Problems Of Animal Husbandry Research Articles

GWAS and post-GWAS functional study reveal regulatory mechanism of piglet diarrhea.

Piglet diarrhea poses a serious threat to piglet health and the livestock economy, and is one of the most pressing problems in animal husbandry. This study aims to investigate the genetic factors involved in piglet diarrhea and to identify key genes that regulate this condition. We screened 600 diarrheal piglets based on unique diarrhea scores for resequencing and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Through this process, we identified 308 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and annotated 151 candidate genes. Extensive functional validation and systematic analysis were performed on key candidate genes KSR1, SKAP1, SLC35F6, and OR12. The study found that the four key genes were involved in the regulation of piglet diarrhea through various mechanisms. OR12 affects the levels of ZO-1 and claudin-1. Changes in the expression levels of KSR1 could alter the expression of IL1-β, IL6, and TNF-α, as well as cell migration and proliferation. SKAP1 could affect the expression of CD3 and CD4, and influence the migration and proliferation ability of cells. SLC35F6 is involved in cell apoptosis through the Bcl2/BAX/caspase3 pathway and can also affect mitochondrial membrane potential. The results of this study provide strong support for breeding programs aimed at disease resistance and offer potential solutions to the problem of piglet diarrhea.

Ways to restore livestock logistics in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine

This topic is devoted to restoring the logistics of animal husbandry in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine after military conflicts. It highlights crucial aspects related to losses in the livestock sector due to the occupation, including the destruction of infrastructure, loss of livestock, and reduced production. Based on the analysis of the current situation, specific measures are proposed to restore logistics in this area. In particular, the article examines the possibilities of creating new and restoring existing livestock farms, introducing modern technologies in the field of animal husbandry, as well as state support in the form of financial assistance and training programs for local farmers. The importance of supporting export routes for producers of livestock products on the international market is substantiated. This article is essential for understanding the problems that arise from military operations and occupation, as well as highlighting ways to overcome these problems in animal husbandry in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine. The main task of this study is to determine ways to restore the logistics of animal husbandry in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine after military conflicts. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the current state was carried out, and the main problems preventing the recovery of this industry were identified. Livestock logistics plays a vital role in the development of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy. However, in de-occupied areas of the country, such as conflict zones or temporarily occupied territories, livestock logistics often become a complex problem. In this regard, it is essential to consider how to restore livestock logistics in such territories and determine possible strategies for overcoming these challenges. Restoring the logistics of animal husbandry in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine is a complex but essential task for stabilizing the economic and social development of the regions. Joint efforts of the state, local authorities, agricultural enterprises, and international partners are necessary to develop and implement effective strategies for the restoration of livestock logistics, which will contribute to the sustainable development of these territories. Keywords: logistics, animal husbandry, food security, de-occupied territories, technologies, recovery, resources.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial ac- tivity of the extracts of oregano and marsh cinquefoil against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

One of the most critical problems in animal husbandry and public health is antibiotic resistance, associated with the widespread use of antibiotic drugs. As a result, pathogenic microorganisms develop antibiotic resistance, which creates the need to either increase their dosage or replace them with other medications. Phytobiotics are a promising alternative to antibiotic drugs. Phytobiotics are active substances of medicinal plants that exhibit antimicrobial properties against pathogenic microorganisms. The primary sources of antimicrobial activity of phytobiotics are phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. The research aimed to study the antimicrobial activity of oregano (O) extracts and marsh cinquefoil (MC). Alcohol extracts (AE) were prepared from dry raw materials by water-alcohol extraction, and then alcohol-free extracts (AFE) were obtained using vacuum distillation. The content of polyphenolic compounds was studied in the obtained extracts, and the hole method against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica evaluated their antimicrobial properties. The results showed that in O AFE, the content of polyphenolic compounds was 1.487 mg/ml, in O AE 1.166 mg/ml, in MC AFE 1.349 mg/ml, and MC AE 1.074 mg/ml. All studied extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The most significant zones of suppression (1.86 cm) were formed around the wells with O AFE, which were significantly (P<0.01) larger than in the samples with O AE. About gram-negative cultures, zones of suppression were found only in alcoholic extracts, which is most likely a demonstration of the antibacterial activity of ethanol.

