Problems Of Local Development Research Articles

Цифровые сообщества как актор социальных трансформаций в мегаполисе (на примере соседских, районных и городских групп в социальных сетях и мессенджерах)

Local online communities are becoming increasingly influential and are gradually replacing traditional forms of neighbourhood communication. Based on the analysis of the local Internet communities in four Russian cities, differing in population and social and economic development, the authors determined the priority topics of the online discourse. Through a sociological survey of the members of 62 such communities with a total number of 5,192,106 participants, the authors identified the people’s reasons to join social media communities, the extent and frequency of their communication, forms of activity in neighbourhood online communities. The surveyed citizens assessed the ability to raise issues before the authorities through internet communication, identified the real-life activities initiated via online communication in neighbourhood communities. The study explored the personal, professional, value characteristics of moderators of local social media communities through in-depth interview. The results of the study can be considered by municipal authorities to build effective communication with civil society. Digital communities may become a tool of participation in solving urgent problems of local development.

The Problem of Local Development in Rural Areas via Mutual Development Organisations <br/>—Case of the Village KPEBO in Central Côte d’Ivoire

The objective of this article is to analyse local development in rural areas through mutual development associations. This research was carried out in the village of Kpèbo in central Côte d’Ivoire. It is part of an anthropology of local organisations. The aim was to assess the level of development of Kpèbo and to identify the measures that positively or negatively influence the development of Kpèbo via its mutual development association. A mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) was used as part of an inductive analysis. The results show that Kpèbo is lagging behind in development compared to neighbouring localities and despite its mutual development association. The community’s perception of the issue of development goes in the direction of acquiring infrastructure for the benefit of the community. The ineffectiveness of its mutual association is due to the existence of internal dissensions and other divergences which do not allow for the pooling of cognitive, financial, relational and professional experience resources in favour of the development of the locality.

Heuristics and the microeconomics of innovation and development

ABSTRACT Researchers have long recognized multiple ways of innovating. However, the expositions fail to connect the microeconomics of production sets to the real-world institutional variety required to build technological capabilities and innovate. This paper argues for explicit attention to institutional variety in the heuristics used in innovation policy and practice, and analyses three such heuristics. While some types of social challenges can be addressed through formal science and industrial R&D, the most common proxies for innovation, most industrializing contexts will require changes in institutions and organizations to frame and solve local development problems. The analysis thus bridges the traditional microeconomics of production sets with innovation and development priorities.

CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND PARTNERSHIP IN PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

The article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of citizens ' participation in the public management process and presents the main ways to ensure such participation on a partnership basis in the process of developing and making managerial decisions. The main principles of interaction in the public management system are highlighted: partnership equality, equal representation, public participation, focus on the problems of local development, the urgent needs of communities, and so on. The reasons for the low activity of community members in solving local problems are highlighted. Different approaches to public participation and partnership between local authorities and society are described. Negative aspects of public partnership interaction are presented. It is emphasized that according to the functional approach, public relations is a managed process of intergroup communication, and the prospects for the formation of effective mechanisms for implementing dialogue forms of political participation in Ukraine are determined by the specifics and features of the communication process in the "power-public" system. It is noted that public institutions, state authorities, and local self-government should strive to join forces in problem areas, mutually realizing the need and inevitability of drastic changes. The article presents a specific structure of public partnership interaction between state authorities, local self-government, and civil society institutions in the process of public control and participation in the development and adoption of managerial decisions. Keywords: citizen participation, partnership, Public Management, interaction, civic development.

PROPUESTA DE FOROS DE DESARROLLO TURÍSTICO RURAL PARA EL DESARROLLO ECONÓMICO LOCAL

This article seeks to establish the development of rural communities, with up to 500 inhabitants, with the creation of a Rural Tourism Development Forum and a Tourism Development Program with local identity. It is proposed to capitalize on cultural assets and local knowledge, to strengthen the profile and tourist circuits, local services and enterprises, agro-tourism and other related economic and social activities. The objective is to contribute to territorial tourism development from an innovative perspective, which, based on the efficient use of local resources, generates employment and improves the quality of life of its inhabitants, capitalizing on the advantages of tourist activity. The methodology used consisted in analyzing the problems of local development, identifying the obstacles and conceiving tourism as a solution and sustenance that allowed the elaboration of the model.

