Credit Problems Research Articles

Contingency, contiguity, and causality in conditioning: Applying information theory and Weber's Law to the assignment of credit problem.

Contingency is a critical concept for theories of associative learning and the assignment of credit problem in reinforcement learning. Measuring and manipulating it has, however, been problematic. The information-theoretic definition of contingency-normalized mutual information-makes it a readily computed property of the relation between reinforcing events, the stimuli that predict them and the responses that produce them. When necessary, the dynamic range of the required temporal representation divided by the Weber fraction gives a psychologically realistic plug-in estimates of the entropies. There is no measurable prospective contingency between a peck and reinforcement when pigeons peck on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. There is, however, a perfect retrospective contingency between reinforcement and the immediately preceding peck. Degrading the retrospective contingency by gratis reinforcement reveals a critical value (.25), below which performance declines rapidly. Contingency is time scale invariant, whereas the perception of proximate causality depends-we assume-on there being a short, fixed psychologically negligible critical interval between cause and effect. Increasing the interval between a response and reinforcement that it triggers degrades the retrograde contingency, leading to a decline in performance that restores it to at or above its critical value. Thus, there is no critical interval in the retrospective effect of reinforcement. We conclude with a short review of the broad explanatory scope of information-theoretic contingencies when regarded as causal variables in conditioning. We suggest that the computation of contingencies may supplant the computation of the sum of all future rewards in models of reinforcement learning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Transaction credit in the unstructured crowd transaction network

PurposeCurrent models of transaction credit in the e-commerce network face many problems, such as the one-sided measurement, low accuracy and insufficient anti-aggression solutions. This paper aims to address these problems by studying the transaction credit problem in the crowd transaction network.Design/methodology/approachThis study divides the transaction credit into two parts, direct transaction credit and recommended transaction credit, and it proposes a model based on the crowd transaction network. The direct transaction credit comprehensively includes various factors influencing the transaction credit, including transaction evaluation, transaction time, transaction status, transaction amount and transaction times. The recommendation transaction credit introduces two types of recommendation nodes and constructs the recommendation credibility for each type. This paper also proposes a “buyer + circle of friends” method to store and update the transaction credit data.FindingsThe simulation results show that this model is superior with high accuracy and anti-aggression.Originality/valueThe direct transaction credit improves the accuracy of the transaction credit data. The recommendation transaction credit strengthens the anti-aggression of the transaction credit data. In addition, the “buyer + circle of friends” method fully uses the computing of the storage ability of the internet, and it also solves the failure problem of using a single node.

Ayn Rand's Credit Problem

Abstract In this article, the author diagnoses the cause of Rand's problematic position on intellectual property. He argues that Rand treats credit as a very thick concept. Rand sees crediting a person with inventing something as granting that person a right to the money embodied in the invention, its sale, and the profits related to licensing reproduction. The author shows that this thick notion of credit leads Rand to make several questionable claims in her arguments for intellectual property rights.

A little skin in the game: Reducing moral hazard in joint liability lending through a mandatory collateral requirement

While joint liability group lending has been shown to resolve information problems in rural credit markets, the mutual insurance against default provided by such contracts is subject to moral hazard, resulting in the well-known free-riding problem. As with standard insurance, one solution to this problem is the imposition of a deductible, which under a joint liability contract amounts to an individual collateral requirement. Conceptually, such a hybrid contract should reduce morally hazardous behavior but have an ambiguous impact on credit market participation, as the collateral requirement would simultaneously crowd in and ration out different types of borrowers. In order to empirically test these effects, we employ a framed field experiment with credit group members in Tanzania. Our results show that the imposition of a modest (20%) individual collateral requirement in a joint liability group significantly increases effort supplied to the loan-financed project by 5% while reducing credit market participation by 7 percentage points. This amounts to an overall reduction in loan defaults of approximately 20%. Although we conceptually would expect the effect of the individual collateral requirement to vary by risk aversion and social connectedness, we find no such heterogeneous impacts in the data.

