Problems In Ukraine Research Articles

Some aspects of overcoming the transport crisis in Ukraine

The relevance of the topic is proved due to many factors that directly affect the development of the transport industry, in particular, air, rail and other types of transport in Ukraine. The importance of transport for ensuring the sustainable development of the country's economy is substantiated. Issues related to the development and solution of some transport problems in Ukraine are studied. Emphasis was placed on the need for constructive solutions to a number of economic, technical, environmental, personnel and labor protection issues. In order to solve a number of problems of the transport industry, examples of the implementation of technical tasks are considered and substantiated, which are quite simple in theory, but extremely important and complex when implementing them into the practice of enterprises. After all, they need regular updating of equipment, because as a result of the development of scientific and technological progress, more advanced, but expensive technologies are constantly appearing, which are not available to all transport enterprises and require compensation from the state. Among the many economic problems that occur in the activities of aviation industry enterprises, the special importance of large taxes was identified. Conclusions were drawn about the need for an optimal combination of state regulation and a healthy competitive market. Some aspects of ensuring the functioning of the transport industry and scientifically sound future ways of its development are considered. The main aspects of ensuring the work of the transport industry of Ukraine are scientifically substantiated, which are based on a systematic approach, the implementation of which will allow adapting to changes caused by the influence of the external environment. The necessity of a highly developed transport system as a necessary factor for ensuring integration into the European and world economy is proved.

ЛEКСИКА НА ПОЗНАЧЕННЯ РЕЛІГІЙНИХ ПОНЯТЬ В РОМАНІ «РАЙ» В. БАРКИ

Письменник-емігрант В. Барка підтверджує, що в роки, в які він жив і працював, не було змоги через культурно-релігійні, суспільно-політичні причини писати твори з християнською проблематикою в Україні, а лише за кордоном. Роман “Рай” В. Барки насичений релігійними номінаціями, які в статті диференційовано на різні лексико-семантичні підгрупи та проаналізовано. З’ясовано, що автор обстежуваного твору неодноразово ілюструє демонологічну лексику, вживає її на позначення злої сили та збагачує твір релігійними синонімійними та антонімійними номенами.

ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ENERGY INSTALLATIONS FOR ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION OF RECIRCULATING NUTRIENT SOLUTION IN SYSTEMS OF CROPS AUTOMATIC HYDROPONIC IRRIGATION IN PROTECTED GROUND

Decisive for solving food security problems in Ukraine while preserving and restoring the ecology of the environment should be an intensive method of management, i.e. the orientation of economic entities of their own activities on the innovative type of development, active use of scientific and technical developments and implementation of modern agricultural innovations. In its turn, the qualitative and quantitative indicators of crop production of protected soil depend on the technical condition of technological equipment.
 The purpose of the work is research and analysis of existing power plants for ultraviolet disinfection of recirculating nutrient solution in systems of automatic hydroponic irrigation of crops in a protected soil, as well as elucidation of the impact of filtration and disinfection of nutrient solution on the presence of microorganisms when reusing plants in systems. The paper investigates the ways to improve the operation of power plants for ultraviolet disinfection of recirculating nutrient solution in the cultivation of crop products of protected soil. It provides the value of the required radiation dose for 90% disinfection of the recirculation solution from various bacteria, viruses and fungal spores and the dependence of bactericidal efficiency on the wavelength of light. Ultraviolet rays with a length from 200 to 280 nm (UV-C range) have the most pronounced bactericidal effect. Research in this area has shown that the optimal wavelength for irradiation is 253.7 nm. As a result of such irradiation, microorganisms die or lose their ability to reproduce. It has been proven that the classical layout scheme of power plants for ultraviolet disinfection of the recirculation solution is inefficient, because it does not rid the recirculation solution of turbidity and the presence of iron and does not guarantee high efficiency of the ultraviolet disinfection plants. The paper describes the method of carbonate precipitation of metal ions, which is based on the formation of insoluble metal compounds as a result of treatment of an aqueous solution with carbonates or bicarbonates of alkali metals. Prospects for further research are the development of methods and tools to improve the operation of power plants for ultraviolet disinfection of recirculating nutrient solution in the cultivation of crop products of protected soil.

