Problematic Challenges Research Articles

R v Sharma’s “Clarification” of the Section 15 Framework and its Creation of Unique Barriers for Disability-Based Equality Claims

This article analyzes the re-framing of the section 15(1) test in Sharma and its potential implications for future equality rights claimants. After identifying the various ways in which Sharma altered the section 15(1) equality rights framework, it argues that this reframing poses unique and problematic challenges for disability-based equality claims.

DEMOCRACY: BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE IDEAL AND OBJECTIVE FACT

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Hundreds of thorough works have been devoted to various aspects of democratic theory and the practical difficulties of its implementation. The most coherent with the subject matter of this study is the fundamental monograph by Oleksandr Skrypniuk, as well as numerous publications by Alain de Benoist, Jason Brennan, Ralph Darendorf, John Ecton, Kevin Eliot, Jacques Ellul, Kevin Calhoun, Helen Landmore, Giovanni Sartori, Tomislav Sutic, Richard Tuck, and Tsvetan Todorov. The research objective. The solution of problematic challenges in the sphere of functioning and prospects of development of democracy requires systematisation of the shortcomings of democracy of the modern model and identification of mechanisms for overcoming them at the level of social practices. The statement of basic material. In our time, what is called “democratic choice” is mostly an illusion, a fiction of full-fledged choice: it is “choice in the actual absence of choice” when one has to choose among pseudo-alternatives imposed by the information agenda. These quasi-alternatives may have nothing to do with the interests and needs of the people. Democracy of modern quality is more and more an instrument of information suggestion and propaganda manipulation.

Parent’s Involvement in Children’s English Literacy Skills

The current study aimed at investigating parental involvement in developing children’ English literacy skill. This study was a descriptive qualitative conducted in Aura Sukma Insani school Bali. To conduct the study, questionnaire, interview and observation were employed. The results showed that the parental involvement programs in Aura Sukma Insani Bilingual Kindergarten were parents conference, parents’ interview, final report, and eco-enzyme. The specific programs which involved parents applied four out of six parental involvement frameworks proposed by Epstein et al., (2002). Parenting was applied through giving parents’ guidance book about the learning process. Then, decision making was applied through asking parents’ decision about learning which will be applied. During the implementation of parental involvement programs, A number of problematic challenges exist in the parents' involvement implementation at Aura Sukma Insani Kindergarten. According to the interpretation level of the teacher's perspective, decision-making and collaborating with the community had the most problematic Challenges. Overall, the teachers faced at least one to two challenges in every type of involvement. The problems mostly came from fewer responses obtained due to the less effective activities. This imperfection could be fixed if these two pasties, the parents and the school, recognized their interchangeable roles were important.

Teaching English for Student Flourishing

Teaching for student flourishing is part of social justice education, which highlights positive changes in society through education. It opens a space for teachers, English language teachers in particular, to accommodate different backgrounds and characteristics of students, from which it gives them opportunities to flourish. However, teaching within this perspective is not that easy. The English teachers face a number of problematic challenges during the teaching learning activities. They need to find the ways to overcome these challenges. This paper aims to determine the challenges faced by the English teachers and gives some insights on how to surmount the problems. It employs a qualitative study, and argues that the English teachers have some challenges in teaching English for a flourishing life of students. They need to concern identifying the challenges and figure out the ways to solve it.

Solutions to the Problem of Freight Transport Flows in Urban Logistics

The operation of a city’s logistics system is associated with many problematic issues, for example, intense pollution and negative impacts on the environment, uneven intensity of traffic flows, and other problems. This article focuses on heavy transport because it causes disruptions in the supply system and affects timely customer service. Optimization processes are associated with route selection, deployment of logistics centers, and the need for cargo consolidation–de-consolidation, which leads to the possibility of using the PPP (public–private partnership) method in practice. A unique aspect of this research is related to the problems of the first and last mile and the use of elements of the “sharing economy”. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the problematic challenges of the first and last mile and the role and significance of heavy transport in urban logistics. For that purpose, in addition to an analysis of scientific sources, an expert survey was conducted and responses related to the questions on optimizing heavy traffic flows in city logistics were analyzed. The study data were processed using Kendall’s correlation coefficient, the concordance method, and the consistency coefficient. During analysis, using the average rank transformation to weights (ARTIW) method, the subjective normalized weights of the main factors that have the greatest influence on a city’s logistics system were determined. Groups of interested parties are also named separately, for whom the results of the study and the formulated decision may be relevant. Based on the results of the research, a recommendation was formulated for the development of small cargo collection and distribution services through self-service terminals located on the outskirts of cities. Proposals are presented to reorganize the system, provide details of new infrastructure elements and suburban terminals, and encourage for the use of environmentally friendly vehicles with a lower carrying capacity.