Penerapan Teknologi Mesin Pencacah Sampah dan Biodigester untuk Pembuatan Pupuk Organik dan Biogas

One of the most prominent natural resources in Congko Village is agricultural land of around 300.72 hectares, while the area of plantation land managed by the Bulu Mappalasae farmer group reaches 101 hectares consisting of 21 hectares of corn land, 63 hectares of cocoa/cocoa land, and 17 hectares of rice fields. The results of the plantation are unsatisfactory, namely for the cocoa plantation which is only able to produce 500kg/hectare/year. One of the obstacles to the lack of productivity of agricultural products is due to the lack of fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer obtained by farmers averages 600kg / hectare, while the fertilizer needed by farmers averages 1 ton / hectare or a total of 63 tons from a land area of 63 hectares. Apart from agricultural activities, there are also livestock activities owned by the community. With the livestock business, the community can make this a potential area. However, the problem in animal husbandry is that livestock waste/dung increases every day and pollutes the environment because it is not managed properly, but if livestock waste/dung can be managed properly, it can provide great benefits to the community such as biogas management from livestock manure which produces gas and organic fertilizer. The solution to the existing problems is to integrate farming and livestock to make organic fertilizer and apply the technology of making biogas from livestock manure. To implement the solution, an implementation method was prepared, namely conducting training and mentoring in making organic fertilizer and managing livestock manure into biogas and organic fertilizer using a bidiogester. From the results of processing waste into organic fertilizer, there are organic fertilizer products that are ready to be applied to agricultural land and produce 3 tons of organic fertilizer / month. And the results of managing livestock manure produce 540kg/month of biogas and 2.3 tons/month of organic fertilizer.

Effects of Bacillus pumilus on growth performance, serum indexes and muscle development-related gene expression of weanling Jintang black goat.

Antibiotic misuse has been a severe problem in animal husbandry. It is meaningful to replace antibiotics with Bacillus, as feed additives are indeed a research hotspot. Bacillus pumilus plays a certain role in promoting the growth performance and immunological indicators of animals. There are few reports about the function of goat-derived B. pumilus in animals until now. This study aimed to investigate the effects of B. pumilus fsznc-09 on growth performance and immune function of Jintang black goats. B. pumilus-treated group was fed with 1ml freeze-dried agent of B. pumilus fsznc-09 at a concentration of 109 cfu/ml every 2 days. The growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, the expressions of muscle development and metabolism related genes of Jintang black goats were measured after 30 days. The results showed that the average daily gain and average daily feed intake were significantly increased, and feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased. The activities of total superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, immunoglobulin G and interferon-γ in serum of goats were significantly increased. However, the activity of malondialdehyde in serum was significantly decreased. The diameters and areas in longissimus dorsi fibre and gluteus fibre of goats were significantly decreased, while the densities in gluteus fibre of goats were significantly increased. The expressions of FAS, LPL, PPAR-γ, CAT, MYOD1, MYOG, MYF5 and MyHCI in longissimus dorsi and gluteus of goats were significantly improved. The expressions of TGFβ1, SREBP-1, MyHCIIb and MyHCIIx in longissimus dorsi and gluteus of goats were significantly increased. The expressions of FN1 in longissimus dorsi and MyHCIIa in gluteus of goats were significantly decreased. In conclusion, B. pumilus fsznc-09 can effectively improve the growth performance, immunological indicators and the expressions of muscle development and metabolism related genes of Jintang black goat.

Seroprevalence of five diarrhea-related pathogens in bovine herds of scattered households in Inner Mongolia, China between 2019 and 2022.