Economic Aspects of Final Energy Consumption in Ukraine: Prospects of Implementation of the Positive Experience of the European Union

The lack of a proper system for the use of energy resources is a nationwide problem in Ukraine. Payment for the consumed services for energy carriers mainly formed according to “consumption rates”, which can significantly ex-ceed the actually received amount of services and leads to an unjustified in-crease in the cost of energy resources. All this requires a search for new tools to stimulate energy intensity, effective accounting of the total volume of ener-gy consumption and the introduction of the best foreign experience in the field of energy saving in Ukraine. The analysis of energy consumption in the coun-try made it possible to identify the existing problems that subsist in the energy sphere today and provided an opportunity to propose ways to eliminate imbal-ances. The proposed methodology makes it possible to build models for estab-lishing the relationship between energy intensity and final energy consump-tion in Ukraine. Evaluation of foreign European experience makes it possible to implement the most necessary reforms and measures in domestic practice to improve the sphere of energy consumption.

The Soviet-Polish armed conflict of 1918 - 1921 in the context of the process of formation of the Versailles system. An example of the clash of different principles of the political and legal constitution of states in Recent history

In the article, the authors seek to answer the question of how the Versailles system influenced the development of the Soviet-Polish conflict as a factor that constituted the process of state-building in a number of western regions of the former Russian Empire. The authors conclude that the Versailles system not only did not solve the problem of dividing borders in Eastern Europe, but also intensified the confrontation between Poland and the RSFSR. One of the main problems – the problem of Ukraine’s statehood – has not been solved within the framework of the Versailles system, this was largely the result of France’s tough pro-Polish position. The authors show that within the western territories of the former Russian Empire, there was a clash of different doctrines of state-building in the conditions of Modern times, these doctrines reflected the nationalism of Eastern European peoples, the concept of a Marxist proletarian state and the concept of Western democracy exported from the United States and Great Britain.

РОЛЬ БІЗНЕСУ ЯК КАТАЛІЗАТОРА РОЗВИТКУ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА В ПРОЦЕСІ РЕІНТЕГРАЦІЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ, ВЕТЕРАНІВ ТА ЧЛЕНІВ ЇХ СІМЕЙ

The process of reintegration of servicemen, veterans and their family members is a special challenge in the conditions of a full-scale war in Ukraine. In the context of tasks of reintegration of military personnel, veterans and members of their families, the relevance of the development of social entrepreneurship is increasing. With the growth of social problems in Ukraine, new challenges arise for enterprises that work according to traditional business models aimed at maximizing revenues. In times of crisis there is a tendency to increase the number of market entities that implement social responsibility in their activities. Today, community residents, internally displaced persons, veterans and military families are ready to initiate business projects with social impact aimed at solving community problems. An effective model of such interaction is the establishment of social enterprises. The article defines the role of business as a stakeholder that accelerates the development of social entrepreneurship for the reintegration of military personnel, veterans and their family members. Еhe model of cooperation between business and social entrepreneurship as a reintegration tool is substantiated. One of the ways of effective development of social enterprises is establishing partnerships with traditional businesses. In modern conditions, market entities increasingly use socially responsible approaches in conducting business, paying special attention to corporate social responsibility and integration of the Sustainable Development Goals into business processes. In the search for partners, large companies will prefer reliable social enterprises to simultaneously improve their image and brand awareness. Therefore, cooperation between traditional business and social entrepreneurship could be seen as mutually beneficial partnership.