Výuka česko-slovenských dějin na základní škole s využitím regionálního muzea

This paper discusses the possibilities of cooperation between a primary school and a regional museum with regard of teaching Czecho-Slovak history. I use the example of the cooperation between the Karel Klíč Primary School and the Municipal Museum in Hostinné. My paper outlines the positive aspects and problematic challenges of this cooperation and describes themes for lessons, proposing a specific, inquirybased lesson for the anniversary of the dissolution of the Czechoslovak Federation.

SCIENTIFIC WAYS OF MASTERING UNCERTAINTY IN A TURBULENT SOCIETY

Modern society is characterized by permanent challenges that create a situation of the need to preserve the key parameters of social development, taking into account temporary and situational deviations from the strategic direction of this development. The key to understanding the problem of determination in modern science can be the identification of regularities in the development of science itself. On the one hand, there is no doubt about the need to systematize knowledge and adhere to clear scientific criteria – especially in a situation of exponential growth in the volume and variety of knowledge possessed by modern society. On the other hand, science constantly abandons some part of its recent postulates, which turn out to be only partially proven hypotheses that have only partial truth. In the end, only the basic scientific criteria and the instruction for incessant internal criticism and self-improvement of science remain beyond doubts and changes, while the substantive part of science is in a state of permanent transformation and refinement. In a postmodern society, such a methodological and worldview instruction of science receives additional ideological legitimation thanks to postmodern principles of knowledge organization – such as rhizomaticity, discursiveness, narrativism, intertextuality, etc. The signs of science at its current stage of development are: a significant increase in the specific weight of interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary research; emergence of new integrated sciences; the use of accurate methods in the study of methodological and epistemological problems of science and the demarcation of knowledge; search for new forms of research adequate to the latest specificity of the subject of the socio-humanitarian disciplinary spectrum; an intensive analysis of the relationships between the epistemological and axiological foundations of socio-humanitarian science. The research approach, which is based on the understanding of the factor of instability, fully meets the modern scientific and social demand for the designation of the content format and problematic challenges of modernity, provides an opportunity to grasp new cognitive horizons and slices of reality, which are characterized by signs of becoming, nonlinearity, uncertainty – that is, almost all attributes of a turbulent society.

Clinical Trials of Liposomes in Children's Anticancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Trials Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.

ObjectiveClinical trials have become essential for driving the development of medicine. However, little is known about the current status of clinical trials on liposomes in children’s anticancer therapy (LCAT). This study aimed to synthesize current finding from clinical trials of LCAT in ClinicalTrials.gov.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study of clinical trials on LCAT was conducted, using studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov through December 30, 2021.ResultsA total of 74 eligible trials were identified, accounting for 4.8% (74/1552) of all trials on liposomes for cancer therapy. Among these trials, 70 (94.6%) were interventional trials, and the remaining 4 (5.4%) were observational trials. Of the 70 interventional trials, 63 (90.0%) were for treatment, 48.6% were involving unlabeled allocations, 30.0% were randomized, 52.9% were single group assignment, 71.4% were without masking, 28.6% were Phase 3 trials, 30.0% were Phase 1 trials, and 24.3% were Phase 2 trials. Furthermore, 17 liposomal drugs for 123 types of cancer were investigated in the interventional trials, and these were mainly focused on organic chemicals (43/70, 61.4%). Of these cancers, the highest proportion was leukemia (15.4%), followed by lymphoma (9.8%) and ovarian cancer (8.9%).ConclusionHigh quality, adequately powered, masked, appropriately sized, and randomized clinical trials represent the critical priorities for conducting a high-quality clinical trial. However, most of these trials for LCAT were non-randomized, single group assignment, and non-blinded interventional trials of small scale, with various eligibility criteria and outcome measures. Our analysis highlights the need for improvement in the completeness of study designs curated on clinicalTrials.gov. We urge for decision-makers to avoid adopting entrenched positions about the study design of cancer clinical trials to avoid this problem. As such, tackling the problematic challenges related to cancer and designing efficient trials for cancer requires developing and applying new approaches and multiple strategies.