Bovine diarrhea is a multi-factorial disease and remains one of the biggest health problems in animal husbandry. The endemic trends of the main pathogens responsible for bovine diarrhea in Inner Mongolia have not been analyzed systematically before. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bovine diarrhea pathogens found in the scattered households of Inner Mongolia in China. Additionally, we assessed for differences in the prevalence of infection based on age and region, as well as determined local prevalence rates and the rates of mixed infections. Using a two-stage random sampling strategy, 3,050 serum samples were collected from 72 bovine herds in 11 leagues and cities in Inner Mongolia, and the positive rates of BVDV, BRV, BCoV, K99, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) antibodies in the samples were detected by ELISA to determine the epidemic trends and epidemic differences of the five pathogens in Inner Mongolia. The positive rates of antibodies based on serum samples were: BVDV, 18.79% (95% CI [17.44-20.22]); BRV, 12.39% (95% CI [11.27-13.61]); BCoV, 12.82% (95% CI [11.68-14.05]); K99, 13.80% (95% CI [12.62-15.07]); and M. paratuberculosis, 10.79% (95% CI [9.74-11.94]). The prevalence rates of BRV, BCoV and K99 at 0-2 months were significantly different from that at 2-6 months, 6-18 months and adult cattle (P < 0.05). The prevalence of BVDV and M. paratuberculosis was the highest in adult cattle, which was significantly different from that in other age groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, obvious regional epidemiological differences among the five diseases were observed. There was a mixed infection of BRV+BCoV in each age stage, the highest mixed infection being BVDV+BRV+K99 at 0-2 months of age. Our results showed that the cattle of scattered households in the Inner Mongolia of China were endemicly infected with several important cattle pathogens. Most of the pathogens studied occurred between 0-2 months of age and were mixed infections, which greatly influences the health of the cattle and leads to economic loss. These findings are of practical significance for the future prevention and control of bovine diarrhea in the Inner Mongolia or other regions of China.

A Novel lncRNA SAAL Suppresses IAV Replication by Promoting Innate Responses.

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection has traditionally been a serious problem in animal husbandry and human public health security. Recently, many studies identified that long noncoding RNAs play an important role in the antiviral immune response after the infection of the influenza virus. However, there are still lots of IAV-related lncRNAs that have not been well-characterized. Using RNA sequencing analysis, we identified a lncRNA, named Serpina3i Activation Associated lncRNA (SAAL), which can be significantly upregulated in mice after IAV infection. In this study, we found that overexpression of SAAL inhibited the replication of A/WSN/33(WSN). SAAL upregulated Serpina3i with or without WSN infection. Overexpression of Serpina3i reduced influenza virus infection. Meanwhile, knockdown of Serpina3i enhanced the replication of WSN. Furthermore, knockdown of Serpina3i abolished the SAAL-mediated decrease in WSN infection. Overexpression of SAAL or Serpina3i positively regulated the transcription of interferon β (IFN-β) and several critical ISGs after WSN infection. In conclusion, we found that the novel lncRNA SAAL is a critical anti-influenza regulator by upregulating the mRNA level of Serpina3i.

Analysis of drugs for treatment of endometritis in cows

Obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows, including endometritis, are one of the main obstetric and gynecological problems in animal husbandry. To date, the incidence rate of cows with endometritis of various etiologies is quite high and amounts to 37.5%. The arsenal of drugs used in veterinary obstetrics, gynecology, andrology and reproductive technologies is constantly growing and expanding. In recent decades, new veterinary drugs have appeared on the drug market, which are used in clinical practice to regulate reproductive function and for therapeutic purposes in domestic and wild animals. When analyzing registered veterinary drugs against animal endometritis, it showed that most of them are domestic drugs (83%), and the rest are foreign (17%). Of all drugs, the group of antibacterial drugs accounts for 44.4%: 25% of which can be attributed to the group of macrolides; 25% of the group of quinolones and fluoroquinolones; 12.5% belongs to the group of cephalosporins; 12.5% belongs to the tetracycline group; 12.5% refers to the group of aminoglycosides in combinations; 6.25% belongs to the group of penicillins; 6.25% other antibacterial drugs. A less extensive group of drugs against endometritis are antiseptic - 22.2%. Of these, 37.5% are based on iodine. Antihypoxants and antioxidants, vitamins and vitaminlike substances account for 5.6% of the total number of medicines. 22.2% includes drugs of different pharmacological groups. When analyzing the dosage forms used in the treatment of endometritis in cows, the following results were obtained: the share of liquid dosage forms for intrauterine administration accounted for 44.5%, liquid dosage forms for parenteral use 30.6%, solid dosage forms accounted for 11.1%, soft dosage forms 13.8%. A large group of drugs for the treatment of endometritis are antibacterial drugs, the choice of which is quite justified.

