Interpersonal Relationship Problems Research Articles

MISINTERPRETATION OF EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH DISSOCIATIVE SEIZURES: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE

ObjectiveResearch has shown that individuals with Dissociative Seizures (DS) disproportionately allocate attention to angry faces. Behavioural avoidance of such stimuli has also been reported. Previous studies have included emotional faces...

Psychological health state of neurology nurses and the intervention study

Objective To investigate the main source of stress, psychological health and intervention methods of neurology nurses so as to provide reference for improving psychological health state of nurses. Methods A total of 40 nurses in department of internal medicine in our hospital were investigated by job stressors questionnaire, symptom checklist(SCL-90 scale),and data were compared with the national norm;and to take measures before and after the intervention were compared and analyzed. Results Neurology nurses'work pressure source was as follows:the nursing profession and work problems, workload and time allocation, patient care issues, management and interpersonal relationship problems and environmental and resource problems; the SCL-90 scale of somatization, obsessive symptoms, anxiety, depression, factor the number of positive items and total scores were higher than the national norm(P< 0.05);after intervention measures of nurses factor score was significantly lower than before intervention, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusions Neurology nurses have some mental problem. We should pay attention to the adjustment of coping style and mental state, to take corresponding measures,eliminate the work pressure source,in order to improve the quality of nursing care. Key words: Neurology; Nurse; Psychological health; Intervention

Exploring the dynamic nature of "us": An integrative approach to relationship cognition.

Most psychiatric disorders are associated with problems in interpersonal relationships. This is not surprising because people's relationships with others are an influential and integral component of their lives. The cognitive representations of these relationships can be important in understanding these relationships, and both the attachment and relational schema approaches have helped to better understand the nature of these cognitions. The attachment approach is widely researched and established, but it struggles to fully assess the content of relationship knowledge. The relational schema approach provides a strong framework for assessing the content of relationship knowledge, but it does not currently have established measures for this content. In this article, the authors suggest that these two approaches may be particularly suited for integration, and they propose a comprehensive model of relationship cognition. Issues involving the measurement of relational knowledge and future research directions are discussed. Finally, the clinical utility of the proposed model is discussed.

Modulation of Beta-Band Activity in the Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Emotional Empathy in Treatment-Resistant Depression.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). TRD is associated with problems in interpersonal relationships, which might be linked to impaired empathy. Here, we investigate the influence of DBS in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) on empathy in patients with TRD and explore the pattern of oscillatory sgACC activity during performance of the multifaceted empathy test. We recorded local field potential activity directly from sgACC via DBS electrodes in patients. Based on previous behavioral findings, we expected disrupted empathy networks. Patients showed increased empathic involvement ratings toward negative stimuli as compared with healthy subjects that were significantly reduced after 6 months of DBS. Stimulus-related oscillatory activity pattern revealed a broad desynchronization in the beta (14-35 Hz) band that was significantly larger during patients' reported emotional empathy for negative stimuli than when patients reported to have no empathy. Beta desynchronization for empathic involvement correlated with self-reported severity of depression. Our results indicate a "negativity bias" in patients that can be reduced by DBS. Moreover, direct recordings show activation of the sgACC area during emotional processing and propose that changes in beta-band oscillatory activity in the sgACC might index empathic involvement of negative emotion in TRD.

English

The Office was analyzed to determine if television shows portrayed believable conflicts and resolutions in real life. One episode was analyzed, “Dinner Party,” and important interpersonal relationship problems were documented for evidence that correlated with the research previously founded. The episode was watched multiple times and patterns inside of the research were corresponded with what occurred in the show. Major aspects analyzed were what began the conflict, depression amongst relationships, and topics argued most amongst couples. It was determined that if these results matched up with the television show, then shows would be life- like to the audience. Key words: Interpersonal conflict, interpersonal relationship, couples dispute, dissatisfaction, depression.

Stressful life events preceding the onset of depression in Asian patients with major depressive disorder.