Psychological difficulties of orphaned teenagers

Nowadays one of the important problems in Ukraine is the increase in the number of orphans and children deprived of parental care, which is an indicator of the social, economic, and political situation in society. One of the causes of orphancy is the loss of parents because of hostilities. Psychological problems of orphaned teenagers are determined by the lack of parental attention and love, early deprivation. The underdevelopment of identification mechanisms, as a result of such deprivation, becomes the cause of emotional coldness, aggressiveness, hostility, increased vulnerability, a feeling of loneliness, and the manifestation of negative accentuations of the adolescent's character. Objective. The research deals with the theoretical analysis of the problem of orphanhood and the psychological difficulties of orphan adolescents in the scientific literature, an empirical study of the psychological difficulties of orphan adolescents. Methods. To solve the set objective, we used a set of methods, such as the theoretical method – the analysis of expert sources; the empirical method – the method of diagnosing the level of subjective feeling of loneliness by D. Russell and M. Ferguson; the method of determining the accentuations of character by K. Leonhard; statistical methods – quantitative and qualitative analysis of results and correlation analysis by K. Pearson. The research was conducted on the basis of Sviatoshyn Children's Boarding Home in Kyiv. Thirty orphan adolescents participated in the reaearch: 15 girls, 15 boys. The results of an empirical study of the psychological difficulties of orphaned teenagers showed that they are dominated by high (30%) and medium (45%) levels of loneliness, and only 25% of respondents have a low level; the pronounced types of character accentuations are excitable (16,7%), hyperthymic (13,3%), affective-exalted (13,3%), emotional (16,7%). The results of the correlation analysis showed that the higher the level of loneliness, the greater the level of manifestation of demonstrative, stuck, excitable, hyperthymic, anxious, affective, emotional types of character accentuations; the lower the level of loneliness, the greater the manifestation of the following character accentuations: pedantic, dysthymic, cycloid. We see the prospects for further research in the development and approval of the program for the correction of psychological difficulties of orphaned teenagers.

The Situation of Forced Migrants from Ukraine in Europe after Russian Military Aggression and the Problems of Ukraine’s Migration Policy in These New Conditions

The Situation of Forced Migrants from Ukraine in Europe after Russian Military Aggression and the Problems of Ukraine’s Migration Policy in These New Conditions

Економічні інструменти подолання екологічних проблем в Україні

The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for improving the economic instruments for overcoming ecological problems in Ukraine. A significant deterioration in the state of the environment in an unstable economic situation is emphasized. The significant aggravation of ecological and economic problems in the country during the wartime and the need to overcome them are underlined. The dynamics of changes in the state of the environment, in particular the volume of waste generation and disposal in Ukraine during 2016-2020, is examined. It is concluded that there is an unstable trend of changes in the volume of waste generated, which allowed to state the inconsistent and unsystematic ecological policy of the government recently. As a positive point, the tendency to reduction of the waste of I–III hazard classes is specified. The tendency to decrease the volume of recycled and burned waste and increase the amount of waste in specially designated places and facilities is determined, which can also be the cause of aggravation of ecological problems in the country. An analysis of the dynamics of capital investments and current costs for the protection and rational use of natural resources is carried out. It is concluded that at the state level in Ukraine the problem of greening production has not yet been resolved. It is emphasized that ecologically safe and resource-saving technologies, as well as waste processing and purification require additional financial investments. It is underlined that economic instruments for regulating the behavior of economic and ecological systems today require additional substantiation. The possibilities of more efficient use of methods of taxation, customs policy, lending, provision of subsidies and benefits, imposition of fines, etc. are considered. The need to introduce ecological management as an important direction to overcome ecological problems in the country is proved. In order to ensure the efficiency of the considered economic instruments, the need for an appropriate control system with performance control and compliance with standards is substantiated.

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The article is devoted to the issue of prosecution for corruption criminal offenses committed during the legal regime of martial law, as well as prevention of these offenses. The relevance of the problem, as well as the object and subject of the research are outlined. Various sources were used for the analysis, including legislative acts, scientific publications and reports. The article provides a rationale for the most important task of Ukrainian society in the conditions of a full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, namely, the preservation of statehood and territorial integrity, taking into account the challenges that came with the war, and is a serious problem of the stability and security of society, a threat to the stability of legal institutions, democratic values and the rule of law. Special attention is drawn to corruption, which to this day remains one of the most complex and still unsolved problems in Ukraine, and also, along with war, serves as a threat to the security stability of the state, the development of democracy and the preservation of ethical values. The rationale for the need to introduce the best international practices, standards and rules, which will allow strengthening the legal and regulatory regimes in the fight against corruption, as well as preserve the gains made by Ukraine in the prevention of corruption in peacetime, is presented. Further steps in the fight against corruption are proposed, which consist in realizing the need for a maximum revision of regulatory acts through the prism of the existing situation, and developing a basis for effective post-war legislation with the aim of not bringing corruption to a permanent level, but realizing its destructive effect. The article also considers ways of systematizing the current legislation regarding the approach to understanding corruption crimes and responsibility for them during the legal regime of martial law. In addition, the article reflects the dynamics of anti-corruption indicators in Ukraine in recent years and the development of state anti-corruption institutions.