Об’єднана територіальна громада як суб’єкт стратегічного планування розвитку території

The essence of the united territorial community as a subject of management of socio-economic development is generalized. Strategic planning as a component of a holistic system of local development planning is considered. The content and essence of the concept of "territorial community" with Western scientists and Ukrainian scientists are covered. Various approaches to the definition of the notion of "territorial community" are indicated, among which: qualitative, natural – geographical, ethnographic, sociological, ecological approaches, their principles and methods of implementation are also revealed. Characterized signs of the territorial community as a subject of management of socio-economic development. The Local Development Strategy is analyzed as a multifaceted concept. An analytical characteristic of the results of analysis of strengths and weaknesses of local development was carried out. The long-time plan for the development of the territory, which covers all the main aspects of local development, is proposed. We are offered ways to solve key problems of local development. Proposals for the formation of a strategic plan for the development of the territories of the united territorial communities and ensuring their economic development have been developed.

Local Image Strategies in the Development Policies of Merged Municipalities without a Core Area: Scale Analysis of the Case of Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture

Japan's municipal merger policy in the 2000s created many merged municipalities without a core area, which seems to have produced more local development problems than in other municipalities. To determine their local development strategies, how they establish and use new local images in their development policies is examined. The focus is on Hokuto City in Yamanashi Prefecture as a case of merged municipalities without a core area. Hokuto City developed from a municipal merger that excluded the regional core, Nirasaki City. The jurisdiction of Hokuto City is divided by cliffs into three areas, which are represented respectively by mountains. It is difficult for the Hokuto City administration to use an image of one of these areas for fear of objections by the other areas. Therefore, it requires new images for the developmental policies of the Hokuto jurisdiction. The city administration is attempting to communicate “sunshine” as the image of Hokuto City. This was once the image of Akeno-mura, a former municipality that later became part of Hokuto, where the longest period of sunshine in Japan was recorded. The image has contributed to attracting mega solar energy systems to a national research project in Hokuto. Following the research, these solar energy systems will be owned by the Hokuto City administration and will support the city's finances by selling the electricity generated. This can be interpreted as a case of the city administration scale jumping the image of “sunshine” from Akeno to Hokuto. This scale-jumped image contributed to attracting the mega solar energy systems; then, the presence of the solar energy systems improved the plausibility of the scale-jumped image. Such scale jumping of images seems to be effective in the local development policies of merged municipalities.