Previous studies have identified the significant role of stressful life events in the onset of depressive episodes. However, there is a paucity of cross-national studies on stressful life events that precede depression. We aimed to compare types of stressful life events associated with the onset of depressive episodes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in five Asian countries. A total of 507 outpatients with MDD were recruited in China (n = 114), South Korea (n = 101), Malaysia (n = 90), Thailand (n = 103) and Taiwan (n = 99). All patients were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the List of Threatening Experiences. The prevalence of each type of stressful life events was calculated and compared between each country. The type of stressful life event that preceded the onset of a depressive episode differed between patients in China and Taiwan and those in South Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Patients in China and Taiwan were less likely to report interpersonal relationship problems and occupational/financial problems than patients in South Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Understanding the nature and basis of culturally determined susceptibilities to specific stressful life events is critical for establishing a policy of depression prevention and providing effective counseling services for depressed patients.

Antidepressants and the adolescent brain.

Major unipolar depression is a significant global health problem, with the highest incident risk being during adolescence. A depressive illness during this period is associated with negative long-term consequences including suicide, additional psychiatric comorbidity, interpersonal relationship problems, poor educational performance and poor employment attainment well into adult life. Despite previous safety concerns, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) remain a key component of the treatment of moderate to severe depression episodes in adolescents. The impact of SSRIs on the developing adolescent brain, however, remains unclear. In this review we first consider what is currently known about the developing brain during adolescence and how these development processes may be affected by a depressive illness. We then review our understanding of the action of SSRIs, their effects on the brain and how these may differ between adults and adolescents. We conclude that there is currently little evidence to indicate that the human adolescent brain is at developmental risk from SSRIs. Furthermore, there is no clear-cut evidence to support the concerns of marked suicidal adverse side effects accruing in depressed adolescents being treated with SSRIs. Neither, however, is there irrefutable evidence to dismiss all such concerns. This makes SSRI prescribing a matter of medical judgement, ensuring the benefits outweigh the risks for the individual patients, as with so much in therapeutics. Overall, SSRIs show clinical benefits that we judge to outweigh the risks to neurodevelopment and are an important therapeutic choice in the treatment of moderate to severe adolescent depression.

Prevalence of Substance Use Disorder and Psychiatric Comorbidities

Prevalence of substance use disorder and psychiatric comorbidities Introduction The substance use disorder (SUD) is one of the most common disorders in adolescence. The lifetime prevalence is 3% to 32%. Alcohol and tobacco are the most used licit substance and cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance. Studies indicate that approximately 75% of patients with SUD have psychiatric comorbidities such as conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and affective d isorder. Adolescents with SUD and comorbid mental disorder have high risk for continuing problems in adulthood. The costs of treating SUD and a psychiatric comorbidity is twice as high when treated separately. Objective To find the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in adolescentes with SUD. Methods The diagnostic instrument Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School aged Children 6-18years (K-SADS-PL) was used to identify SUD and all psychiatry disorders in adolescents admitted to a clinic for SUD treatment. Results In a sample of 30 adolescents with SUD, 8 adolescents (26,6%) has ADHD comorbid and 14 (46,6%) has conduct cisorder comorbid. Four (13,3%) patients has affective disorder comorbid. Conclusion Early diagnosis of a psychiatry comorbidity can improve the treatment in adolescence and prevent further complications such as legal and medical problems, suicide, learning difficulties, school dropout, unemployment and interpersonal relationship problems.

Attachment in Adolescence and Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been conceptualized as a constellation of symptoms related to problems in self-functioning, emotion regulation, and interpersonal relationships. Its etiology has been connected to individuals’ early childhood environment, caregiving relationships, and traumatic life events. Recent literature has noted the potential presence of BPD beginning in adolescence, or even earlier in childhood. Attachment theory offers a lens for understanding the symptoms of borderline personality disorder and identifying potential aspects of treatment that may be specifically valuable for adolescent patients. Adolescence marks a time when the attachment system has increased relevance due to the importance of identity formation, peer relationships, body representations and the development of autonomy at this time, in the face of physical changes and academic challenges. This article will summarize research on attachment, body representations, personality disorders, and features of development in adolescence, in order to enhance clinical understanding of patients who presenting with these types of difficulties.

