Problem Of Import Substitution Research Articles

Ecological study of corn hybrids in the steppe zone of the Lower Volga

In connection with the actualization of the problem of import substitution for the production of seeds and corn cultivation in the Volga region, a comprehensive assessment of domestic hybrids is of interest. The study included 19 maize hybrids (FAO 150-499) bred by various scientific institutions of Russia, which were assessed according to the following characteristics: the length of the sprout-flowering interphase periods of panicles and ears, plant height, ear attachment height, grain yield, number of grains per ear, crude protein and crude fat content. When calculating the parameters mathematically, the hybrid was taken into account as factor A, and the year as factor B. There was a significant difference in the duration of interphase periods (factor A), and the difference in factor B was not established. The hybrids Raduga, Mashuk 350 MV, Krasnodar 377 MV, Ladozhsky 410 MV, Mashuk 480 SV are distinguished by a relatively long stem and high attachment of the ear. Different origins of hybrids and germplasm determined the reaction of genotypes to the experimental conditions, which was reflected in their significant differences in generative traits for factors A, B and genotype - environment AB interaction. The experiment revealed a significant difference in the indicators of the biochemical composition of grain (factors A, B, AB) in the content of fat, ash, and fiber. In terms of the content of protein, nitrogen-free extractive substances, differences were revealed only between varieties, while the factor of the year (B) and the interaction "genotype - environment" (AB) turned out to be insignificant.

Nutritional Value of Introduced Cherry Varieties in Conditions of Foothill Fruit Zone of Dagestan

Introduction. Given the increasing requirements of consumers for the quality of fruits, and food enterprises for processed raw materials, the search for varieties of garden crops with a rich supply of food substances in fruits remains an urgent problem. Cherries ( Prunus avium L .) are one of the most popular fruit plants in many countries of the world. Purpose of the article is to assess the nutritional value of the fruits of 12 introduced varieties of cherries grown in the agroecological conditions of the foothill fruit zone of Dagestan is given in order to identify among them varieties that differ in their greatest ability to accumulate soluble dry substances, sugars, tar acids and vitamin C. Materials and methods . The composition and content of these food substances in cherries were studied by conventional analysis methods. The identified differences in the biochemical composition of the studied fruits, depending mainly on the variety, made it possible to assess their nutritional value and functional orientation. The varieties Valery Chkalov, Hebros, Lambert Compact and Merton Bigarro were distinguished by a high concentration of soluble dry substances (14.5-15.2%). Results and conclusion. The best saccharinity (11.82-12.81%) was determined in varieties - Merton Bigarro, Sofiiska Hrushalka, Lambert Compact and Hebros. Hudson, Kosmicheskaya and Hebros varieties distinguished themselves with a good ability to synthesize titrated acids (0.85-0.90%). In the varieties Lambert Compact, Sofiiska Hrushalka, Hudson and Hebros, significant mass concentrations of vitamin C (8.38-8.84 mg%) were determined. The fruits of all studied varieties of cherries can be considered food of functional orientation, since their consumption in the amount of 250 g satisfies the daily human need for vitamin C by 16.5 (Kosmicheskaya variety) - 22.1% (Hebros variety). Among the cherry varieties studied, among the most promising, distinguished by the best ability to accumulate natural nutrients, are Hudson, Lambert Compact, Sofiiska Hrushalka and Hebros. They can be recommended for further successful use in production and selection work in order to optimize the industrial variety of cherries and solve the problem of import substitution of providing the country's population with high-quality fruits.

Стратегические приоритеты обеспечения технологической независимости при реализации энергетических проектов в Арктике

In the recent past, the open market policy of Russian economy encouraged a close cooperation between domestic and foreign companies. As a result, some Russian companies became technologically dependant on foreign technologies. As the foreign policy situation grew more and more complicated, the Russian oil and gas complex had to face the problem of import substitution. The technological support of the Russian Arctic energy complex has become one of the most relevant state issues as Russia strives to overcome the economic and technological sanctions imposed by the US and the European Union.