Features of the functional state of the organism of sheep under stress

The stresses that arise during routine animal husbandry procedures, such as milking, shearing, weighing, loading and hoof care, are an actual problem in animal husbandry. The components of economic damage under stress are a decrease in overall resistance and productivity, deterioration in product quality, an increase in labor costs and funds per unit of production, an increase in animal morbidity and mortality. The studies were carried out on the basis of Belozernoe farm in the Salsky district, the Rostov region. A complex of clinical and laboratory studies was performed on 18 sheep (10 Romanov and 8 Tsigay breeds) aged 2 to 3 years, before and after a planned routine shearing. Stress in sheep caused by planned shearing was clinically manifested by general depression, in some cases, subfebrile fever, moderate tachypnea and tachycardia. It was shown that stress was accompanied by anemia, the development of erythropenia and leukopenia. Immunocompetent cells in the blood of experimental animals during stress development were analyzed. Severe lymphocytopenia was found to occur after a haircut. In addition, in the blood of experimental animals under stress, a tendency to a decrease in T-total cells was noted, which was accompanied by an increase in 0-cells, which was significant in sheep of the Tsigay breed (p0.05). When analyzing the main immunoregulatory T cells in sheep under stress, a significant increase in T-suppressors was revealed with a relatively stable level of T-helpers in the blood studied. Thus, a significant (p0.05) increase in the level of T-suppressors in sheep of Romanov and Tsigay breeds was recorded; it was by 1.15 and 1.19 times higher compared with the initial data. It should be noted that we did not find any significant differences between animals of Romanov and Tsigay breeds in stress development after shearing. The obtained data should be taken into account in the further search for methods of stress correction in sheep.

Production tests of the new drug "Dezon Vetklin" in relation to E.coli for preventive disinfection of livestock premises

Disinfection is the basis of the prevention of infectious diseases of animals - a complex of general organizational and economic and specific antiepizootic measures aimed at the destruction of vegetative and spore forms of pathogens common to humans and animals. The previously widely used classical disinfectants today do not meet the stringent requirements that are imposed on disinfectants. One of such requirements includes a wide range of antimicrobial action of the drug, its toxicological safety, good disinfecting ability regardless of the frequency and duration of use of the drug [6].High adaptation of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora to the active substances of the disinfectant is one of the problems in animal husbandry. One of the sanitary-indicative microorganisms is Escherichia coli, the presence of which in feed, water, on the surfaces of technological equipment and inventory indicates fecal contamination of objects.The purpose of the work is to test a new composite disinfectant "Dezon Vetklin" against E. coli in the production conditions of a breeding plant in the Leningrad region.According to the results of laboratory studies of flushes taken from the treated surfaces of the premises, the composite disinfectant "Dezon Vetklin" in a concentration of 0.2% and an exposure of 12 hours showed an antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, which indicates a high-quality preventive disinfection of the premises of the dispensary of the maternity ward of the breeding plant.To carry out preventive disinfection of livestock premises, it is recommended to use a modern disinfectant "Dezon Vetklin" in the above concentrations and exposures.

Positive effect of the probiotic "Vitacell" in combination with asparaginates Co, I, Se on the productivity of laying hens

One of the pressing problems of animal husbandry in the Amur region is the shortage of important trace elements in animal and bird feed. The purpose of our research is to scientifically substantiate the use of standard compound feeds enriched with Co, I and Se asparaginates, as well as with the enzymatic probiotic “Vitacell”. The paper proves the advantage of their joint use as a feed additive to the standard PK-1 compound feed. Such indicators as live weight, egg production and its intensity, and the effect of additives on the digestibility of organic substances have been studied.