The role of international cooperation in solving environmental problems in Ukraine as a result of the armed aggression of the Russia

The role of international cooperation in solving environmental problems in Ukraine as a result of the armed aggression of the Russia

Гендерний баланс в Україні: індикатори, проблеми та цифровий формат забезпечення

The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and practical principles of ensuring gender balance in the country as a prerequisite for gender equality. Gender equality is a state of equal access to resources and opportunities, regardless of gender, in particular equal participation in economic activity and decision-making, as well as a state of valuation of different aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender. Ensuring gender equality in all spheres of human activity is also regulated by Art. 24 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Ensuring Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men», ratified by the ILO Convention No. 100 on equal remuneration of men and women for work of equal value and the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU. The article explores the gender balance in domestic enterprises. The ratio of the average wages of women and men in the period 2016–2021 has the dynamics towards reducing the gender gap. In 2021, the gender gap in Ukrainian organizations amounted to 70.8%. In general, in the rankings for 2020, Ukraine ranks 60th out of 160 countries. The most problematic in achieving gender equality in wages are the following areas of activity: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, arts, sports and recreation, financial and insurance activities, postal and courier delivery. In Ukraine, as in other European countries, there are gender stereotypes of professions, due to the nature of work. More «male» are considered the sphere of construction, transport, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, as well as manufacturing industry. More «female» areas of activity include the sphere of health care and social assistance. An important indicator of gender discrimination is women’s participation in politics. As of the beginning of 2021, the number of women in the parliament was 20.8% (in 2020 – 12.8%). Women are often discriminated against in an interview with a potential employer. In particular, there are many advertisements in the media regarding hiring, which contain requirements regarding the age and gender of the employee. Sex screenings are especially often used when it comes to highly paid and prestigious positions. The pandemic has further exacerbated the problems of gender inequality in Ukraine. Almost 40% of women surveyed began to earn less income, and there was also a gap of 20% between the salaries of women and men in the same positions. An equally important role in establishing a gender-balanced approach in the country is knowledge. An important aspect of gender equality is women’s self-education and development. Another problem in Ukraine and in the world in general is to ensure gender balance in the culture of those organizations that, according to stereotypes, are suitable only for men, in particular, law enforcement agencies. Thus, it is determined that there are still manifestations of gender inequality in Ukraine. Obstacles to the gender approach arise not only because of the low level of awareness of gender issues or the lack of political will to implement policies, but also because of the very slow process of public policy development along with the political reality in Ukraine. Therefore, a rapid reform is the best opportunity to integrate the instruments of gender equality and gender approach. Among the main instruments should be tax incentives for maintaining a gender balance among staff, implementing gender quotas in the composition of staff of various categories, using digital reporting of enterprises, promoting the development of remote employment, etc.

МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ МЕРЕЖІ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ УКРАЇНИ: ДЕЯКІ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ АСПЕКТИ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the networks of higher education institutions (HEIs) in European countries based on their size, type, legal status, and levels of education, according to the data of the European Tertiary Education Register (ETER). This analysis is relevant in the context of discussions about the strategy for the development of higher education in Ukraine, including the restoration, optimization of the network, and consolidation of HEIs. The conducted analysis shows that over the past 32 years, the average size of Ukrainian HEIs has significantly decreased and now is smaller than their EU counterparts. This could have a substantial impact on budget allocation for higher education and the quality of education provided. Additionally, the findings reveal the wide diversity of European HEIs based on the studied features. The network includes institutions with tens and hundreds of thousands of students, with a significant proportion offering education at levels 5–8 or 6–8, as per ISCED–2011. However, some institutions operate only at one level. There is no clear influence of the type of HEI or its legal status on the size or level of education provided. In general, differences between institutions are typically statistical rather than deterministic. However, some European countries have legal restrictions regarding require­ments for different types of institutions. A relevant issue for Ukraine is the transition to European classifiers, which will definitely have to be done in order to correctly display the data of Ukrainian HEIs and the higher education system in ETER and European statistical databases, in particular in Eurostat. This is also necessary for a more reasonable solution of internal Ukrainian problems of the development of higher education. In particular, such as the positioning of the 5th level of education, the differentiation of legislative requirements and accreditation of educational programs according to the types of HEIs and programs, etc.

AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS TO IDENTIFY SIMPLE, ROBUST AND RELEVANT BIOMARKERS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR PTSD: STUDY RATIONALE, KEY ELEMENTS OF DESIGN AND A CONTEXT OF WAR IN UKRAINE

Introduction. The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is increasing due to war in Ukraine is of growing importance as this disorder is a serious risk factor for alcohol/drug abuse, depression, suicide and functional dysregulation of internal organs, in particular cardiovascular, endocrine, immune systems. PTSD can also lead to social inadaptation in family and at work. This makes PTSD a very important social problem in Ukraine that causes significant economic damage, since most of the PTSD patients are young and in working age.
 Objectives. The purpose of this paper is to describe the rationale, key elements of design, methodology and future prospects of the ongoing project “Exploratory study of health related physiological and biochemical parameters to identify simple, robust and relevant biomarkers for therapeutic interventions for PTSD patients”.
 Methods. Short time ECG records (5 minutes in supine position and 6 minutes in orthostatic test) recorded by “CARDIOLAB” (Kharkiv, Ukraine) digital ECG device with software to analyze HRV was used to calculate time-domain and frequency-domain parameters of HRV.
 Results. The pattern of HRV changes indicates suppression of parasympathetic activity, low overall spectral power and dominance of sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system in participants with PTSD.
 Conclusions. PTSD has no effective treatment so far and the best clinical practices rarely reach efficacy of 50%. The realization of the exploratory clinical study described in this paper will provide insights in the mechanisms underlying systemic consequences of PTSD and will build the evidence enabling clinical trial(s) for studying treatment intervention for patients with PTSD.

New traces of regulation of information platforms and a platform-based economy for the new public good

The paper offers the authors’ vision of a new problem for Ukraine, but not new for the Western and Eastern world – how to regulate some rising information platforms and the platform-based economy. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the current global practice of public regulation of information platforms and, based on this, to determine new trajectories of their regulation for the greater public good and renewal of public administration. The step-by-step logic of the presentation of further material in the article is as follows: 1) critical generalization of the essential effects of information platforms for the economy and public administration; 2) modern transformations in the essence of the platform economy; 3) an overview of the essence of the existing state regulation of platforms, which departs from the regulation of purely competition, and is more aimed at the regulation of socio-economic development, 4) clarify the state and supranational regulatory approaches to platforms and the directions of their changes now in the Western world. In general, the paper is a continuation of the ongoing broad expert and political debates about what, how and who to regulate in the new platform environment, the participants of which are or soon will be almost all people. The authors pay considerable attention to the overview of regulatory issues, practices and approaches, and in particular to the latest European laws on digital markets and digital services. Together, these two laws establish a new trend to regulate not only competition, but also very broad socio-economic processes in countries that have already encountered practical difficulties in social transformations and conflicts, and this process will definitely not be quick.

FACTORS THAT ENSURE AN ADEQUATE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS IN FEMALE STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article discusses the factors that ensure the appropriate level. It was determined that physical capacity is the maximum mechanical work that a person is able to perform. Assessment of a person's physical capacity is necessary for solving a wide range of practical problems: determining the state of health, the results of sports training, and others.
 It has been proven that physical performance depends on many factors: body composition and anthropometric indicators, muscle strength and endurance, the state of the musculoskeletal system, functional and endocrine systems. Factors such as energy potential, completeness of its use and cost-effectiveness of movements are also important. It has been established that work capacity is ensured by both aerobic and anaerobic processes of energy generation, and according to the preference of one of them, aerobic physical work capacity, anaerobic and mixed are distinguished.
 Despite the fact that the indicators of physical development of student youth show positive dynamics, the general state of health of modern youth is deteriorating, which negatively affects their physical and mental capacity. The most acute social problem in Ukraine is the deterioration of the health of children and youth. Negative factors that reduce the level of health are improper nutrition, hypokinesia, psycho-emotional overstrain, and bad habits.
 Effective means of improving not only physical, but also emotional health of a person include aqua fitness. Nowadays, there is no doubt about the possibility of a positive effect of physical exercises in water on the state of physical and mental health, improving the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and hormonal systems and developing the physical qualities of a person.