REFUGEES IN MALAYSIA: PROTECTION FRAMEWORK, CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS

The arrivals and protracted presence of asylum seekers and refugees in Malaysia have been met with policies largely shaped by humanitarian approaches leading to inconsistent responses and impasse in achieving durable solutions to refugee dilemmas. This qualitative study using the method of desk review of materials such as books, journals and newspaper articles identifies the human rights protection framework for asylum seekers and refugees and the problematic implications and challenges for both refugees and the host country, Malaysia, due to the absence of a formal refugee protection framework at the national level. Despite gaps in and outdated nature of the 1951 Refugee Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, it calls for refugee legal protections to be based on a legal and governance framework rather than non-binding aspirations and ad hoc approaches. The latter has proved adverse to both the interests of the host state and refugee communities. The findings indicate that the impacts on denial and violation of the rights and protections of refugees across political, social and economic terrains are accompanied by risks to Malaysia’s public security and interests. The study concludes with several early recommendations on the need to firstly recognise the legal status of refugees in Malaysia and the urgency to design an adequate protection and governance framework complemented with a system of shared responsibility to protect and manage refugees who have been in protracted limbo for an average of 20 years, if not more, without durable solutions to their plight.

Halal Industry: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities in the Economy of India

The aim of this article is to explore the problematic challenges and massive opportunities for Halal industries in India. The demand for Halal certified goods is robustly growing, both domestically and internationally in India due to its large domestic population and categorised as the second largest Muslim population nation in the world .In addition to a thorough review of the literatures, four categories of Halal segments were further addressed to explore the problematic challenges and exclusive opportunities in India pertaining to Halal industry. The results obtained from this study has successfully proven that the upcoming market requirements and Halal industry-related valuable opportunities, are the main motivators for India to undertake significant regulatory, trade and industrial support initiatives to strengthen the status as a Halal hub in the Islamic economy's trade-driven business. Early adopters face many obstacles for each of the Halal modules, such as vague Halal guidance and lack of cooperation with leading agencies (i.e., Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) and Halal Industry Development Corporation), a lack of cost-effective standards and a general misinterpretation of Halal practices. Furthermore, this study supports administration policy makers’ objective in identifying the issues that should be addressed in prompting industries players to approve Halal systems. This study adds up to the improvement of knowledge on the challenges and opportunities of adopting Halal certificate in India.

The stories of eight women managed by a community rehabilitation company during the Covid-19 pandemic.

This study explores the stories of eight women supervised by probation during the first national lockdown in the United Kingdom in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Probation quickly implemented an exceptional delivery model to protect the health and safety of staff and service users. Covid-19 has highlighted societal disparities across the world, it can be suggested that this has hugely impacted the lives of women and further extending the gender inequality gap. Although acknowledging that this is a small-scale study, it does provide a platform for women to voice and share their experiences of both problematic challenges encountered and the opportunities embraced during the first national lockdown. Firstly, the importance of supervisory relationships kept women feeling connected, emotionally supported and provided a source for practical advice. Secondly, the experiences of lockdown were felt differently dependant on the vulnerabilities and complexities of women; in short, the greater the priority need the more issues and obstacles women encountered. Thirdly, remote probation supervision was regarded as the safest and appropriate way to approach the unchartered waters of Covid-19. And finally, there was shared optimism to return to ‘normal’ face-to-face supervision, re-engage with services that had been paused or interrupted to aid recovery and rehabilitation.

Plasmonic hyperthermia or radiofrequency electric field hyperthermia of cancerous cells through green-synthesized curcumin-coated gold nanoparticles.

Nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia is one of the prominent adjuvant therapies which has been faced by many problematic challenges such as efficiency and safety. To compare the nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy and radiofrequency electric field hyperthermia, green-synthesized curcumin-coated gold nanoparticles (Cur@AuNPs) were applied in an in vitro study. Using recently published methodologies, each step of the study was performed. Through green chemistry, curcumin was applied as both a reducing and a capping agent in the gold nanoparticle synthesis process. Various techniques were applied for the characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. The heating rate of Cur@AuNPs in the presence of RFEF or laser irradiation was recorded by using a non-contact thermometer. The cellular uptake of the Cur@AuNPs was studied by ICP-AES. The cellular viability and apoptosis rate of different treatment were measured to investigate the effect of two different nano-hyperthermia techniques on the murine colorectal cancer cell line. The average size of Cur@AuNPs was 7.2 ± 3.3nm. The stability of the gold nanoparticles in the phosphate buffer saline with and without fetal bovine serum was verified by UV-Vis spectroscopy. FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and TEM indicate that the stability is a result of phenolic coating on the surface of nanoparticles. Cur@AuNPs can absorb both light and radiofrequency electric field exposure in a way that could kill cancerous cells in a significant number (30% in 64μg/ml concentration). Green-synthesized Cur@AuNPs could induce apoptosis cell death in photothermal therapy and radiofrequency electric field hyperthermia.

