Problematic Factor Research Articles

An exploration into the problematic public policies and the leadership challenge for socio-economic transformation in South Africa

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the problematic of public policies and leadership challenges for socio-economic transformation in South Africa. The paper illustrates that policies and laws of socio-economic reform have been introduced in democratic South Africa. However, socio-economic transformation remains a challenge. Lack of trust in the leadership relationships amongst political and economic agents is pointed as a contributing factor. Hence, LE emerges as a leadership strategy to help mitigate the problem.Design/methodology/approachThe paper starts by presenting the current economic situation of South Africa touching on some important economic indicators to illustrate the consequences of poor leadership in public policy implementation process. The paper then analyses the leadership challenges to drive socio-economic reforms that have been introduced in South Africa since the end of apartheid with focus on the current National Development Plan. Lack of trust in leadership is identified as a problematic factor and leadership ethos (LE) emerges as a leadership strategy to enable the building of trust in leadership for the purpose of a successful implementation of public policies.FindingsLack of trust in leadership is identified as a problematic factor contributing in the absence of cooperation and collaboration in the leadership relationship amongst public servants (from up to bottom) and citizens for the purpose of successful implementation of public policies. Hence, there is need for a new leadership paradigm that would enable the building of trust in these leadership relationships. LE emerges as such a leadership strategy.Practical implicationsThe paper calls for an exploration into the understanding and practice of LE and its inherent critical success factors (CSFs) considered as a leadership strategy that can help drive particularly public policies implementation process. LE intends to promote moral leadership that helps public servants to build good character and thus the will to do the right thing, and mutually trusting relationship is a CSF of LE. Therefore LE enables build the much needed trust in leadership relationships for a successful organisational leadership and management.Originality/valueThis paper provides significant implications by identifying lack of trust as a problematic factor in the leadership relationships amongst political and economic agents in South Africa, contributing thus in the poor implementation of public policies. LE emerges as a leadership strategy that would help mitigate the problem by enabling the building, the maintenance and restoration of trust in organisational and or institutional management for a successful public policy implementation process.

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Loggers in the Ark-La-Tex Region

ABSTRACTBackground: The U.S. logging sector is among the most dangerous industrial sectors, with high fatality and non-fatal injury rates. Limited research has addressed work-related musculoskeletal disorders among logging machine operators (LMOs). The purpose of this study was to estimate the 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and the associated work-related risk factors among LMOs in the Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas (Ark-La-Tex) logging region.Methods: A self-administered 93-item questionnaire with six different sections: (1) demographics, (2) lifestyle and medical background, (3) work experience, (4) job training, (5) occupational heat-related stress, and (6) occupational injuries and MSS was administered to LMOs (n = 88) using Qualtrics Mobile Survey Software®. Poisson regression models were used to estimate crude prevalence ratios (PR), adjusted PR [aPR], and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Results: Regarding organizational, ergonomic, and handling equipment occupational factors and 12-month MSS prevalence, the adjusted model controlled for age, BMI, smoking status, and drinking status. For organizational, the most problematic factors for the lower back were performing a task over and over (63.2%) and working very fast, for short periods (60.0%). For ergonomics, the most problematic factor for the lower extremities was awkward or cramped conditions (58.1%) and for the lower back was bending/twisting back awkward (55.9%). Last, for handling equipment, the most problematic for both the lower back and lower extremities was handling or grasping small objects (57.1%).Conclusion: Our findings revealed associations between work-related MSS and specific job factors (e.g., organizational, ergonomic, handling equipment, etc.), extreme environmental conditions or environmental, and personal risk factors. In particular, study findings suggest lower back and lower extremities MSS are associated with the a majority of job-related risk factors, lower extremities with extreme environmental conditions, and neck and upper back with personal risk factors.

A Framework Analysing Patient Adherence Level in Cardiovascular Disease in Delhi-NCR Region

The deficit in the patient adherence level is considered to be the most problematic factor in chronic diseases. The cross-sectional study on cardiovascular disease related patients was conducted in hospitals of Delhi-NCR region in the month of July 2018-August 2018. The total respondents taken were about 144 and were selected from cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart attack, abnormal heart beat, heart valve disease, congenital heart disease, aortic disease, vascular disease etc. The respondents were from various age groups and the results were concluded on the basis of the treatment and medications. The reliability of Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 was upto 0.78 which is considered to be good and on the basis of adherence scale category, the widely held of patients were categorized under medium adherence level. The chief factors which seems to be responsible for low adherence level were-monotonous life schedule, long waiting times in hospitals, irregular visits, high cost of treatment, forgetfulness etc.