Использование перевиваемых культур клеток ПТ-80 и КСТ для постановки реакции нейтрализации на обнаружение антител к вирусу вирусной диареи крупного рогатого скота

The flavivirus family (from Lat. flavus – yellow) represents a significant group of viruses circulating among vertebrates and insects, consists of three genera, one of which is the genus Pestivirus (classical swine fever virus, viral diarrhea (BVD) of cattle, borderline sheep disease, etc.). Viral diarrhea of cattle is a widespread infection in the world, and It is one of the most difficult economic problems in animal husbandry. The clinical picture of BVD is diverse: respiratory organ damage, fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, enteritis, immunosuppression, the virus passes through the placenta, which leads to the birth of persistently infected calves, abortions in cows at all stages of pregnancy are noted, fetal mummification, producing bulls can be virus carriers and secrete the virus with sperm. For serodiagnostics of viral diarrhea of cattle in laboratory practice, ELISA (enzyme immunoassay), RNGA (indirect hemagglutination reaction), PH (neutralization reaction) are used - the gold standard of diagnostics. The PH method is universal and makes it possible to detect the level of virus neutralizing antibodies for making a retrospective diagnosis, evaluating animals for virus transmission and confirming well-being. The PH method is unique and is the only correct one in assessing the effectiveness of vaccines, since only when it is used, the level of virus neutralizing (protective) antibodies protecting animals from direct infection is revealed. The aim of our research was to formulate a neutralization reaction to the detection of antibodies to the bovine viral diarrhea virus using transplanted cultures of PT-80 and KST cells.

The effectiveness of research in animal husbandry through the prism of publication activity

Recently, the effectiveness of research is largely determined by the indicators of publication activity. According to these indicators it is customary to evaluate individual scientists, research teams, research centers, educational institutions and even states. Various international scientometric systems are used for the analysis, among which Web of Science and Scopus are the liders. The Strategy of scientific and technological development of our country, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (dated December 1, 2016 No. 642), the priorities of the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation for the innovative development of the domestic market of products and services, the stable position of Russia in the foreign market are determined. The purpose of the work was to determine the effectiveness of research in animal husbandry through the prism of publication activity in the scientometric systems Web of Science and Scopus. As a result of the analysis the share of publications of Russian scientists in journals and publications included in the international scientometric systems Web of Science and Scopus including in animal husbandry has been determined. A significant lag in the publication activity of domestic scientists in the analyzed systems from colleagues of leading Western countries has been established. Among the total number of publications reflected on the Web of Science platform for 2010–2020, 857 468 pieces or three quarters of the total set of scientific articles, preprints and monographs in the world are devoted to the problems of animal husbandry, which indicates the importance of this branch of science for the world economy.

Isolation of yeast crops from different natural substrates with high target efficiency

Currently, one of the most pressing problems in animal husbandry is the lack of feed protein in the production of feed. One of the main directions of the modern food industry is the production of protein feed and feed additives for animal husbandry. Due to the lack of feed for animals and birds in animal husbandry, special attention is paid to microbial biomass as a source of protein. Microbial biomass production is considered the only way to eliminate protein deficiencies in animal diets. Enrichment of agricultural waste with microbial protein makes it possible to expand stocks of raw materials for the production of feed, as well as to solve environmental problems arising from the introduction of processing technologies. The aim of the study is to isolate highly active yeast cultures from various natural substrates and collection crops in order to obtain an effective fodder protein for animal husbandry. In the work, 6 yeast strains were used, including 3 yeast strains Rhodotorula glutinis var glutinis R12, Torulopsis kefyr var.kumis T-17, Candida inconspicua TD-6 from the laboratory of applied microbiology of KazNU named after Al-Farabi. Three yeast strains were isolated from dairy products and plant substrates. These strains hold promise for providing complete feed protein for farm animals. Key words: &nbsp;milk whey, microbial diversity, fodder protein, yeast, natural substrates.

Solution of environmental problems of livestock breeding through intensification of waste treatment processes

Intensification of anaerobic processing of animal waste has a significant effect in comparison with other methods, which is expressed in a significant reduction in the pollution of environmental objects (air, water and soil) with chemicals and pathogenic microflora. The paper shows the developed technology of anaerobic processing of animal products, which allows one, on the one hand, to solve the environmental problems of animal husbandry, and on the other hand, to produce biogas fuel. The design features of the experimental setup for research are considered. The main indicators of the initial and re-loading manure and the properties of the resulting biogas have been analyzed. It was concluded that a promising direction for increasing the yield of biogas, as well as methane in its composition, it is advisable to improve the design of the bioreactor, to increase the productivity of the bioreactor and reduce the HRT through the use of a leaching layer and immobilization of microorganisms. At the same time, preliminary grinding of the raw material allows one to obtain a relatively better result.