Regional Diversity of Attractiveness and Entrepreneurship of Tourism – Challenges for Local Governments on the Example of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Purpose. The study aims to diagnose the tourist attractiveness of the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship poviats based on features of the geographical and socio-economic environment. The recognition of local development problems regarding organisation in local action groups that affect the creation of the tourist function of a village and the creation of new tourist products are also assessed by residents. Method. Principal Component Analysis was used as the research method, in which the process of reducing multidimensionality, i.e. reducing the number of features, occurs. A smaller number of new variables explains and simplifies the interpretation of the phenomenon with little information loss. The components are the result of data reduction and a way to obtain a simplified image of the relationship based on the correlation structure between the observed features. Fourteen Świętokrzyskie poviats were analysed due to 10 features that express the multi-faceted nature of the local economy in the aspect of tourist attractiveness and entrepreneurship for 2018. Then, using the hierarchical Ward method, types of poviats with a similar structure of phenomena related to the tourist development of the area were presented. The obtained components can be treated as the main meta-features of the structural dimension of the attractiveness and entrepreneurship space of the Świętokrzyskie region. Findings. It has been shown is studies that tourism plays one of the key roles in the development of a region. It is an important element of activating the local economy. The 3 calculated main components explain 78.1% of the variation of the original features. The following names for the given factors may be suggested: "poviat entrepreneurship" (explained by the first component - containing 43% variability of the original features), "accommodation and transport availability" (second component - 19% variation of the original features), "EU funding" (third component -16% variation of original features). The classification indicates the similarity of poviats within the distinguished classes from the point of view of more than one factor measuring the level of urbanisation of the area. Four classes of poviats can be distinguished: the first class is the city of Kielce, the second – the buski and kielecki poviats, the third, which is very numerous – 10 poviats and the fourth – the kazimiersk poviat Research and conclusions limitations. The survey studies were conducted in 2018 on a small sample of 60 people, which does not allow to draw general conclusions, but their results may facilitate the diagnosis of tourism development. Gestors and local government officials involved in local action groups, who agreed to assess the strengths and weaknesses of tourism at their place of residence, were selected for the survey. Practical implications. The work may be of significance to various decision-making entities interested in the structure and position of their poviat in comparison to other poviats. The study is an assessment and diagnosis of the state of local development related to tourism. The actions implemented for the development of tourism infrastructure, the use of EU subsidies in poviats and the degree of implementation of the activities adopted in the tourism development strategy were identified. Originality.Detection of unknown dependencies and regularities in tourism economy among spatial systems using multidimensional methods. Comprehensive development using a quantitative and qualitative approach. Type of paper. A case study - counties of the Swiętokrzyskie voivodeship

СОЦІАЛЬНА ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД В УМОВАХ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ПІДХОДИ

The article analyzes theoretical approaches to the definition of the essence of the categories «integration» and «social integration». World practice shows the obvious usefulness of the integrated activities of local government entities as a result of the possibility of jointly solving social problems of local development, resulting in an increase in the level of competitiveness of territories and the quality of administrative services, and an increase in the activity of communities in solving local problems.Problems of social integration were updated in the works of O. Comte, E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, M. Weber, E. Giddens and J. Habermas. In scientific circles, the concept of «integration» is analyzed from the point of view of the process, or the result of the system; the functions that certain agents perform to ensure the functioning of the system; measures in which members of a social group share similar norms, values, beliefs; measures in which the various parts of the social subsystem in their activities complement rather than contradict each other.The author’s interpretation of the term «social integration of united territorial communities» is an active social interaction of communities in the process of unification based on a normatively guaranteed consensus or communication achieved within a spatial community to coordinate common goals, interests and values in order to solve social issues of local importance.The main prerequisites for integration processes that are necessary for the successful unification of territorial communities in the context of decentralization: the need and appropriateness of creating integrated management and administration structures; the presence of common interests of the subjects of integration based on: economic interdependence or benefit; cultural identity; territorial proximity; the desire to unite on the basis of voluntary consent, or coercion.The processes of social integration of communities encompass territorial entities of unequal status, opportunities, and resources and are inevitably accompanied by conflicts.Given the trends occurring in the sphere of decentralization and transformation of the administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine, social integration acquires the properties of a mechanism by which territorial communities can become capable subjects of self-government.

Measurement and Assessment of the Level of Economic Development of the Counties of the Opolskie Voivodeship

The publication presents the problems of local development on the example of counties in opolskie voivodeship. The aim of the article is an attempt to assess the level of diversification of economic development in the counties belonging to the opolskie voivodeship in 2010-2015. The evaluation of the level of counties development was carried out using Hellwig taxonomic development measure. The study confirmed the research hypothesis assuming the existence of diversification of economic development of the studied counties. The study showed the existence of a relatively constant diversification of the development of the counties in all of the analyzed years.

Occupation Anarchique Du Domaine Public Dans La Commune De Yopougon A Abidjan : Une Complicite Des Autorites Locales ?