The Frequency of Co-occuring Disorders, Childhood Trauma and Selfesteem in the Parents of Substance Dependent Individuals

It has been demonstrated that childhood traumas are a risk factor for psychiatric disorders [1-3]. Studies have shown that childhood emotional and physical abuse, sexual abuse, substance abuse, and low self esteem contribute to sexual and interpersonal relationship problems [4-6]. Substance dependent people frequently show a history of significant childhood trauma [7-9]. There are also many epidemiological studies that show high rates of psychiatric disorders co-occuring with substance dependency disorders [10,11]. During the treatment of dependent individuals, our observations that families of dependent patients are more likely to have co-occuring psychiatric diagnosis and complaints about childhood traumas in family interviews is motivated us to make this study. Despite all the studies that show high rates of childhood traumas and co-occuring disorders, parents of substance dependent have not been well studied. We believe that this is a gap in the literature that should be remedied.

P.2.h.017 Are anxiety and depression differently associated with interpersonal relationship problems?

To document the use of aromasticks to facilitate sleep in a cancer centre in the UK. Sleep disturbance is a common problem amongst patients diagnosed with cancer. Essential oils may be inhaled by means of an aromastick (a personal inhaler device containing essential oils) as a means of improving sleep.A prospective audit of aromasticks given to help facilitate sleep. Sixty-five aromasticks were given out over a 13 week period. 94% of patients reported that they did use their aromastick to help them sleep and 92% reported that they would continue to do so. An improvement of at least one point on a Likert scale measuring sleep quality was shown by 64% of patients following the use of an aromastick. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) and sandalwood (Santalum austrocaladonicum); and frankincense (Boswellia carterii), mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) were the essential oils used in the two blends chosen by patients.

P.2.b.046 Childhood trauma and adult interpersonal relationship problems in patients with depression and anxiety disorder

P.2.b.046 Childhood trauma and adult interpersonal relationship problems in patients with depression and anxiety disorder

Childhood trauma and adult interpersonal relationship problems in patients with depression and anxiety disorders.

IntroductionAlthough a plethora of studies have delineated the relationship between childhood trauma and onset, symptom severity, and course of depression and anxiety disorders, there has been little evidence that childhood trauma may lead to interpersonal problems among adult patients with depression and anxiety disorders. Given the lack of prior research in this area, we aimed to investigate characteristics of interpersonal problems in adult patients who had suffered various types of abuse and neglect in childhood.MethodsA total of 325 outpatients diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorders completed questionnaires on socio-demographic variables, different forms of childhood trauma, and current interpersonal problems. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to measure five different forms of childhood trauma (emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect, and sexual abuse) and the short form of the Korean-Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scale (KIIP-SC) was used to assess current interpersonal problems. We dichotomized patients into two groups (abused and non-abused groups) based on CTQ score and investigated the relationship of five different types of childhood trauma and interpersonal problems in adult patients with depression and anxiety disorders using multiple regression analysis.ResultDifferent types of childhood abuse and neglect appeared to have a significant influence on distinct symptom dimensions such as depression, state-trait anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity. In the final regression model, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and sexual abuse during childhood were significantly associated with general interpersonal distress and several specific areas of interpersonal problems in adulthood. No association was found between childhood physical neglect and current general interpersonal distress.ConclusionChildhood emotional trauma has more influence on interpersonal problems in adult patients with depression and anxiety disorders than childhood physical trauma. A history of childhood physical abuse is related to dominant interpersonal patterns rather than submissive interpersonal patterns in adulthood. These findings provide preliminary evidence that childhood trauma might substantially contribute to interpersonal problems in adulthood.

Depression in a Pakistani woman.