Problems of import substitution at enterprises of the military-industrial complex

The article explores the problem of economic security of Russia in the conditions of the sanctions policy of the leading world states related to the implementation of the import substitution policy using the example of the electronic industry. In these political conditions, as soon as possible, with the participation of the head executors of the state defense order, lists of products to be primarily replaced were developed, and the government began to actively allocate budget funds for the development of similar products at the facilities of the Russian military-industrial complex. This direction of development is being implemented today in the import substitution program. Effective planning of import substitution measures is impossible without a comprehensive assessment of the dependence of defense products on the use of foreign components in it. Therefore, the article proposes a consolidated coefficient (indicator) of the level of import dependence of items of electronic equipment from the electronic component base of foreign production used in them. In addition, the principles of industrial development of the United States and China are outlined.

Problems of import substitution in the modern Russian economy

Problems of import substitution in the modern Russian economy

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ САНКЦИИ И ПРОБЛЕМА ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the sanctions imposed against Russia over the past decade and the problem of import substitution as a tool to increase the economic security of the state. After the announcement of the RF recognition of the independence of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics (DPR and LPR) on February 22, 2022, and the subsequent special military operation of Russia to denazify and demilitarize Ukraine, a new stage of international relations began, associated with the introduction of an unprecedented scale (and constantly replenishing) sanctions on Russia by the United States, the European Union and some other states. The largest trade sanctions in history were imposed - a ban on the export of high-tech components and parts to the Russian Federation, as well as services and support related to this activity. Many trade agreements were annulled, and Russian banks were disconnected from the SWIFT interbank payment system. The foreign property and assets of many Russians have been seized. Flights are prohibited in the airspace of the European Union, Great Britain, Canada and other countries. The supply of Russian oil to America and Great Britain is limited, all foreign investments in the Russian economy under their jurisdiction are blocked. Foreign assets of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are frozen. There are bans and restrictions in the field of broadcasting Russian media, social networks in the country. There is a break in diplomatic ties with a number of states. Many foreign companies have suspended their activities in the Russian market. Analysts predict the following main risks for Russian business: logistics crisis; restructuring trade routes; difficulties in meeting financial obligations and using financial instruments (leasing, factoring, etc.); limitation of the supply area; reduction in investment; reduced availability of loans; restriction of currency settlements; reputational costs, etc. In this regard, import substitution is one of the main directions of the strategy for developing the Russian economy and ensuring its security.

ИНКЛЮЗИВНЫЙ РОСТ В ЭКОНОМИКЕ ЗАМКНУТОГО ЦИКЛА

Russia’s economic relations with the outside world have undergone significant changes in recent years. The expansion of the scope of sanctions against Russia by many countries - traditional economic partners leads to the need to organize the functioning of the domestic economy in the “circular economy” mode. In this regard, the task of adapting economic theory, socio-economic policy, and economic practice to the new conditions of development arises. This article analyzes the possibilities and prerequisites for maintaining positive economic growth rates and improving its quality due to the inclusive nature of growth. Such development, to one degree or another, should cover all regions, industries, and national economic complexes. The problems of import substitution are considered in the article as part of the general problem of resource substitution and resource replenishment. The need to develop a resource balance at all economic levels is emphasized in connection with these problems. In the conditions of a closed cycle, special attention should be paid to the potential for replacing physical capital with human capital, which requires a significant revision of the subject and goals of social policy, including the goals and tools of personnel management at enterprises. The role of top-level specialists (“craftsmen”), who can solve production problems in a sharp reduction in the import of facilities, supplies, and critical technologies, is noted. The transition to a circular economy as one of the short-term phases of economic functioning carried out in compliance with the developed in the article recommendations can weaken the negative impact of the socio-economic disparities and contribute to inclusive (nonfocal) economic growth. This phase can, under certain conditions, become a period of consolidation of the domestic economy and society.

