Problem Ought Research Articles

Child Trafficking in Africa: Reimagining the Problem

Current perspectives on the intractability of child trafficking in Africa considers the problem as a failure of law enforcement or a lack of political will by state actors. In response, these works tend to suggest the need for strengthened institutional mechanisms as a preventative measure to curb the problem. We contend however, that this perspective does not fully appreciate the seeming detachment of civil society in Africa regarding the plight of children. In light of this, we argue that an examination of child trafficking as an intractable human rights problem ought to first, interrogate how childhood is viewed in the continent. Such interrogation creates the possibility of reimagining the problem by observing the lived realities of children in Africa and the (in)ability of society to keep track with their humanity. Further, we propose the need to memorialize the harms that children in Africa have been exposed to in the past and present through commemorative markers, as a means of appreciating the precarity of childhood in the continent. We reason that doing so will create a stronger sense of responsibility for state and civil society towards children and potentially curb child trafficking.

Assisting Visually Impaired People Using Deep Learning-based Anomaly Detection in Pedestrian Walkways for Intelligent Transportation Systems on Remote Sensing Images

Anomaly detection in pedestrian walkways of visually impaired people (VIP) is a vital research area that utilizes remote sensing and aids to optimize pedestrian traffic and improve flow. Researchers and engineers can formulate effective tools and methods with the power of machine learning (ML) and computer vision (CV) to identifying anomalies (i.e. vehicles) and mitigate potential safety hazards in pedestrian walkways. With recent advancements in ML and deep learning (DL) areas, authors have found that the image recognition problem ought to be devised as a two-class classification problem. Therefore, this manuscript presents a new sine cosine algorithm with deep learning-based anomaly detection in pedestrian walkways (SCADL-ADPW) algorithm. The proposed SCADL-ADPW technique identifies the presence of anomalies in the pedestrian walkways on remote sensing images. The SCADL-ADPW techniques focus on the identification and classification of anomalies, i.e. vehicles in the pedestrian walkways of VIP. To accomplish this, the SCADL-ADPW technique uses the VGG-16 model for feature vector generation. In addition, the SCA approach is designed for the optimal hyperparameter tuning process. For anomaly detection, the long short-term memory (LSTM) method can be exploited. The experimental results of the SCADL-ADPW technique are studied on the UCSD anomaly detection dataset. The comparative outcomes stated the improved anomaly detection results of the SCADL-ADPW technique.

A Novel Model for House Price Prediction with Machine Learning Techniques

In this paper, we are going to use machine learning algorithms for house price prediction. House prices increases drastically every year, so we felt a need for a system that will predict house prices in the future. Due to a lack of knowledge of property assets people cannot guess the accurate price of houses. Therefore, we felt a need for a model that will predict an accurate house price. So, the main aim of our project is to predict the accurate price of the house without any loss. This survey also deals with a comparative analysis of the results of the algorithms used and the model with the highest accuracy and minimum error rate will be implemented. For the choice of prediction ways, we tend to compare and explore numerous prediction ways. We tend to utilize Linear and random forest regression as our model attributable to its liable and probabilistic methodology on model Choice. Our result exhibits that approach to the problem ought to achieve success and has the flexibility to predictions that will be compared to different house price prediction models. We have a proclivity to propose a house price prediction model to hold up a customer to estimate the proper valuation of a house.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENCE

Like other branches of philosophy, there are also main problems in the philosophy of science: the characteristics. The characteristic problem ought to be solved to its fundamental nature, making it different from other branches of philosophy. Problems in the philosophy of science include, among others, the understanding of the basic concept and science, each of which has its own identity. Knowledge problems include, among others, the understanding of knowledge, sources of knowledge, the level of knowledge, the structure of knowledge, as well as the truth and error of knowledge. The problems in the philosophy of science are as complex as any other branch of philosophy. However, it is highly demanded that those who study the science problem cannot simply detach themselves from the philosophy of knowledge and metaphysics. Therefore, those who desire to study philosophy of science should approach these two branches of philosophy in the first place.