Depression in a Pakistani woman.

La thérapie interpersonnelle de la recherche à la pratique

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) is a brief, structured psychotherapy initially intended to treat adult depression that was developed in the 1970s and manualized in 1984 by G. Klerman and his team. Two main theories served as a basis for its design: Bowlby's attachment theory and communication theory. Klerman theorized that tensions and problems in interpersonal relationships (i.e. disputes) cause psychological distress in vulnerable individuals that may lead to a major depressive episode. Clinical and epidemiological studies have shown that an insecure attachment style is strongly associated with lifetime depression. Severe depressive episodes have been correlated with avoidant attachment in women. IPT is based on the hypothesis that recent or ongoing disturbances in interpersonal relationships either trigger or follow the onset of mood disorder. In practice, IPT assists patients in analysing their interpersonal relationship modes, correlating their relational states with their mood and in learning to use better communication. Resolving difficulties in interpersonal relationships through the use of better communication skills promotes the improvement of depressive symptoms. Klerman identified four interpersonal areas that seem to be highly correlated with depressive episodes: grief (a close and important personal relation who has died), interpersonal disputes (conflicts with significant people such as a spouse or another close family member), role transition (significant life changes such as retirement, parenthood or chronic and invalidating illness) and interpersonal deficits (patients who have limited social contacts and few interpersonal relations). Classically, IPT is planned around 12-16 weekly sessions. During the initial sessions, the therapist will explore all existing interpersonal relations and any significant dysfunctions, both recent and ongoing. Following this interview, the area the patient considers as driving the current depressive episode will be designated as the focus of therapy. Evaluation of depressive symptoms by a quantitative measure (i.e. Visual Analogue Scale) and qualitative measures (activity, pleasure, quality of life) reoccurs at each session. During the intermediate sessions, therapy uses current situations and events in the designated area that particularly affect the patient's mood. Coping, communication and decision-making skills are gradually improved through a number of techniques. These include non-directive and directive exploration, clarification, encouragement of affect, and communication analysis. The therapeutic relationship is empathetic and encouraging of all progress the patient makes. The final phases close the therapy and help the patient to plan future actions and improvements. Several controlled clinical trials in adult populations have demonstrated the efficacy of IPT in treating Major Depressive Disorder (initial and recurrent episodes). It has been recommended as an appropriate treatment option in several guidelines. It can be provided in individual, couple or group formats. There remains an ongoing discussion of the efficacy of monthly maintenance sessions in recurrent depression. Since its conception, clinical trials have explored its use in specific populations such as adolescents and the elderly. IPT has also been the object of trial in other disorders such as post-partum depression, bipolar disorder, social phobia and eating disorders. This article reviews the basic principles and objectives of this therapeutic model. Theoretical concepts and results from research are also discussed. The approach is briefly described and the various therapeutic phases are discussed. Clinical trials have shown that IPT is effective in treating major depressive disorder in a wide variety of populations. Further trials are necessary to determine its efficacy in other psychiatric disorders.

Using Network Community Detection to Investigate the Psychopathy Levels of Subjects Condemned for Mafia Crimes

The main objective of this study is to understand what are the psychopathy levels of subjects condemned for Mafia crimes. To this end we will investigate a set of 30 subjects condemned for Mafia crimes and imprisoned in the “Pagliarelli” jail of Palermo (Italy). We will test their psychopathy level by using the PCL-R test. Additionally we will also investigate some other sociological feature of these subjects. This will allow us to characterize these criminals in terms of some psychiatric or sociological features. Such statistical characterization will be performed by using tools and methodologies of Statistical Physics and Network Theory. We believe that the importance of our study is twofold. On one side, from a clinical point of view, we provide a quantitative assessment of the psychopathy levels of subjects condemned for Mafia crimes. We will show that such criminals are not psychopathic, although they show Deviant and Antisocial behavior and have problematic Interpersonal relationships. On the other side, from a more methodological point of view, we will show how tools and methodologies of Statistical Physics and Network Theory can be usefully used to characterize real-world complex systems of sociological, clinical and biomedical nature.