Propensity toward indebtedness: evidence from Malaysia

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a model for studying the propensity towards indebtedness in Malaysia using behavioural factors.Design/methodology/approachA self-administered questionnaire was distributed among Malaysians who work in Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur. The questionnaire contained several demographic variables and four behavioural factors: financial literacy, risk perception, materialism and emotions. A total of 201 completed questionnaires were received and the data were tested using structural equation modelling with partial least squares.FindingsThis study found that emotion and materialism are statistically significant for a propensity towards indebtedness, while financial literacy and risk perceptions are insignificant for a propensity towards indebtedness.Originality/valueThe results of this study would be useful in helping design better models for credit offerings and addressing credit problems in the long run.

Co-Branding Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Brand Image

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Credit Problems and Profitability. The methodology of this research was carried out in a period of five years, for ten banks, in the framework of the research design used was historical data, for non-random samples using historical data, the design of this study used pooled design. This study uses a descriptive and verification approach with hypothesis testing methods and data analysis techniques using panel data regression. The findings of this study are Credit Problems affecting Profitability. The difference is determined in the independent variables, objects and research methods, population and research samples, research period, measurement tools and research results, as well as sources of theory and foreign journals and foreign books and research results.

Financial Strain, Suicidal Thoughts, and Suicidal Behavior Among US Military Personnel in the National Guard.

Background: Although financial strain is an identified risk factor for suicide among US military personnel, research is limited regarding the specific dimensions of financial strain that confer the greatest risk. Aims: The present study examined the associations among multiple indicators of financial strain, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts in a sample of US National Guard personnel, a high-risk subgroup of the US military. Method: National Guard personnel from Utah and Idaho (n = 997) completed an anonymous online self-report survey. Weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to test hypothesized associations. Results: Lifetime history of suicide ideation was significantly more common among participants reporting recent income decrease, credit problems, and difficulty making ends meet, even when adjusting for other covariates. Lifetime history of suicide attempt was significantly associated with recent foreclosure or loan default, credit problems, and difficulty making ends meet, but only in univariate analyses. Recent credit problems were the only financial strain indicator that significantly predicted a history of suicide attempt among participants with a history of suicide ideation. Limitations: The present study includes self-report methodology and cross-sectional design. Conclusion: Although multiple indicators of financial strain are associated with increased risk for suicidal thinking among National Guard military personnel, credit problems had the strongest association with suicide attempts.

Проблемы кредитно-финансовой политики периода нэпа в Марийской автономной области

Проблемы кредитно-финансовой политики периода нэпа в Марийской автономной области

The implications of Truworths Limited v Minister of Trade and Industry 2018 (3) SA 558 (WCC) for access to credit by historically disadvantaged and low-income consumers

ABSTRACT The problem of safe and affordable credit for low-income consumers has remained a conundrum for policy makers. More pointedly, sustainable participation of historically disadvantaged and low-income consumers in the mainstream credit market has proved to be problematic in South Africa. Despite the introduction of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 ("NCA") numerous South Africans are still trapped in debt. To alleviate this problem the NCA was amended by the National Credit Amendment Act 19 of 2014 ("NCAA") to promote responsible lending and borrowing. Nonetheless, certain regulations that were promulgated under the NCAA were challenged in Truworths v Minister of Trade and Industry 2018 (3) 558 (WCC) ("Truworths") on the basis that they discriminated against the informally employed and financially excluded since they require consumers to provide bank statements, pay slips or financial statements as proof of income. This article presents a reflective appraisal of Truworths in the light of its support for access to credit by those on the peripheries of South Africa's credit market. Although the authors applaud the decision in Truworths as having the potential to open up the credit market to the financially excluded, they also raise concerns about whether striking down regulations that encourage consumers to open bank accounts is the optimal approach to promoting financial inclusion in South Africa. Keywords: National Credit Act; Financial inclusion; Over-indebtedness; Historically disadvantaged individuals; Low-income consumers; Affordability assessment regulations; Reckless lending

Supplemental Material for Contingency, Contiguity, and Causality in Conditioning: Applying Information Theory and Weber’s Law to the Assignment of Credit Problem

Supplemental Material for Contingency, Contiguity, and Causality in Conditioning: Applying Information Theory and Weber’s Law to the Assignment of Credit Problem

Using What Students Have at Their Fingertips: Utilising Mobile Phones for Circular Writing