Effective Utilization of Digital Resources for Undergraduate Technical Education Through Flipped Learning for Performance Improvement

The present paper substantiates flipped learning as an improvised learning technique taking into account of different interpersonal and social parameters. Following Washington Accord, noticeable differences are observed in terms of active participation of students throughout the continuous evaluation process after invoking Flipped learning method. Quality of content is modified as per need of hour, and feedbacks are taken in terms of various qualitative and quantitative judgemental parameters. Improvement in performance is reflected in some particular courses through overall University grading and also in enrichment of communication ability, whereas performance is detoriated in mathematics-based engineering science papers. Outcomes are statistically computed assuming availability of undisrupted internet for each learner with the pint that entire outcome is dependent on the student’s preparation day-by-day and screencasts shared by all the faculties are well-organized so that self-learning is not become a problematic factor. Results partially justify the implementation of flipped learning in technical education.

Age cues in patients’ descriptions influence treatment attitudes

Objectives: Ageism on the part of service providers has been widely cited as an important factor limiting access to and adequate quality of mental health services for old, especially very old adults. The objective of this study was to analyze how treatment attitudes depend on age cues in patients’ descriptions.Method: A sample of psychotherapists-in-training (N = 114) responded to questions concerning a naturalistic case vignette of a male patient with symptoms of depression. Based on random assignment, participants either read the original (real-life) case description including very-old age cues (‘very-old patient condition’) or the manipulated case description (‘middle-aged patient condition’) which was identical with the exception that the most salient age cues were replaced by a younger chronological age of the patient (52 years) and age-neutral cues (e.g., “black hair” instead of “light grey hair”). All other aspects of the vignette including the patient’s psychological symptoms and medical conditions were kept constant.Results: Participants showed less favorable attitudes towards the patient in the ‘very-old patient condition’ relative to the patient in the ‘middle-aged patient condition’, as indicated by more negative affect, less conviction in the treatability of the patient, a poorer prognosis, less interest in treatment provision as well as less subjective treatment competence.Conclusion: Mental health care providers’ ‘age bias’ continues to be a problematic factor in psychotherapy with older adults. An “age-aware education” for psychotherapists is needed for better realizing the potentials of psychotherapy with older adults.

Exotic pet suitability: Understanding some problems and using a labeling system to aid animal welfare, environment, and consumer protection

Abstract Exotic pets are essentially animals that are non-native to a region and/or nondomesticated. The trade in and keeping of exotic pets has been frequently criticized for the commonly inhumane and harmful practices that are associated with supply and keeping, including animal welfare, species conservation, invasiveness, and public health and safety. Relatedly, a growing issue is that of unwanted exotic pets handed to animal care centers due to their overly demanding requirements and the confiscation of animals suffering from abuse. Mis-selling exotic species as easy to keep or beginner animals is widely regarded to be a major common and problematic factor. Efforts, after pet acquisition, to educate sellers and keepers to improve animal welfare and public health issues have proven unproductive. We propose that a system is required that facilitates decision-making at the interface between sale and purchase sectors and that uses clear evidence-based labeling. We review current options for developing such a pet labeling scheme and recommend a novel approach based on the EMODE (easy, moderate, difficult, or extreme) pet suitability assessment tool to provide a preventative educational approach to alleviating the multifactorial issues of concern.