ПРОЦЕССЫ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ В УПРАВЛЕНИИ УСТОЙЧИВЫМ РАЗВИТИЕМ

Import substitution today is both a goal and a tool for the development of the national economy in the context of sanctions policy and global instability. The relevance of managing import substitution processes to ensure the sustainable development of the Russian Federation is beyond doubt; however, the issues of accounting for regional differentiation in terms of financial, economic, scientific, technical and production potentials, as well as indicators of sustainable development in managing import substitution processes are not well developed. The paper attempts to close this gap: the problems of import substitution are considered in the context of creating management mechanisms aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the regions. The paper proposes the author's concept of import substitution, analyzes its causes and goals; considers the relationship between import substitution strategies and sustainable development; substantiates the need to take into account regional specifics and analyzes the impact of import substitution on the goals of sustainable development. The elements of the mechanism and stages of a differentiated approach to the management of import substitution at the regional level are proposed, the problems of implementing import substitution strategies and the directions for their solution are considered.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ

The purpose of the article is to determine the theoretical principles of integration when solving the tasks of agricultural engineering enterprises of Ukraine. It has been proven that domestic science has formed a conceptual vision of a fundamentally new course of modernization transformations in Ukraine and specific mechanisms for their implementation in the conditions of the development of the industrial and agrarian economy of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the imperfection of enterprise management technologies has a negative impact on the development of domestic agricultural engineering enterprises. The local cooperation of producers of products similar in purpose is being updated, which should be aimed at solving the problems of ensuring production, improving the sale of products, and solving the national problem of import substitution. Using the method of induction and comparison, it is recommended to find and create new forms of interaction between manufacturers, taking into account positions and advantages. The expediency of implementing practical methods of convergence and cosolidation is substantiated. Methodological aspects of the organization of consolidated marketing, integration of participants in the "supply-production-sales" chain, theoretical and practical foundations of the formation of integrated structures aimed at reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of sales activities are proposed. The logical incompleteness of forming a holistic view of directions and forms of business cooperation in order to ensure convergence in the domestic market of agricultural machinery production dictates the need for further research in this direction.

Prospects and priorities for the reconstruction and development of lithium mining production on the basis of domestic raw materials

The prospects of lithium as a component of new energy are considered. Provides data on the resources of lithium mineral raw materials. Variants of the reconstruction of lithium production facilities in Russia from domestic raw materials are evaluated in order to solve the problem of import substitution. Attention is focused on the choice of objects of priority industrial development and the need to create modern technologies for processing lithium raw materials. It is shown that the restored Zabaikalsk mining and processing plant can be a reliable source of lithium when using new technological solutions for extracting lithium and associated useful components from primary ores and waste of spodumene ores.

МОДЕРНИЗАЦИЯ КОЛЕСНО-МОТОРНЫХ БЛОКОВ ТЕПЛОВОЗОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ

The paper considers problems of import substitution of parts for wheels and motors units for freight and shunting diesel locomotives with 1050 and 1250 mm wheels and it also considers a task of modernization of technically outdated assemblies. In result of the analysis the authors revealed that it is necessary to: 1) develop a new assembly of motor support bearings with the use of domestic parts; 2) create a new design of an electric traction motor suspension for the substitution of a spring suspension that has wearable parts; 3) organize a search for solutions for perspective diesel locomotives that are intended to operate on the Eastern polygon. For diesel locomotives with 1050 mm wheels the authors propose designs of a frame support traction drive equipped with flat rubber-metal elements and a traction drive with rigid support of an electric traction motor on wheel centres by the use of domestic bearings. Instead of the spring suspension the authors recommend to use suspensions with flat rubber elements and spherical rubber-metal mounting, which will provide interoperability of bogies with modified and unmodified electric traction motors. For perspective diesel locomotives with 1250 mm wheels the authors propose designs of two-axle bogies equipped with high-torque commutator motors and a traction drive with a frame support suspension of a traction motor and an axial gearbox.

ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНАЯ МАШИНА «КАСКАД 65Т» ДЛЯ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ В МЕЛИОРАЦИИ

The Russian Federation has been actively establishing import substitution processes since 2014. First of all, this situation is caused by the number of sanctions measures and restrictions applied to the Russian Federation. The essence of import substitution is to replace foreign goods and components by developing domestic production, which is especially important in agriculture, in which about 75% of components and 42% of equipment are imported from abroad. As for the sprinkler equipment fleet, 40% of foreign machines account for it, while the remaining 60% of domestic sprinkler installations are outdated, are operated for a period many times exceeding the standard use and more than 80% of them have 100% wear. The currently available domestic production facilities are not able to meet the existing need to replace existing worn-out sprinkler machines, due to outdated production technology that does not meet the modern needs of agriculture, while imported sprinkler machines have significantly increased in price, and a number of them are no longer available for the Russian market. In this regard, the purpose of the article was to analyze the state of the park of sprinkler equipment in Russia and the Saratov region and substantiate the need to develop the production of modern sprinkler machines of domestic production. To achieve this goal and solve the problem of import substitution in land reclamation, a modern sprinkler machine "Cascade 65T", developed by the staff of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N. I. Vavilov, is proposed, and its main technical characteristics are presented.

НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ РОССИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ

The article analyzes the limitations of scientific and technological development in Russia, arising under the sanctions pressure of Western countries. Particular attention is focused on the challenges that are created by the introduced technological restrictions in the research and development, scientific and technical cooperation, access to sources of scientific information, which create obstacles both for solving the problems of import substitution and for developing science at a competitive level. In this regard, the need for technological mobilization in Russia and the development of an appropriate scientific and technological policy are substantiated. A system of measures has been proposed to counteract sanctions pressure and build a further vector of development in the scientific and technological sphere and link it with the development of the real sector of the economy.

IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN THE INDUSTRY OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Import substitution in the industry of water supply and sanitation (WSS) in the context of the current economic crisis is a rather attractive operation. The problem of import substitution in the water supply and sanitation industry is complex being characterized by features such as production conditions, the availability of scientific and technical developments, the intensity of relations with foreign colleagues. Many WSS sector participants focus on implementing measures to reduce their dependence on foreign suppliers and shifting to products of domestic manufacturers within the framework of import substitution. The overall goal of this paper is to assess the feasibility of import substitution in the sector of water supply and sanitation in Russia. In addition, the article offers a choice of equipment in the field of water treatment, which can be produced in Russia in order to create products that are competitive on the world market. This article provides a review and analysis of the nomenclature of the main and auxiliary equipment for the water supply sector. The article offers an overview of patents for useful models in the field of water treatment which are feasible to produce in the domestic industrial market, however, they are currently imported from abroad. The review investigates the extent of import substitution demanded by the industry of water supply and sanitation in Russia. It also describes types of water treatment equipment to be produced in Russia. The structure of the paper is as follows: - the history of the development of water supply and sanitation industry; - the analysis of the current status of water supply and sanitation industry of Russia and review of basic technological equipment for natural water treatment plants and for wastewater treatment; - the review of utility model patents in the field of water treatment; - the conclusion.

Cucumber breeding lines are a prospective material for creating new varieties for open ground in southern Russia

The varieties and hybrids of cucumbers cultivated in the Astrakhan region are insufficiently productive and are largely affected by a number of diseases. The introduction of innovative developments into production, in particular, new varieties and hybrids of domestic selection, largely solves the problem of import substitution and food security. The goal is to use promising breeding lines and their offspring as genetic sources and donors when creating new varieties and hybrids for open field conditions in southern Russia.Methods. Experiments were carried out in the fields of Precaspian agrarian federal scientific center of the Russian academy of sciences, according to the methods used in the Astrakhan region. Within three years, 47 collection samples were tested.Results. The article presents the results of studying the 12 most promising ones, distinguished by a complex of valuable economic traits, in particular by yield, amicability of fruit setting, which are of interest for further breeding work. According to the results of the data obtained, we can say that the best were the lines: 13-88RZ, 13-101RZ, Gherkins, KRASTAVAC, Courage, Zina, they can be used to create new varieties and hybrids of cucumber as donors of a predominantly female type of flowering, harmonious yield.

The creation of contemporary gene banks as a fundamental task for solving the import substitution problem

ISHS VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference on Biotechnology as an Instrument for Plant Biodiversity Conservation (Physiological, Biochemical, Embryological, Genetic and Legal Aspects) The creation of contemporary gene banks as a fundamental task for solving the import substitution problem

EVALUATION OF THE SIMULATION RESULTS OF VARIOUS ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEMS OF A MINING ENTERPRISE

