing audit algorithm. The results of the study can be used by innovative companies when conducting a marketing audit procedure.