THE TROLLEY META-PROBLEM

For many years, philosophers have argued about the Trolley Problem – but they've also argued about whether the problem ought to interest us. According to some, the artificiality of the situations means that they involve no complicating factors – and so we ought to take our intuitions about them especially seriously. According to others, though, the artificiality of the situations means that our intuitions about them are meaningless. I hereby name the puzzle of why our intuitions about this differ the ‘Trolley Meta-Problem’. The story that follows illustrates this problem – and the Trolley Problem itself – in a humorous way.

Restorative justice: the feasibility of alternative models of justice

ABSTRACT The issue of overloaded, and backlogged courts is not new. Despite the 2016 Supreme Court of Canada R. v. Jordan ruling which set a “presumptive ceiling” of 18 months for summary and 30 months for indictable cases respectively, the issue can be traced back decades before. In particular, the Supreme Court of Canada has intervened three other times on the issue of unreasonable delays, and the corresponding section of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (section 11 (b)). Despite these interventions, the underlying problems which cause court delays remain unaddressed. As a result, new solutions to this persistent problem ought to be considered. This article aims to explore whether or not restorative justice (RJ) is a feasible alternative. In particular, RJ appears to be more efficient, cost less, and result in lower levels of recidivism and higher levels of satisfaction among participants. Despite these benefits, it will be argued that RJ is unlikely to be considered for broader use in Canada due to the political landscape and prevailing beliefs among Canadians regarding punitive punishments. Changes to the Criminal Code might help rectify this dilemma.

The Construct of Sex Work in France: A Qualitative Analysis of the Development of a Sex Work Policy

This paper aims to shed light on the particular development of repressive policies on sex work in France. The analysis draws on two main datasets: ongoing research on humanitarian interventions and interviews with insti-tutional, mainstream feminists and other neo-abolitionist groups in Paris and Marseille. The analysis is supported by the ethnographic data emerging from interviews with street- and internet-based migrant workers and key informants, such as community health outreach workers, social workers, and immigration lawyers, in Paris. This analysis argues that the construction of prostitution as a social problem ought to be seen in light of broader political anxieties over sexist behaviour in poor neighbourhoods and immigration control.

Sovereign Debt, Incapacity and Insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa

The thesis that sovereign debt and capital flight have some causative effect on the growing insecurity in Africa is one that has not been fully examined. That is the submission of this paper and the need to address it. Fighting insecurity comes at a huge cost and much of the funds diverted to the problem ought to have been available for agriculture bost, health, education and infrastructure needs. The contractual obligation to debt service and the volatility of commodity-dependent economies of the nations in the global market remains a major challenge. Several initiatives to manage the debt are in place by the lending institutions such as IMF, World Bank including an entity like the Paris Club through restructuring, cancellation, etc. Such economic and management strategies have helped to ameliorate but not appreciably solved the problems. This is because they are usually not comprehensive enough debt resumes from the necessity for further borrowings and the profitability of fresh lending by commercial lenders. The legal framework for managing insecurity exists from the global to the regional and national jurisdictions, meaning that the responsibility is collective. However, the fact remains that higher access to funding is required to increase the capacity of the governments to deal with the issues and avoid the vicious cycle of debt, poverty and insecurity in Sub-Saharan African nations.

Mathematical Models and Algorithms of Optimal Load Management of Electricity Consumers

Load profile alignment based on optimal power consumption management is considered to be one of the main ways to ensure efficient operation of energy systems in the short-term planning. Alignment load profile with a view to reducing costs can be implemented with the aid of consumers’ involvement by administrative and economic measures. Administrative measures are associated with the forced restriction of consumer loads in certain intervals of the planning period. On one hand, these measures provide benefits to the power system by alignment load profile, and on the other hand, they cause detriment to consumers. Ultimately, in some cases, for the whole power system, the detriment may be greater than the benefits. Therefore, it is advisable to use administrative measures in conditions of shortage of power and electricity in the power system. Optimal planning of short-term regimes of power systems according to rigid load profile received after alignment can be carried out by traditional methods. The solution of such a problem ought to be initially carried out under conditions of non-rigid load profile resulting from the directive use of administrative and economic measures carried out with the help of specially developed models. In this regard, the paper proposes a mathematical model of the problem of optimizing load profile of regulated electricity consumers to be used for optimal planning of shortterm power system modes, an algorithm for optimal planning of a short-term power system mode with optimizing load profile of regulated power consumers. Also, algorithms are proposed for accounting for simple and functional constraints in the form of equalities and inequalities when optimizing load profile. The effectiveness of the described algorithm for optimizing the short-term mode of the power system, taking into account the optimal load control of adjustable electricity consumers, has been studied using the example of optimal coverage of the load profile of power system, which contains two consumers with adjustable load profile, and two TPPs. Based on the calculated-and-experimental studies, it was determined that the proposed mathematical model of the problem is adequate, while the developed algorithms for optimal planning of short-term power system modes with optimization of load profile of regulated electricity consumers and taking into account various types of limitations are of high computational qualities.