Analysis of Students’ Reasoning in Answering Number Stories using Realistic Mathematics Approach

This study aims to analyzes students’ reasoning process in working on story problems using a realistic mathematical approach. The type of research is qualitative research. To obtain data in this study, instruments in the form of descriptive questions were compiled and developed by researchers (test method). To get accurate data, the tests used in this study must meet right test criteria. The research population in this small study was comprised of grade VII students from SMP PGRI Kasihan. Three groups of students participated in this study as research subjects. Data analysis conducted in this study was based on descriptive qualitative analysis techniques. Data analysis covered data reduction, data display, and drawing a conclusion. The results showed several locations of errors, types of errors, and causes of students’ mistakes in solving story problems in class VII SMP PGRI Kasihan, i.e., students still had difficulty in solving problematic challenges that demanded the ability to reason, were still not creative enough to prepare steps or strategy toward building complete answer, and not optimal in creating argumentation to answer problems that require the ability to provide argument or argument in the form of reasoning as the answer.

Analysis and perspectives of the level of enterprises digitalization (Lithuanian manufacturing sector case)

The impact of technological advances in all industry sectors is being felt and, thus, there is no doubt that digital transformation will have significantly affect Lithuanian manufacturing sector. In order to assess the extent to which Lithuanian processing industry companies are digitalized, an in-depth descriptive analysis of installed digital technologies in these companies was executed. The goal of this analysis – to determine whether Lithuanian companies of processing industry has been sufficiently digitalized and are ready to completely adopt the principles of Industry 4.0 in the installation of digital solutions within all segments of the value-chain creation. The research on already-applied digital tools and technologies in those companies was made during the phase of analysis. There was also an attempt to define the most digitalized processes of operation and the least or non-digitalized processes of operations in those companies. After the assessment of a current digitalization level in the company was made, there was an attempt to clarify the strengths and problematic challenges as well as the underlying reasons for its challenges. After the above-mentioned data was collected, recommendations on which additional tools and means to apply in order to encourage the process of digitalization in the companies were formulated and passed on to the companies.

Emissions Investigating of Carbon Dioxide Generated by the Iraqi Cement Industry

The most used material in the world after water is concrete, which depends mainly on its manufacture of cement leading to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), flying dust, and other greenhouse gasses (GHGs) resulting in pollution of the atmosphere. The emission of CO2 from cement production is approximately 5% of the global anthropogenic CO2. This research focuses on investigating the amount of CO2 emission from the Iraqi General Cement Company plants includes the cement factories of Kirkuk, Al-Qa’em, Fallujah, and Kubaisa, using the GHGs Protocol Measures Program (specifically cement based-method). The data required for cement production was provided by the Iraqi Ministry of Industry and Minerals throughout 25 years. The results showed that the largest amount of CO2 emissions cumulatively over 25 years was from the Kubaisa plant with an average emission amount of approximately 7,613,605 tons/25 years. While the lowest cumulative amount of emission was by Fallujah cement plant represented by about 868,341 tons/25 years. On the other hand, the highest and lowest production amount was from Kubaisa and Fallujah plants at 105% and 0.6% in 1989 and 2008 respectively relative to the design capacity. Shifting to renewable and clean energies that limit the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is highly recommended, although this requires facing problematic challenges.

Evidence-Based Integrated Intervention in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study of Feasibility and Effectiveness in a Real-World Rehabilitation Setting.

Impairment in real-world functioning remains one of the most problematic challenges that people with schizophrenia have to face. Various psychosocial interventions have proven to be effective in promoting recovery and improving functioning in schizophrenia; however, their implementation and their effectiveness in routine rehabilitation practice are still objects of study. The present pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and effectiveness on clinical and real-world outcomes of an integrated treatment protocol composed of stable pharmacological treatment, computer-assisted cognitive remediation and social skills training provided in a rehabilitation center. Predictors of functional improvement were also assessed. Seventy-two patients diagnosed with schizophrenia participated in the study. A significant (p < 0.001) improvement in positive, negative and total symptoms, as well as in global clinical severity and real-world functioning outcomes was observed, with a large effect size in positive and total symptoms, global clinical severity and real-world functioning, and a moderate effect size on negative symptoms. Improvement in total symptoms (p < 0.001) and in global clinical severity (p = 0.007) emerged as individual predictors of functional improvement. These findings, although preliminary, suggest that an integrated, evidence-based treatment program is feasible and effective in a real-world rehabilitation context, and that similar interventions should be further implemented in everyday clinical practice.