Long perceived as an institutional response to the problem of local development, the decentralization adopted and introduced in the 1980s favored the creation of numerous communes in Côte d'Ivoire. These local and regional authorities, which in principle have legal personality and financial autonomy, are struggling to satisfy the expectations of politicians and populations. Consequently, the consequences are felt in space and we are witnessing an anarchic and illegal occupation of public servitudes as is the case in the commune of Yopougon in Abidjan. The present study is thus a contribution to the lasting resolution of the problem of the anarchic occupation of the public domain for the preservation of the urban landscape of municipalities. The main objective is to show the impact on the urban landscape of the use of the improvement of municipalities' own revenue. The methodology used to achieve this objective was based on the observation, inventory of the spaces documentary research, observation and maintenance with local and governmental authorities to obtain data on the mode of acquisition and enhancement of spaces. The results reveal that these areas are occupied with more or less the agreement of the various local and governmental authorities and their management remains problematic.

STATE REGULATION OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY UNDER DECENTRALISATION CONDITIONS

Urgency of the research. The present-day stage of local government reformation in Ukraine causes the problem of transformation of state’s role, its goals to regulate the development of municipal authority. Target setting. The problems of further ways to develop state regulation of financial support of municipal authority unsolved. This fact causes the necessity to carry out the researches in this sphere. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Problems concerning state regulation can be found in works of following researchers: R. Musgrave, V. Heiec, O. Honta, O. Kyrylenko, I. Lunina and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The necessity to intensify scientific researches in the sphere of regulation of the development of municipal authority is caused by the set of vital contradictions in the relationships between state authority and municipal authority to solve the problem of local development. The research objective. The main aim of the article is to extend the theoretical and methodological basis of state regulation of financial support of municipal authority under decentralization conditions. The statement of basic materials. The article extended the theoretical and methodological basis of the state regulation of financial support of municipal authority under decentralization conditions. It proved that the difference in interests of social groups appears as for the uneven territory development, the complex structure of a society, as well as social inequality. All those aforementioned factors affect the solution of the task to form a coalition for modernization. Conclusions. The article proved that the strategy of the social and economic development of the territory is crucial for enhancing the role of state regulation of financial support of municipal authority. The modernization of the state, business, as well as civil society at the same time is crucial for elaborating the successful strategy of the territory development.

Strategiczne zarządzanie rozwojem gminy

W artykule przedstawiono istotę strategicznego zarządzania ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem działań marketingowych jako podstawy do skutecznego i efektywnego sterowania procesami rozwoju gminy, a w konsekwencji jak najlepszego zaspokajania zbiorowych potrzeb mieszkańców. Wskazano na rolę władz gminy w regulowaniu, kreowaniu i stymulowaniu rozwoju lokalnego, a także na konieczność kompleksowego podejścia do problemów rozwoju lokalnego. Przedstawiono także ewolucję metod zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym stosowanych przez władze polskich gmin. Na tym tle przedstawiono istotę, pojęcie, podstawowe cechy i etapy działań strategiczno-marketingowych na rzecz rozwoju gminy.Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że odniesienie sukcesu w działaniach na rzecz rozwoju gminy w dużym stopniu zależy od umiejętności posługiwania się skutecznymi i efektywnymi metodami zarządzania. Taką – zdaniem autora – jest metoda strategiczno-marketingowa. W wyniku takiego podejścia powinien powstać efekt synergii, czyli efekt w postaci wartości dodanej ponad prostą sumę osiągniętych rezultatów, uzyskany w wyniku komplementarności obu metod zarządzania. Przy takim podejściu priorytety, cele i zadania do realizacji są określone w sposób kompleksowy, rzetelny oraz zgodny z realnymi możliwościami wykonawczymi, zwłaszcza finansowymi. W konsekwencji zwiększa się skuteczność działań realizacyjnych, co przekłada się na wyższy poziom zaspokojenia zbiorowych potrzeb mieszkańców, wzrost atrakcyjności lokalizacyjnej, poprawę wizerunku i wzrost konkurencyjności gminy w otoczeniu.