ФАКТОРЫ, МОДИФИЦИРУЮЩИЕ ПЕРЕХОД ТЯЖЁЛЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ В ЖИВОТНОВОДЧЕСКУЮ ПРОДУКЦИЮ

The presented analysis of the scientific and research literature on the issues of solving the problems of animal husbandry in technologically polluted territories was carried out in order to determine the main factors influencing the value of the transition of heavy metals from the diet to the body of cattle and sheep, and, thereby, on the sanitary and environmental quality of livestock products. It was concluded that the main factors of influence include the type of feeding diet, the concentration of heavy metals in the diet, the duration of entry of the studied toxicants with feed, the technology of keeping and feeding animals, the age of animals, as well as the accumulated level of heavy metals in the body. The importance of the feeding diet was noted as a factor that has the most significant effect on the intake of ecotoxicants into the body of farm animals. The relevance of solving the problem of the lifetime determination of the content of heavy metals in the organs and tissues of farm animals as a method for assessing and correcting the environmental safety of livestock products was emphasized. One of the most commonly used parameters used in optimizing methods of animal husbandry and production of environmentally safe products in conditions of man-made pollution of agrosphere - the coefficient of transfer of heavy metals from the diet to the body of cattle and sheep - is given as a function of factors of influence of external and internal environment. The necessity of detailed description of conditions of carrying out experimental works on evaluation of transition of heavy metals on trophic food chain in presentation of obtained results of such studies in order to increase correctness of further analysis and synthesis of obtained data is shown.

Financial support of the state for the development of animal husbandry in Kazakhstan

Annotation. Objective. The research is aimed at studying the current state of the animal husbandry industry, identifying the main problems in the animal husbandry industry and substantiating the priority areas used by the state to support agricultural producers. Methods. In the course of the research, analytical and economic-statistical methods; general scientific methods of system, comparative and structural-logical analysis were used. Results. The article presents the results of assessing the current situation in livestock farming in Kazakhstan, the dynamics of the number of livestock and poultry for 2015–2019, which affects the growth of gross livestock production, as well as the number of farm animals by region as of January – December 2019. The dynamics of the production of livestock products is analyzed as one of the priority areas for ensuring the country's food security, as well as the export, import and consumption of livestock products in the domestic market for 2015–2019. The main problems in the livestock industry are identified. The measures applied by the state to support agricultural producers through direct subsidies from local budgets are disclosed. The dynamics of subsidizing the development of livestock breeding and livestock products are presented, and the problems of the subsidy system are indicated. Identified the need to improve state support of the agroindustrial complex of Kazakhstan, the importance of state regulation of the agrarian sector of Kazakhstan to ensure the country's food security and sets out some measures of state regulation of development of agroindustrial complex. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that it convincingly reveals the main problems of animal husbandry at the present stage, the directions of state financial support for agricultural producers are determined, the need to improve the issues of state support for the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan is substantiated.

Efficiency of use in the feeding of first-calf heifers hay and haylage of legume-grass mixtures

Increasing the protein nutritional value of rations through the use of legume-grass crops, press-cakes and oil-cakes, complete provision of high-quality animal feed, balanced in protein and other components, is the leading direction of solving the protein problem in animal husbandry and remains an urgent topic for research. The purpose of the research was to study the use of hay and haylage from the mixture of Eastern galega and awnless brome in the rations of first-calf heifers instead of the same feed from the mixture of alfalfa and awnless brome. For carrying out scientific and economic experiments in LLC Kushul in the Dyurtyulinsky district in the Republic of Bashkortostan on the principle of pairs-analogs (breed, live weight, age, level of productivity) four groups of first-calf heifers of Black-and-White breed per 10 heads in each have been selected. The inclusion of 4 kg of hay and 10 kg of haylage in the rations of first-calf heifers of the mixture of Eastern galega and awnless brome has a positive effect on increasing the protein content in milk by 3,1 and 3,4 %, sugar by 0,6 and 0,9 abs.%. There was a steady increase in the milk of cows of the experimental groups: carotene, total calcium and inorganic phosphorus compared to the control group where the animals received 4 kg of hay and 10 kg of haylage of the mixture of alfalfa and awnless brome. Thus, studies have shown that the use in rations of first-calf heifers hay and haylage of mixtures of Eastern galega and awnless brome promotes not only productivity, but also improve milk quality.