The integration of mobile phones into language teaching is at its infancy due to lack of uniform empirical support and limited studies focusing solely on vocabulary and pronunciation teaching. Arguing that writing should be merited further attention, we targeted a group of 26 English majoring students at a large-size public university in the northeast of Turkey to investigate their attitudes towards mobile phone-integrated language practice in the form of collaborative circular writing outside the school borders and collaborative whole class conferencing in the classroom with a seven-week case study. We gathered the qualitative data via an open-ended questionnaire, and a focus group interview showed that the participants enjoyed the activity as it enabled them to learn new words and structures, enhanced their writing by bringing them a sense of audience and showing them the importance of cohesion and coherence, and helped them know each other better despite the inherent technical problems such as limited storage capacity, credit problems, and group work requirements. It can be concluded that mobile phone can enrich traditional board, pen and pencil language instruction with its interactive nature and the chance to reach information anytime and anywhere if the teacher plans the process carefully and sheds light on the nature and objectives of this integration beforehand.

Performance Evaluation of Machine Learning Approaches for Credit Scoring

In today’s world, assessing financial credit risk is of immense importance in both accounting and finance areas. Financial institutions need to keep the credit default risk to an acceptable level so that higher profitability can be achieved. Recently, with the fast development of modern data science, many machine learning methods have been applied to make accurate predictions based on the information extracted from diverse data sources. The present study aims to apply data mining techniques in acquiring evidence used to judge which classifier performs better in assessing credit scoring for a proposed model. The two datasets employed in the analysis of this paper are the “Give Me Some Credit” dataset and the “PPDai” dataset. Eight classification methods are adopted in the paper including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGboost) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). Three indicators (Accuracy, AUC and Logistic loss) are used to analyze the performance of each classifier. The final experiment results indicate that the XGBoost classifier has a better performance in predictive analytics compared with the other seven models. The study results will also provide practical values for financial institutions in choosing the appropriate classifier so as to make correct judgements when they are faced with credit problems in real situations.

Application of Blockchain Technology in Online Education

Blockchain is a data structure of data blocks arranged in chronological order. It is featured by decentralization, trustworthiness, data sharing, security, etc. It has been widely used in digital currency, smart contract, credit encryption and other fields. With the development of the Internet technology, online education, a novel education mode, has been greatly popularized. However, this education mode still faces many problems in course credibility, credit and certificate certification, stu-dent privacy, and course sharing. Through literature review and case analysis, this paper discusses the basic technical principles and application features of blockchain technology, and proposes a solution to the problems of online educa-tion based on blockchain technology. The blockchain technology can store learn-ing records in a trusted, distributed manner, provide credible digital certificates, realize learning resource sharing with smart contract, and protect intellectual property through data encryption. The research shows that the integration of blockchain technology is a promising trend in the development of online educa-tion.

Outcome Measures Non-Performing Loans on BPR Sejahtera Klaten of Central Java

If there are non-performing loans carried out by the debtor, then the bank can take action to overcome the problem loans. In the course of installments in the event of a month (double / substandard), the Bank's officer will make a collection to return smoothly, but in reality the debtor is difficult, to meet with the Bank. Factors that cause the BPR Sejahtera Klaten. Selecting non-litigation pathways in resolving problem loans. Because it saves time, costs, outputs that can be Achieved, approaches with good faith, the ability to pay customers are considered. In taking out credit guarantees, the bad creditors can not enforce coercion Because It is an illegal act. Therefore the problem of bad credit requires a wise solution where the parties do not feel disadvantaged.Keywords: Non-Performing Loans; Wise Settlement.

Study of Open and Sealed Auctions in Astra Credit Companies Using Batna and Zopa

Decision made by the finance companies in solving the bad credit problems is through the withdrawal of vehicles that have been financed, then sell them through the auction system. Truck withdrawal unit is the one with the highest auction frequency. The higher the auction frequency, the lower the vehicle’s minimum price will become or the price will drop. The purposes of this study are to determine the best alternative to be carried out by Astra Credit Companies when analyzed using BATNA in open ascending and sealed highest bid auctions, and to know the price range and condition class of the auction unit that allows for an agreement to take place when analyzed using ZOPA. Based on the type, this is a descriptive qualitative research involving longitudinal observations. The data was collected through interviews with the representatives of Astra Credit Companies and the bidders, observations of the auction processes, and analyses of the auction result’s documentations study. The results reveal that open auction generates higher sales than the sealed one, but the biggest margin between the minimum price and the selling price takes place in the sealed auction. The amount of the minimum price depends on the condition class and the frequency of the auction events of each unit. The suggestion that can be implemented based on the research results for the companies is that they should provide information on an ongoing basis for the prospective bidders or partnering dealers to increase their participations. The maximum payment is results from the sales of ISUZU NKR71HD WOODEN TRUCK (sealed auction) and NKR71 HDDUMPTRK (open auction).