A snapshot of g? Binary and polytomous item-response theory investigations of the last series of the Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM-LS)

Raven’s progressive matrices (Raven, 1941) are extremely popular measures of general mental ability. However, their length may not suit every researcher’s or practitioner’s needs. Short versions of the Advanced version have resulted in problematic factor structures and internal consistencies (Arthur, Tubre, Paul, & Sanchez-Ku, 1999; Bors & Stokes, 1998): Is the last series of the Standard Progressive Matrices a more viable option? The aim of this research was to investigate the structural validity and internal reliability of the last series of the SPM (SPM-LS) as a standalone measure. The SPM-LS binary (correct/incorrect) responses of 499 undergraduate students were investigated through unidimensional Item-Response Theory (IRT) 1–4 Parameter Logistic (PL) models. They were satisfactorily modeled by unidimensional models (CFI3PL = 0.974, TLI3PL = 0.959, RMSEA3PL = 0.059, SRMR3PL = 0.056), offering good empirical reliability (rxx′,3PL = 0.843), and outperforming the short Advanced Progressive Matrices’ previously reported qualities. Full nominal responses – recovering information from the distractor responses – were further examined with recently introduced 2–4 Parameter Logistic Nested (PLN) models (Suh & Bolt, 2010), providing significant reliability gains (Δrxx′ = 0.029, Bootstrapped 95% CI [0.019, 0.036], z = 6.06, p < .001). Uses, limitations, conditional reliability and scoring strategies are further examined and discussed.

The effect of heterogeneous electric vehicles with different battery capacities in parking lots on peak load of electric power distribution networks

ABSTRACTFossil fuels vehicles are considered as the most problematic factor of air pollution in metropolitan cities. Electric vehicles (EVs) are presented as the most paramount solution in response to the problem. Despite the aforementioned advantage of EVs in large cities, they cause some technical challenges for electric power distribution networks. The increase of peak times and peak loads in off-peak times are among the crucial problems of electric power distribution network companies. Therefore, the effect of EVs with different battery capacities in parking lots on peak load of electric power distribution networks is considered in this paper.

Dementia assessment services: What are the perceptions of older people?

To determine how older people with dementia and their family caregivers experience dementia assessment services and preferences for future configuration of diagnostic services. Qualitative, semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine individuals with dementia. In seven instances, the caregiver also took part in the interview, and on two occasions, the interview was with the person with dementia only. An important contact during assessment of dementia was the general practitioner, in particular working in a way or timeframe which provides clarity and comfort to the person with dementia and their family members. A problematic factor in clear diagnosis was when probable dementia was suspected during hospitalisation for another complaint. Participants expressed a wide range of views in terms of preferred settings for diagnostic services. These findings highlight some key considerations, which should be included in future research leading to decisions about the design of dementia client services.

Quasi-parton distribution functions, momentum distributions, and pseudo-parton distribution functions

We show that quasi-PDFs may be treated as hybrids of PDFs and primordial rest-frame momentum distributions of partons. This results in a complicated convolution nature of quasi-PDFs that necessitates using large $p_3 \sim 3$ GeV momenta to get reasonably close to the PDF limit. As an alternative approach, we propose to use pseudo-PDFs $P(x, z_3^2)$ that generalize the light-front PDFs onto spacelike intervals and are related to Ioffe-time distributions $M (\nu, z_3^2)$, the functions of the Ioffe time $\nu = p_3 z_3$ and the distance parameter $z_3^2$ with respect to which it displays perturbative evolution for small $z_3$. In this form, one may divide out the $z_3^2$ dependence coming from the primordial rest-frame distribution and from the problematic factor due to lattice renormalization of the gauge link. The $\nu$-dependence remains intact and determines the shape of PDFs.

A national survey of the effects of fatigue on trainees in anaesthesia in the UK.

Long daytime and overnight shifts remain a major feature of working life for trainees in anaesthesia. Over the past 10 years, there has been an increase in awareness and understanding of the potential effects of fatigue on both the doctor and the patient. The Working Time Regulations (1998) implemented the European Working Time Directive into UK law, and in August 2009 it was applied to junior doctors, reducing the maximum hours worked from an average of 56 per week to 48. Despite this, there is evidence that problems with inadequate rest and fatigue persist. There is no official guidance regarding provision of a minimum standard of rest facilities for doctors in the National Health Service, and the way in which rest is achieved by trainee anaesthetists during their on-call shift depends on rota staffing and workload. We conducted a national survey to assess the incidence and effects of fatigue among the 3772 anaesthetists in training within the UK. We achieved a response rate of 59% (2231/3772 responses), with data from 100% of NHS trusts. Fatigue remains prevalent among junior anaesthetists, with reports that it has effects on physical health (73.6% [95%CI 71.8-75.5]), psychological wellbeing (71.2% [69.2-73.1]) and personal relationships (67.9% [65.9-70.0]). The most problematic factor remains night shift work, with many respondents commenting on the absence of breaks, inadequate rest facilities and 57.0% (55.0-59.1) stating they had experienced an accident or near-miss when travelling home from night shifts. We discuss potential explanations for the results, and present a plan to address the issues raised by this survey, aiming to change the culture around fatigue for the better.