For the mining industry, the key problem is to ensure maximum energy efficiency at each technological stage of mining production, therefore this article is devoted to assessing the results of modeling two different electric drive systems of the main fan unit of the mine from the point of view of ensuring the energy efficiency of the most energy-intensive unit equipment. In 2017, the main fan units were replaced at one of the mines for the extraction of diamond-bearing raw materials. The main reason for the replacement was the depletion of their resource, as well as an increase in the resistance of the mine network, which required an increase in the depression created by the fan. Comparison of the actual operating parameters of the existing electric drive system and the newly installed one can give an idea of the real scale and directions of development of technologies in the field of electric drive. Collection, processing, analysis and comparison of real data on two fans and electric drive systems of domestic and foreign production can contribute to the disclosure and solution of the problems of import substitution of such equipment. To analyze energy efficiency, methods were applied that involve the creation of mathematical models of two systems in the MatLab/Simulink software package, as well as a technical and economic comparison of the two options in terms of energy consumption. Based on the data obtained as a result of modeling for the TAF-36/21.5-1 and VOD-50 fans, graphical dependencies of static pressure, supply and power on the angular speed were built, and the annual electricity consumption was calculated for each option.

Smart greenhouse and plant growth control

Since the development of agriculture is an important problem for every state, huge funds are allocated to this industry. However, the problem of lack of fresh fruits/vegetables, that is, the problem of import substitution remains a pressing issue in many countries. The aim of the study was to inspect the growth of plants in a home-based mini-greenhouse, for which reason the following tasks were set: conduct a biological experiment; search for dependence of the influence of environmental conditions (microclimate) on growth. The paper highlights the problem of import substitution of vegetables in Kazakhstan, and suggests the best way to solve this issue. The proposed solution offers the development of mini-greenhouse that meets the criteria of price and quality. The developed system differs from other smart greenhouses, firstly, by its availability to a wide range of users (price criterion), and secondly, by ensuring agrotechnical, energy, and design requirements (quality criterion). These requirements are implemented through the use of promising technologies: phytomonitoring, intelligent technologies and open source software, the use of available construction materials and water saving technologies such as drip irrigation. The economic effect from the use of the proposed technology has amounted to 10,000 tenge, the payback period was 4 seasons.

Agricultural insurance: Vegetable production efficiency increase

Fresh and processed vegetables are included in our diet every day. Due to vegetables the human body receives the bulk of the vitamins and minerals necessary for life. Considering the special role of the vegetable growing industry in population provision with the necessary fortified products, topical issues of the industry efficiency and investment attractiveness increase are of strategic importance for the country food security and for import substitution problem solution for fresh vegetable products. The development of domestic vegetable growing is under close scrutiny of state authorities at both the federal and regional levels. Significant development funds are allocated annually by the budgets of various levels. The current support measures include compensation for the part of the interest rate on loans (soft loans), reimbursement of capital construction costs, agricultural-technological work, soil fertility increase, etc. Thanks to these support measures, vegetable growing in Russia has become highly effective and it contributes to import substitution. At the same time, the allocated funds and agricultural production must be financially protected from uncontrolled natural anomalies. Agricultural insurance is a reliable way to protect the property interests of an agricultural producer from the impact of natural disasters. The study examined the Russian and foreign experience of agricultural insurance. Much attention is paid to the application of the statistical research method. Taking into account the problematics of the research topic and its poor study, this work makes a great contribution to the scientific literature. The need for agricultural insurance is referred to the main result of the study, and is recommended in planning the activities of agricultural production

The Main Directions of Milk Production and its Processing Products Volume Increasing in the Russian Federation

The article presents the current state of milk production in the Russian Federation (RF). The reasons for its decline are identified. In a difficult economic situation, an important role policy of import substitution. The problems of import substitution become even more urgent in connection with the Western sanctions imposed against Russia in connection with the events in Ukraine. In this regard, there has been a decline in food imports from abroad and an increase in the growth rate of food production, oriented to the domestic market. The authors make a valid conclusion that an economically literate policy of import substitution in the agro-industrial complex and other sectors of the economy can become a catalyst for overcoming the technical gap, reviving the investment climate, and increasing its own production of food in necessary quantities in accordance with medical norms of consumption. The main directions of milk production volume increase and its processing products in the Russian Federation are presented. Each direction is considered separately and recommendations for its improvement are given. A new approach of commercial loan allocation for entrepreneurs engaged in milk production and its processing products is proposed.