A construção de um modelo de gestão que promove o desenvolvimento sustentável

Diante da dificuldade de encontrar soluções para os problemas elaborados - partindo das metodologias de planejamento - e visando garantir a implantação de tais soluções, surgiu o interesse de propor uma alternativa para superá-los. Para fundamentar essa proposição, foram aprofundados quatro elementos teóricos - gestão organizacional, espaço local, arranjo institucional e dimensões de sustentabilidade. A partir da análise de experiências empíricas pelo prisma desses elementos, foi consolidado um modelo de gestão organizacional estratégica para o desenvolvimento sustentável, resumidamente chamado de SiGOS, cuja maior contribuição consiste em relacionar três importantes ações: a política, a técnica e a ética. A ação política incorpora a diversidade de interesses organizacionais no processo de tomada de decisão. A ação técnica possibilita o equacionamento de três vetores: eficiência de processos, eficácia de resultados e efetividade para os beneficiários. A ação ética está contida numa nova visão paradigmática - que aqui se privilegia - , e que explica a maior parte dos fenômenos observados, permitindo soluções para os problemas que a maioria das pessoas quer resolver; ou seja, tem como objetivo um desenvolvimento socialmente mais justo, ambientalmente prudente e, ainda, economicamente eficiente.

Using Strategic Risk Management: To Maximize the Benefit–Cost Ratio of Community Water Projects

Infrastructure projects in rural communities usually cost more and benefit fewer people than similar projects in urban or large communities. Because they have relatively low ratios of benefits to costs, small‐scale investments in water and sanitation infrastructure are difficult to justify by standard benefit‐cost ratio criteria. Strategic risk management (SRM) enhances standard cost‐benefit analysis by including economic, social, and environmental benefits and subtracting the value of volunteer labor from costs. When the life‐cycle benefits of small projects are factored in, their benefit‐cost ratio increases, as does their appeal as public investments. SRM was applied to a program in Virginia (Self‐Help Virginia [SHV]) that helps residents of small rural communities secure funding and implement solutions for local development problems. Since its establishment in 1998, SHV has helped small and low‐ to moderate‐income communities build water and sanitation infrastructure, spending just $3.1 million on projects conventionally estimated to cost $8.8 million. Program funds pay for the hardware required, and the community provides labor and other resources needed to complete the project, gaining skills, experience, and other benefits in the process. SRM is a perfect match for SHV programs because the risk‐based approach includes both these overlooked benefits as well as the hidden costs of risk avoidance when an infrastructure problem goes unresolved. For state‐level decision‐makers, the enhanced cost‐benefit analysis provided by SRM makes small‐scale projects more competitive and easier to justify. Utility managers can use SRM analysis to better evaluate competing projects and effectively leverage their investments.

Nongovernmental Organizations as Intermediaries for Decentralization in Bolivia

During the implementation of the 1994 Law of Popular Participation (LPP) nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) assumed a new role as intermediaries between the government and the Bolivian population. The law, at the heart of a decentralization program, transferred 20% of the national budget to municipalities, established participatory planning, and mandated oversight by grass-roots territorial organizations. In some cases, NGOs with long-term commitments to an area have served as effective planning agents, successfully assisting a relatively democratic process of decentralization, and using their project-writing expertise to find matching grants to leverage revenue-sharing funds. Perhaps most important, some NGOs have educated residents of small municipalities about their rights to participate in local planning and budgeting. At the same time, rivalries between NGOs, NGO control of planning, and the failure to establish a permanent presence in a municipality have limited NGO effectiveness. Despite these shortcomings, NGOs have the potential to help prevent local elite cooption of the LPP and the corruption found throughout the country as small municipalities develop the technical capacity to direct local development. Examination of the Bolivian experience offers lessons both on the opportunities and on the limitations of NGOs as partners with governments that seek efficient and more equitable solutions to problems of local development. This assessment is particularly important as multilateral donors and institutions have consistently used Bolivia over the past fifteen years to experiment with new policy models which they later apply elsewhere in the developing world.