PERFORMANCE STUDY OF THE TEXT ANALYSIS MODULE IN THE PROPOSED MODEL OF AUTOMATIC SPEAKER’S SPEECH ANNOTATION

The global spread and use of remote and online learning systems at various educational levels puts forward a number of requirements for existing systems and needs for expansion of functionality. The current problem in Ukraine is the unstable operation of the energy infrastructure due to frequent hostile shelling, so it is problematic for residents of Ukraine to join online classes on time, to listen to lectures by lecturers and teachers completely, to take part in conferences and master classes in full. This determines the need to provide the opportunity of familiarization with educational materials at a convenient time in a form convenient for understanding and mastering. The lecture recording provides access to audio files that are intended for listening, but are not intended for printed reproduction. Therefore, the expansion of existing digital educational platforms with the possibility of forming an annotation (summary, abstract) of a lecture and presenting it in the form of text-and-graphic materials for further use by course students on paper media is an urgent task and can improve the quality assessment of a remote educational resource from the point of view of the content and methodological aspect. The aim of the study is to create a generalized hybrid model of automatic annotation of the speaker’s speech, which provides for the possibility of recognizing the speech, transforming the available data into text and, at the last stage, summarizing the given text, keeping only the important meaningful part of a lecture. The desired aim was achieved due to the creation of a generalized hybrid model of automatic annotation of input audio data, taking into account the effectiveness and features of existing methods of automatic text annotation obtained after converting speech into text. The uniqueness of this study is the use of marker words at the stage of text summarization, as well as the comparison of the efficiency of data processing at different stages of operation of this model when using different hardware. The results of computational experiments on graphics processing units with the Turing architecture showed that when the scope of input data increases by almost 30 times, the time also increases proportionally, but the use of a more powerful graphics processing unit NVIDIA Tesla T4 gives an speedup of more than 2.5 times compared to the graphics processing unit NVIDIA GeForce GTX GPU 1650 Mobile for both English and Ukrainian languages. For texts in the Ukrainian language, the text compression obtained (the ratio of the word count of the input text array to the word count in the resulting annotation) is 89.7%, for English – 94.15%. The proposed use of marker words showed an increase in the logical connection of input information internally, but obliges speakers to use predefined marker words to preserve the structure of the annotation formed.

ПОВОЄННЕ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ФРАГМЕНТАЦІЇ СВІТОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

Досліджено питання сучасного світового розвитку з огляду на російську воєнну агресію проти України. Охарактеризовано світові тенденції щодо фрагментації на противагу попереднім глобалізаційним тенденціям. Глобалізаційні процеси продовжують існувати у світі, але в умовах регіональних і покраїнових обмежень. Ще напередодні 2020-х років світова економічна думка дискутувала щодо перспектив розвитку в умовах так званої слоубалізації (повільної глобалізації). Активне використання режиму санкцій визначає окремі країни не лише як не сприятливі для економічної діяльності, а й як такі, що фактично виключені з процесу глобалізації. Відбуваються реальні зміни центрів економічної могутності. Нині дедалі активніше йдеться про теоретичну і практичну фрагментацію. Фактично у світі відбуваються процеси посилення економічної фрагментації, що виступає противагою традиційним глобалізаційним процесам. Фрагментація є одним з вагомих наслідків російської збройної агресії проти України і має перспективи призвести до поділу світу на геополітичні блоки із своїми власними технічними стандартами, резервними валютами і системами платежів. Визначено, що перспективи повоєнної відбудови України відбуватимуться в умовах фрагментації світової економіки і реалізовуватимуться за відповідними параметрами. Україна і надалі залежатиме від зовнішніх джерел фінансування і матеріальної допомоги. У цьому контексті вкрай актуальним є збереження зовнішніх пріоритетів розвитку країни, у першу чергу набуття повноцінного членства в Європейському Союзі. Важливо також усвідомити роль держави в економічному житті в умовах війни і в період післявоєнної відбудови. Крім того, беззаперечною повинна бути максимальна коректність у відносинах з іноземними партнерами, зокрема, у питаннях розрахунку потреб України у фінансуванні процесу відбудови з огляду на відмінності в ставленні до проблем корупції в Україні й країнах Заходу.