Do Treatment Attitudes and Decisions of Psychotherapists-in-Training Depend on a Patient's Age?

The objective of this study was to analyze how psychotherapists' treatment attitudes and decisions depend on a patient's age. A sample of psychotherapists-in-training (N = 97) responded to questions concerning a naturalistic case vignette of a female patient with symptoms of depression and anxiety. The patient was described as being either 79 or 47 years old. Results revealed no evidence that psychotherapists-in-training had more negative treatment attitudes towards an older relative to a younger patient. However, the patient's age had an influence on participants' therapeutic approach. Specifically, psychotherapists-in-training recommended short- as opposed to long-term therapy, considered motivational clarification less important, and viewed clarifying techniques as less appropriate for an older patient. The stereotype of the rigid and resigned old person appears to be an important and potentially problematic factor in psychotherapy. Interventions to help therapists to reflect on their individual representations of aging may increase the likelihood of successful psychotherapy.

Drawing Lines in the Cloud: Implications of Extraterritorial Limits to the Stored Communications Act

Just how private are individual’s private email accounts? This question has become more relevant because of the Edward Snowden leaks in 2013, revealing that the United States was bulk-collecting the information of not only foreigners, but also the information of its own citizens. Courts have struggled to strike the right balance between practical concerns of privacy, on one hand, and the government’s legitimate interest in prosecuting crimes. These complex considerations are only multiplied when a case involves access to data stored across borders. Recently, the Second Circuit departed from other case holdings to find that the presumption of extraterritoriality prevents the government from using Stored Communication Act (SCA) warrants — or perhaps any domestic legal process — to access data that is stored overseas. This Essay explores the rationale employed by the Second Circuit and other cases to conclude that such decisions will have significant implications for other provisions of the SCA and potentially undermine long-standing Fourth Amendment doctrines, such as the Bank of Nova Scotia doctrine and the third-party doctrine. The paper highlights two conclusions that may impact these other doctrines: First, the conclusion that a provider accessing data on one of its servers constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment; and second, that the location of the data is a determinative factor in deciding jurisdiction over that data. Arguing against the prevailing trend in the academic literature in this area, this Essay concludes that provider’s access to their own servers cannot be a search under the Fourth Amendment and, further, that the location of data is a problematic factor to rely upon and argues that the SCA should be interpreted to reach data stored overseas held by electronic service providers that are subject to U.S. jurisdiction. It argues that the jurisdictional test for what service providers should be subject to the SCA obligation is much narrower than currently employed, and should follow from cases such as Daimler A.G. v. Baumer and its progeny. Further, it proposes a new test for the validity of SCA warrants, positing that such warrants should be quashed upon a prima facie showing that either the target of the investigation is not a U.S. national or acting in the United States, or that retrieving the data would violate the laws of the country in which the data is being stored. Such a proposal allows law enforcement the flexibility to investigate as needed, but respects both the international sovereignty of other nations and the privacy interests of the owners of the data.

Customer Satisfaction towards Mobile Service Provider: An Empirical Study in Pokhara, Nepal

Customer satisfaction has been identified as critical success factors in any business organization. One of the key challenges confronting the telecommunication companies is how they manage their service and amplify quality, which holds a prodigious importance to customer satisfaction. The cross sectional study was carried out to empirically measure customer satisfaction with mobile service providers in Pokhara city, Nepal with the objective to identify the most preferential and problematic attributes together with satisfaction level toward various service offered by service provider. Systematic Random sampling method was employed with the sample size of 206, where the data used for the study were obtained by using a structured survey questionnaire, which was constructed using 5 point Likert-scale. The data obtained from survey were analyzed (percentage, chi-square, correlation, ANOVA, ranking) using SPSS version 21. The survey was conducted and restricted to the subscribers using the two major GSM mobile service operators i.e. NTC and Ncell. The research was able to conclude call tariff followed by good network as most inducing factor for choosing MSP, while network congestion was the major problematic factor. The study also highlights that there exist association between demographic factors and customer satisfaction. Strong correlation was found between customer satisfaction and service providers variables except tariff of service. The study also highlights that majority of the respondent were satisfied with their service provider. The finding derived from the study will be helpful for mobile phone service providers in developing vigorous strategy for sustaining in the market by attaining competitive edge.