Research Report: Experience of Food Insecurity and Its Effect on the Psychosocial Well-Being of School-Aged Children in Damot Gale Woreda, South Ethiopia

This study aimed to describe the psychosocial experience of children living in food insecure family. Among the 328 total population, one hundered (100) are involved in the study. These participants were only involved in the quantitative data gathering process. Additionally, 28 participants are involved in the semi-structured interview and focus group discussion. Mixed approaches (quantitative and qualitative methods) has employed in the study. Descriptive statistics like percentage, mean and standard deviation; and independent t – test used to analyze the quantitative data, whereas summarization and direct quoting used to analyze the qualitative data. Children in food insecure households have common problems like - aggressive behaviors, misconduct behaviors (i.e. cheating, stealing and disrespecting the elders), depression, feeling shame and poor interpersonal relationship. Additionally, children experience behaviors like - gambling, robbery, murder or homicide, school absenteeism, hot emotionality, inferiority, insomnia, stigma and discrimination. The older children (13 – 18) are more experience depressive behavioral and interpersonal relationship problems than the younger children (6-12) are. Maternal depression, parenting style (autocratic parenting style), parental carelessness to fulfill children’s basic needs, children’s current dressing styles, health conditions; tasks, duties and responsibilities that are beyond the children’s capacity are the basic reasons that push children to experience the psychological and social problems. Beside the physical consequences of food insecurity, it has great effect on the children’s psychological and social wellbeing. Working in poverty reduction rather than heavily relying on food aids, using inclusive methods of research, using inclusive psychosocial care and support strategies, establishing community and institution based care and support and expert based intervention on the children’s misconduct behaviors are suggested direction to overcome children’s problems.

Early experience, structural dissociation, and emotional dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: the role of insecure and disorganized attachment.

Persistent problems in emotional regulation and interpersonal relationships in borderline patients can be understood as developing from difficulties in early dyadic regulation with primary caregivers. Early attachment patterns are a relevant causal factor in the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).Links between attachment issues, early history of neglect, and traumatic experiences, and symptoms observed in patients with BPD as per the DSM-5 classification (American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Fifth ed.). Washington, D.C; (2013)) are described in this article, while delineating possible pathways from attachment disruptions to the specific symptomatology of these patients. The theory of structural dissociation of the personality (TSDP) provides an essential framework for understanding the processes that may lead from insecure early attachment to the development and maintenance of BPD symptoms.Dyadic parent–child interactions and subsequent modulation of emotion in the child and future adult are considered closely related, but other factors in the development of BPD, such as genetic predisposition and traumatic experiences, should also be considered in conceptualizing and organizing clinical approaches based on a view of BPD as a heterogeneous disorder.

Employee Turnover in a Local Government Department

This study explored employee turnover in a local government department in Limpopo Province, South Africa. A cross-sectional mixed method design (questionnaires, key informant interview, focus group and document analysis) was used to collect employee turnover data from a stratified sample of participants as well as key role players in the department under investigation. The results of the study show a high overall employee turnover rate and high turnover among younger employees, females and employees in specific job categories. Job dissatisfaction in the department is attributed to poor compensation and better job offers elsewhere, inferior working conditions, and a lack of promotional opportunities. Low job satisfaction is attributed to problematic interpersonal relationships and the autocratic management style of supervisors. The findings of the study provide evidence of the most pressing turnover problems that a government department in a less affluent geographic region experiences. The impact of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction on the productivity, efficiency and service delivery of a government department is highlighted. A number of human resource practices are recommended to manage employee retention in the department. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n2p141

A study on the correlation between the response characteristics of mother and child drawings by individuals in employment and their interpersonal relationship problems -with its focus on single males and females-

A study on the correlation between the response characteristics of mother and child drawings by individuals in employment and their interpersonal relationship problems -with its focus on single males and females-