Ethical limitations of algorithmic fairness solutions in health care machine learning

Ethical limitations of algorithmic fairness solutions in health care machine learning

Rethinking the Challenges of a Multilateral Development Bank in African Society: The African Development Bank in Nigeria, 1986-2015

Multilateral development banks as international donor institutions, oftentimes, are wholly blamed for the failures they encounter in their operational activities in African society. Many scholars have harped on the bourgeois development approach of such banks to fault everything about their operation in Africa. However, a cursory look at the problems that confronted those multilateral development institutions in some African societies tended to present a different scenario. This paper, therefore, examines the challenges of the African Development Bank as one of the international donor-development institutions in Nigeria. Methodology wise, it adopted the qualitative method of research but, as a study in economic history, relevant data were presented and analysed. The writer drew his sources of information mainly from oral respondents, official policy documents and reports. Also, books, newspapers and magazines served as sources. The paper having adopted the structural functionalist theory as the relevant frame of analysis argues that not all the blame for failures about the Bank operation in Nigeria did originate from the Bank: both Nigeria as a recipient and the Bank as a donor share in the responsibility for the performance or failures that the Bank had recorded in the country. The paper found that contrary to the common belief that the African Development Bank is wholly responsible for the problems that confronted it in Nigeria most of those problematic challenges are inherent symptoms of a dysfunctional structure of the Nigerian society. It concludes that the Bank has not been able to realise its developmental targets in Nigeria not because of its bourgeois approach to development but, largely, because the country’s body-politic had been defectively structured in a way that often impedes development. It, thus, enjoins Nigerians not to wholly blame international institutions and donor agencies for all the development failures; hence, it recommends a workable framework and attitudinal reorientation for Nigeria to rid off its structural disabilities and understand her role in the spectrum of development agenda in a globalising world.

Analyzing Challenges for the Implementation of E-Government in Municipalities within Kathmandu Valley

Over the past decade, rapid progress in ICT has encouraged governments to incorporate new technology into their national development strategies. With the growing demands of citizens and changing global rules and regulations, governments are under pressure to deliver quality services at right time. E-government has recently emerged in Nepal that‟s why so many issues remain problematic for initiation e-services in local government. The current stages of municipalities within Kathmandu Valley were investigated by using four stage e-government maturity model (information, interaction, transaction, integration). An understanding of the current status of e-government in local government can help policy makers in the country pursue development of the public sector organizations on the one hand, and would be of importance for Nepal's economic future success on the other. Identifying the precise problem is important in order to overcome the inherent challenges. Valuable primary data is collected from questionnaire survey and content analysis. Different challenges regarding initiation of e-based services in municipalities are categories into Financial, Human, Organizational, Technical and Legal &amp; other challenges. The current status of e-based services delivery initiatives in Municipalities and problematic challenges in implementation of e-based services initiatives were being investigated. Lack of strategic plans, change management, budget constraint, weak infrastructure, literacy, lack of construction knowledge, lacks of leadership supports, security and privacy are found to be the most problematic challenges regarding implementation of e-service in municipalities.

PAIRS IN INNOVATION: HOW WORKING IN PAIRS HELPS ORGANISATIONS TO MOVE INTO A NEW SHARED DIRECTION

Innovation is a collaborative act. Thus, a lot of attention has been paid to teamwork as the prevalent approach for innovation in companies. However, teams also present limits, due to conflicts and compromises when converging. This study, which focuses on the development of innovative directions, explores the nature of collaboration by looking at the purest unit of collaboration: the pair. We isolate the case of pair collaboration and investigate, through empirical investigations, the sensemaking process people accomplish and how it is affected by those tensions that affect teams when innovating. We observe how innovation unfolds when people move from creating individually, in pair and finally in team. Findings suggest that the pair creates an intimate environment where innovative thinking, alignment and engagement flourish and that it is a good intermediate step towards teamwork. This paper acknowledges an underestimated dynamic of innovation, pair collaboration, which has real potential to address one of organisations’ most problematic challenges: people engagement and convergence towards an innovative direction.