The Alternative Model Settlement of Credit Problems in Banking Agencies

Currently , the bank had a very important and very strategic role in various fields, as mandated by Law No. 7 on 1992 as amended and added into Law No. 10 on 1998 concerning banking where the bank has the main function of collecting and channeling the funds back to the community. Currently , the community cannot be separated from the banking world because it is no longer a public secret that banking services are very helpful towards the economic activities, especially entrepreneurs who want to expand their business. The research method used to answer the problems in this research is to use the normative legal research approach which is also called theoretical legal research or dogmatic legal research because it does not study the implementation of legal imperative. Data processing is done by several stages, namely data selection, data classification, and data systematics. Furthermore, the data is processed and analyzed qualitatively. The results of research and discussion show that legal certainty made by the government as an effort to protect the banks and debtors while the efforts that can be taken in settlement of troubled banks can be made by reconditioning, restructuring, and rescheduling . Besides the existence of 3R as one of the problems solving loan models, there are also models of problem-solving loans such as selling collateral underhand or takeover. Keywords: Model Alternative Settlement, Credit, Problematic, Banking.

Pengaruh Likuiditas Dan Kualitas Aset terhadap Profitabilitas pada Bank Umum Nasional (Studi pada Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2010-2014)

This study exmines the factors that affect the profitability of the national commercial banks. This study used data 32 commercial banks that go pulic in Indoesia Stock Exchange period 2010-2014. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method. This study used multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS 20. Independent variable of this study is Liquidity (LDR) and Asset Quality (NPL).The results of the study explain that Liquidity is a positive effects on Profitability. Liquidity be a measure of the success a bank to obtain high profitability. The lower the LDR reflects the bank has not been able to optimize third-party funds (DPK), which will be distributed to customers as a credit. Asset Quality negatively affect Profitability. High-Quality assets in a bank means more credit problems experienced by banks and will result in losses in the bank.

An Empirical Study on the determinants of re-startup firm`s performance by the condition of credit problems

An Empirical Study on the determinants of re-startup firm`s performance by the condition of credit problems

THE EFFECTS OF CAPITAL, PROFITABILITY, LIQUIDITY UPON THE PREDICTION OF NATIONAL BANK FRAGILITY

An indication of banking crises within 2014 has been identified due to a slowing down of credit development, inappropriate resources, high cost of the funds and an increasing of NPL which have created a pressure on the banking profitability level which is a small value of net profit ratio upon the assets (ROA). Less profit has happened due to a decreasing of new credit distribution as well as an increasing of provision cost refers to credit problem (NPL). Banking sector is quite fragile, it is the result of banking network system either national or international. Early detection upon bank fragility can minize a jeopardy risk of banking sector systematically which is an improper intermediary function of banking. The research aims to discover whether a significant effect of capital, profitability and liquidity has happened upon the prediction of banking crises. Research method has applied associated descriptive and the analysis has applied logistics regression. Result of the research has identified that only probability variable has affected significantly the crises of banking, it is suggested that the banks should have to be more concerned about internal and external factors to improve bank profitability.

El licenciado Andrés Molina Enríquez y su influencia en la Constitución de 1917

Este artículo tiene como finalidad presentar al licenciado Andrés Molina Enríquez, un importante abogado del siglo XX y precursor de la Revolución mexicana. A través de un estudio social, económico, jurídico, crea su obra más importante: Los grandes problemas nacionales, que sirve de análisis crítico sobre los problemas de la propiedad, del crédito territorial, de la irrigación, de la población y de la política nacional. Gracias a su obra, y a su implicación en la lucha por la democracia, Andrés Molina Enríquez logra hacerse un lugar dentro del mundo de la política, y, sobretodo, alcanza hacerse oír. A tal grado que su influencia en la redacción del artículo 27 y 123 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1917 son más que evidentes.