The changing role of NGOs in rural Chile after democracy

The article examines how NGOs in rural Chile operated during the dictatorship and how their role changed after the return of democracy. An NGO (OPDECH) in Southern Chile is used as a case study. During the Pinochet regime, NGOs maintained a critical distance from the government by creating a niche for opposition researchers and activists. They provided a possibility of economic survival for professionals whilst working on alternative proposals to address the socio-economic needs of the poor majority. External funding from international agencies provided much needed resources but created as well a culture of reliance and a clientelistic middle class of professionals. The NGO in Southern Chile became a nucleus of resistance and expertise on regional development by safekeeping democratic tradition and providing a range of solutions to local development problems. After the restoration of democratic government many professionals joined the government. NGOs exchanged their altruism for a more pragmatic, opportunistic and, in some cases, more efficient role as executors of government programmes. The case study in Southern Chile illustrates this trajectory well. After municipal elections a collaborative role with local government was sought by OPDECH that aimed to implement local initiatives as well as advise local and regional governments on environmental and developmental issues. Given the NGOs historical commitment to grassroots development, it remains to be seen what role they can play in supporting local government while forging a new role for themselves in a democratic context.

The Changing Role of NGOs in Rural Chile After Democracy

Abstract — The article examines how NGOs in rural Chile operated during the dictatorship and how their role changed after the return of democracy. An NGO (OPDECH) in Southern Chile is used as a case study. During the Pinochet regime, NGOs maintained a critical distance from the government by creating a niche for opposition researchers and activists. They provided a possibility of economic survival for professionals whilst working on alternative proposals to address the socio‐economic needs of the poor majority. External funding from international agencies provided much needed resources but created as well a culture of reliance and a clientelistic middle class of professionals. The NGO in Southern Chile became a nucleus of resistance and expertise on regional development by safekeeping democratic tradition and providing a range of solutions to local development problems. After the restoration of democratic government many professionals joined the government. NGOs exchanged their altruism for a more pragmatic, opportunistic and, in some cases, more efficient role as executors of government programmes. The case study in Southern Chile illustrates this trajectory well. After municipal elections a collaborative role with local government was sought by OPDECH that aimed to implement local initiatives as well as advise local and regional governments on environmental and developmental issues. Given the NGOs historical commitment to grassroots development, it remains to be seen what role they can play in supporting local government while forging a new role for themselves in a democratic context.

Urbanization policy: Lessons from South America for South Africa?

South African cities are currently moving through a critical period in the history of their development. Rates of growth over the last few years have been unprecedented and many of the factors which shape urban development (legislation, institutional structures, government spending patterns and so on) are currently undergoing significant transformation. Factors such as these have given rise to a concern that South African cities may face collapse if emerging problems are not addressed, and there has been intensified interest in the arena of urban policy. A significant feature of many of these current policy initiatives is that they look to other parts of the world (and frequently to South American countries) for “lessons” in solving the problems of urban settlement. This paper examines the feasibility of adopting policy models from elsewhere io address local development problems, and focuses specifically on the question of a national urban settlement strategy for South Africa. The paper concludes that a high degree of local specificity exists, and the simplistic adoption of foreign policy models can have a negative impact on attempts here to meet growing urban needs.

Legislators in an Indian State: A Study of Role Images and the Pattern of Constituency Linkages

This study is based on interviews conducted in 1970-1971 with 130 of the 184 members of the legislative assembly in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The members reported that voters most often expected them to deal with problems of local development, which was the issue most often stressed by members in their election campaigns. Most members reported that they devoted a considerable amount of time to this goal, particularly by working with the local rural panchayati raj institutions. Members stressed the importance of personal popularity, and not just party strength, in winning elections, and sought to maintain this primarily by personal contact with constituents. Members of the Congress Party sought to deal with constituent grievances primarily by contacting administrative officials, while opposition party members were more likely to raise issues in the legislature. There are also differences in the roles assumed by members in the assembly, derived from their status as members of the governing party or the opposition.