P3.02a-035 Can Airway Stenting Avoid Suffocation Deaths Caused by Malignant Airway Obstruction?: Topic: Miscellaneous

Airway stenting is undoubtedly the mainstay procedure for treating patients with malignant airway stenosis to prevent a variety of airway symptoms. Suffocation death is the most painful ending for those patients. The impact of airway stent treatment to avoid this tragic event was investigated. Between 2000 and 2014, 57 patients underwent airway stenting in our department for malignant airway stenosis. They included 25 lung cancer cases, 15 esophageal cancer cases and 7 thyroid cancer cases. The location of the stenosis was the carina for 31 cases, the right or left main bronchus in 12, and the trachea 14. Either Dumon silicon (n=50) or self-expandable metallic stents (n=7) were used. The effect of airway stenting to prevent suffocation death, and the factors for predicting the prognosis were analyzed. There were no cases of in-hospital death. An improvement in airway symptoms was achieved in 54 patients (94.7%) and the median survival after stenting was 3.7 months. At death, only 8 (14%) of those patients died due to direct airway symptoms, including respiration difficulty, even when their general condition was good (Suffocation death group). Conversely, the other 49 patients mostly died due to systemic cancer spread, but all 49 cases had no pain associated with airway symptoms. Therefore, suffocation death appears to have been avoided in those 49 (85.9%) patients (Non-suffocation death group). In a univariate analysis, “Stent migration,” “Tracheal stenosis,” and “Thyroid cancer” were potentially significant factors regarding suffocation death. In a multivariate analysis, “Stenosis at mid trachea” was found to be an independent predictive factor for suffocation death (p = 0.02). Suffocation death can be effectively prevented by the use of airway stenting treatment. “Stenosis at mid trachea” is the most problematic factor when attempting to obtain some benefit from stenting and this may be due to the difficulty of achieving accurate stent (mainly straight silicon stent) fixation in such lesions.

DCoH: A novel biomarker for diagnosing acute kidney injury

Initial diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is usually based on measuring serum-creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels; however such measurements are still poor in identifying renal injuries at initial stages. These standard matrices are not enough to monitor the outcome and progression of AKI. The prognosis prevents proper treatment and timely delay in providing putative therapeutic agents. The cost effective therapies to get delayed, patient health gets compromised and ultimately requires renal transplant due to end-stage renal disease, which is another major problematic factor due to shortage kidney donors. To establish effective therapies for AKI the need will be facilitated by developing and identifying reliable, sensitive biomarkers which can be detected early during all stages of AKI, even during preclinical and clinical studies. Although reaching to human clinical trials takes years of thorough evaluations, preliminary studies should be carried out effectively by: (a) Employing cell culture analysis, (b) use of AKI animal models, studying various gene regulated networks, and biomarkers, and (c) patient serum sampling and testing. As elevated phenylalanine are indicative of AKI onset within 4h, its levels is controlled, 4a-Hydroxy-tetrahydrobiopterin dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of HNF-1 (DCoH). There is a possibility of targeting DCoH to the current bedside list of biomarkers involved in AKI onset.