Determinants of the reproduction of Рrunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb. biotechnological methods

The purpose of the presented article is to establish the trophic and hormonal determinants of the ontogenesis of Prunus dulcis regenerants in vitro. One of the urgent problems in Ukraine is climate change, which reduces the level of achieving sustainable development and hinders humanity from both agroecological and food security. Such changes lead to the diversification of traditional agriculture. In Ukraine, almonds are a valuable, promising nut crop, thanks to which it is possible to diversify climate risks. Varieties of foreign selection with a long growing season and low winter hardiness are not suitable for our zone. Plants of four domestic varieties of almonds E5 Borozan, M41 Alex, Georgia, Louise (entered into the register in 2020) were involved in the study. One of the reliable methods for obtaining high-quality planting material, healthy from diseases, fast reproduction rates is microclonal reproduction. Therefore, modern nurseries switch to the production of planting material using biotechnological methods. Preparatory measures of mother plants of explant donors and decontamination increase the efficiency of work at the first stage of microclonal propagation. Primary explants are planted on media with a twice-reduced content of nutrients and a high content of cytokinins and gibberellins. Its success also depends on the selection of components, the pH of the nutrient medium (trophic determinants), and the interaction of exo-genous and endogenous hormones (hormonal determination.) The main trophic determinants are synthetic carbohydrates and mineral components added to artificial nutrient media. According to the Skoog-Miller rule, at the stage of multiplication, cytokinins predominate in the nutrient medium, and for root formation, their content decreases and the content of auxins decreases. Both auxins and cytokinins are added in high concentrations to stimulate callus formation. A systematic study of the features of the determinants of microclonal reproduction of almonds is relevant for the creation of MCR technologies. The lack or unavailability of one of the elements affects the plant object. Key words: microclonal reproduction, almonds in vitro, power elements, synthetic phytohormones.

Religion and law: a vector of interrelationship in modern conditions

The article analyzes the specifics of the relationship between religion and law in modern conditions. The nature of the influence of globalization/glocalization transformations on the phenomena of religion and law is revealed, and the current vector of their interrelationship, the guarantee and provision of the realization of religious rights and freedoms, is established. The peculiarities of the relationship between the norms of international, European and national law and their role in ensuring and protecting religious rights and freedoms are clarified. It has been established that the recognition of democracy as a key form of organization of modern societies contributes to the implementation of effective legal tools for guarantees, ensuring the implementation and protection of religious rights and freedoms, and restoring the value of the religious-legal connection. In this context, problematic issues were considered: defining the limits of religious rights and freedoms; resolution of religious rights conflicts; restoring the value of religious rights and freedoms; correlations of individual and collective religious rights and freedoms; guarantees and provision of religious rights and freedoms of minorities; correlations of national and international law of religious rights and freedoms; restoring the value of religious rights and freedoms.
 Organizational, normative, procedural and other obstacles that prevent the solution of these problems in Ukraine are identified: a) external (full-scale war with the Russian Federation); b) internal (insufficient institutional capacity of executive authorities; low level of effectiveness of judicial branch reform; high level of corruption; politicization of the legal space and the preference of political expediency and populist slogans over the rule of law and the rule of law; conflicts of legislation, etc. It has been established that overcoming these obstacles and solving the outlined problematic issues at different levels of the legal field (international, European, nationwide (Ukrainian)) will determine the establishment of inter-church dialogue and dialogue between the state and the church, which would be based on the principles of tolerance, mutual respect, understanding, observance of freedom of conscience and the right to choose, which will contribute to the democratic progress of Ukraine and its entry into the European family of nations with equal and full rights.