Research of feed protein obtaining technology

The introduction of high-grade mineral additives in feed allows to get balanced rations for livestock and poultry. It is known that the most effective use of them when feeding in the composition of feed. However, today, in real conditions, farms receive less than 30% of the required amount of chemical feed additives with compound feed. In addition, the outlined tendency towards a decrease in the production of compound feed due to the lack of grain and protein components indicates that the feed industry is not entirely able to solve this problem. Adequate feeding of dairy cows assumes an optimal intake of all essential nutrients in the body, which contributes to good health, normal reproduction and high productivity. A significant reduction in the energy deficit during this period can be achieved by introducing energy-rich feed concentrates, grass cutting and grass flour of high quality, root crops, etc. into the diet. The higher the milk yield of cows, the more energy should be in one kilogram of dry matter of the diet. This article proposes a technology for producing a protein-vitamin feed concentrate for full-value feeding of farm animals. To solve the fodder problem in animal husbandry, it is necessary to more widely use substandard raw materials, organic waste, ensuring their utilization within the framework of waste-free technology.

UMURBEY ÇAYI HAVZASI’NDA (ÇANAKKALE-LAPSEKİ) TARIMI ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİN COĞRAFİ ANALİZİ

Tarım, insanın beslenme ihtiyacının karşılanmasında temel besin maddelerini üretmesi, diğer sektörlere girdi sağlaması, istihdam yaratması, ihracata doğrudan veya dolaylı katkıları sebebiyle ekonominin vazgeçilmez bir sektörüdür. Teknolojik gelişmeler ve modern tarım yöntemlerinin uygulanması, beraberinde tarımsal etkinliklerin yürütüldüğü havzaların doğal ve beşeri potansiyelinin belirlenmesini zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada; Umurbey Çayı Havzası’nda tarım üzerinde etkili olan doğal ve beşeri çevre faktörlerini ortaya koymak ve dolayısıyla havzada tarımın gelişmesine katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, havzaya ait topografik haritalar ve çeşitli istatistikler kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sahasının mekânsal özelliklerini daha net açıklayabilmek için ArcGIS10 programından yararlanılmıştır. Çalışma süresince yapılan arazi çalışmaları havzanın tarımsal etkinliklerinin mevcut durum analizi, bunlara etki eden fiziki ve beşeri faktörlerin ve sorunların belirlenmesinde büyük bir katkı sağlamıştır. Umurbey Çayı Havzası tarım açısından büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. 2018 yılı itibari ile havzanın 339.354 dekar olan toplam alanının 81.549 dekarını tarım alanları oluştururken 86.670 ton bitkisel üretim yapılmıştır. 19.247 dekar tarım alanı ise 2018 yılında tarımsal faaliyetlerde değerlendirilmemiştir. Havzada yazın azalan yağışlar, ormanlık alanlar, dağlık ve engebeli topografya tarım alanlarını sınırlandırmaktadır. Tarımsal potansiyelin verimli kullanılamaması, sulama sorunları, toprak problemleri ve erozyon yanı sıra tarım alanlarının yerleşme tehdidi altında kalması ve yanlış arazi kullanımı, değerlendirilmeyen tarım alanları, hayvancılıkta yaşanan sıkıntılar, tarımsal ürünlerin ekonomik getirisinin düşmesi, genç nüfusun göç etmesi, tarım konusunda bilgi ve eğitim eksikliği, pazarlama ve markalaşma konusundaki yetersizlikler vb. Umurbey Çayı Havzası’ndaki başlıca problemleri oluşturur. Havzada tarımsal faaliyetlerin gelişmesine katkı sunacak çalışmaların sınırlı olması bu çalışmanın saha açısından önemini artırmaktadır.