Sequential treatment for landfill leachate by applying coagulation-adsorption process

Landfill leachate has always been the most problematic factor in municipal solid waste management. Leachate generated from landfills generally contains high amount of organic and inorganic compounds that might cause pollution to water resources. In the current study, sequential treatment of landfill leachate using coagulation–flocculations a pretreatment process followed by adsorption process was used to treat chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonical nitrogen (NH3-N) and color from raw landfill leachate. Coagulation–flocculation process was examined using alum and ferric chloride. The optimum working pH for the tested coagulants was 5 and FeCl3 showed higher removal efficiency for landfill leachate than alum. The pretreated leachate was further treated via two types of adsorbents i.e., powdered activated carbon (PAC) and zeolite. The optimum experimental conditions for PAC and zeolite adsorptions were found to be 40 g/L at 30 min and 80 g/L at 120 min, respectively. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests were conducted to examine the surface morphology and chemical properties of the adsorbents. The results showed that the Freundlich isotherm was best fitted for PAC adsorption while Langmuir isotherm model showed good conformity for zeolite adsorption. Besides, pseudo-second order model was found to be the best fitted kinetic model for both PAC and zeolite adsorption where the R2 was closed to unity for all parameters. On balance, FeCl3 coagulation-PAC adsorption has shown higher removal efficiency for color, COD, and NH3-N as compared to FeCl3 coagulation-zeolite adsorption.

Are Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Clinically Suitable for the Treatment of Symptoms in Depression-Associated Inflammation?

The aetiology and pathophysiology of depression have long been associated with inflammation, at least in a proportion of patients. Altered cytokine activity in the periphery and in the brain has brought support to a concept of depression-associated inflammation. However, these immunological changes - and inflammation in particular - in depression have only been recently targeted for treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been proposed to be of clinical use in the treatment of depression either as monotherapy or as adjuncts in combination with antidepressants. Specifically, selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and non-selective COX inhibitor NSAIDs as adjuncts or monotherapy have been trialled clinically. A limited body of clinical research has been conducted with mixed results so far. Although meta-analyses appear to support the use of NSAIDs in acute depression, the overall effect is mainly biased by the effects of celecoxib for which the best evidence exists to date. Efficacy data of non-selective COX inhibitor NSAIDs on depressive symptoms is limited and out of six studies, only a retrospective analysis shows positive results for non-selective COX inhibitor. Clinical data on aspirin, an irreversible inhibitor of both COX-1 and COX-2, are mainly experimental and hypothetical at this stage, but may be promising in depressed patients with concomitant inflammatory conditions. The main problematic factor is that current evidence rests on trials in acute depression. Because of the dynamic nature of depression, it is important exploring if NSAIDs and other anti-inflammatory treatments may have a preventive role in early stages of depression and for relapse prevention. The possible impact of anti-inflammatory treatments on immune changes in different phases of depression warrants caution for a wide and preventive use of anti-inflammatory agents in depression-associated inflammation.

Basketball coaches’ experience in working with multicultural teams: Central and Northern European perspectives

This study seeks to address a gap in research regarding the perspectives of coaches working within European teams comprising both domestic and immigrated players. In order to explore coaches’ experience in working with multicultural teams, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six head coaches of professional basketball teams in Central and Northern Europe (two in Czech Republic, two in Germany, two in Latvia) and analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. The study focused primarily on communication and interaction between immigrated players and coaches, and on strategies used by coaches to overcome problems arising within multicultural teams. The findings identified three main themes: differences in values between foreign and domestic players/coaches; the formation of ethnic subgroups in teams; and race as a potentially problematic factor in coach–athlete relationships. The implications of this study include noting the importance of educational programs for coaches focused on raising cultural awareness, and recognising the need for further studies in this relatively under-researched area.

Cumulative Impact Evaluation in Central Part of Liepaja with Comulative Pollution Index Method and Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling

Abstract Cumulative impact evaluation is one of the most actual problems in air quality monitoring. At the same time, it is also the most problematic factor to evaluate due to lack of appropriate methodology. The aim of this study was to assess the opportunity to use a new method – Cumulative Pollution Index (CPI) in cumulative impact calculation from two different sets of data – bioindication survey with Index of Atmospheric Purity method and air pollution dispersion modelling. Results show that the usage of modelling data, instead of measurements, in cumulative impact evaluation can be quite difficult due to the fact that dispersion models not always give sufficiently accurate data. Despite the issues with modelling specifics, the use of dispersion modelling in CPI calculation shows that the use of this approach not only gives plausible data – obtained values correlate with pollution level and forming strong clustering in spatial distribution, but also reveals new facts about cumulative impact – demonstrates the city microclimate importance in forming of cumulative effect due to geometry of street canyons.