관광숙박업 효율성의 시계열적 측정오차 추정

The purpose of the paper is to estimate Cycle Variation Error in Technical efficiency measure in tourist accommodation business. Cycle Variation Error is a measurement error in efficiency measure due to difference in sensitivity of each firm against common external shocks. That a Cycle Variation Error is in an efficiency measure means that the measure contains a heterogeneous component of error which is not explained by conventional concept of random error. Thus, estimating Cycle Variation Error is important because it is related with credibility of statistical inference via conventional efficiency measure. Empirical results indicate that overall Cycle Variation Error is small. Therefore, statistical estimations based on existing DEA/SFA efficiency measures of tourist accommodation business are acceptable within the framework of Cycle Variation Error. However, few data points which have large Cycle Variation Error are also observed. Thus, Cycle Variation Error problem ought to be considered for firm level decision making using by efficiency measure.

DAME: Runtime-compilation for data movement

Modern machines consist of multiple compute devices and complex memory hierarchies. For many applications, it is imperative that any data movement between and within the various compute devices be done as efficiently as possible in order to obtain maximum performance. However, hand-optimizing code for one architecture will likely sacrifice both performance portability and software maintainability. In addition, some optimization decisions are best made at runtime. This suggests that the problem ought to be tackled on two fronts. First, provide the programmer with a declarative language to describe data layouts and data motion. This would allow the runtime system to be tuned for each architecture by a specialist and free the programmer to concentrate on the application itself. Second, exploit the execution time information to optimize the data movement code further. MPI derived datatypes accomplish the former task and Just In Time (JIT) compilation can be used for the latter. In this paper, we present DAME—a language and interpreter designed to be used as the backend for MPI derived datatypes. We also present DAME-L and DAME-X, two JIT-enabled implementations of DAME, all of which have been integrated into MPICH. We evaluate their performance on DDTBench and two mini-applications written with MPI derived datatypes and obtain communication speedups of up to 20× and mini-application speedups of up to 3×.

Innovative solutions in engineering of construction projects

Abstract The issue of innovation in engineering of construction projects (ECP) is considered. The nature of the ECP and the issue of application of innovations is multidimensional, therefore the problem ought to considered in vertical and horizontal aspects. Attention was paid to the imperatives of innovation. The entire subject is considered in the context of Professor O. Kaplinski’s jubilee.

Dynamic Nearest Neighbour Search With Keywords

Many search engines are accustomed search anything from anywhere; this method is employed to quick nearest neighbour search using keyword. Existing works primarily target finding top-k Nearest Neighbour s, wherever every node must match the full querying keywords .It doesn't consider the density of information objects within the spatial area. Additionally these strategies are low economical for progressive question. however in supposed system, as an example once there's look for nearest restaurant, rather than considering all the restaurants, a nearest neighbour question would raise the eating house that's, closest among those whose menus contain spicy, liquor all at a similar time, resolution to such queries relies on the IR 2 -tree, however IR 2 -tree having some drawbacks. Potency of IR 2 -tree badly is impacted because of some drawbacks in it. The answer for overcoming this problem ought to be searched. The spatial inverted index is that the technique which can be the answer for this problem.

Normativity, agency, and life

There is an immense philosophical literature dealing with the notions of normativity and agency, as well as a sizeable and rapidly growing scientific literature on the topic of autonomous agents. However, there has been very little cross-fertilization between these two literatures. As a result, the philosophical literature tends to assume a somewhat outdated mechanistic image of living things, resulting in a quasi-dualistic picture in which only human beings, or the higher animals, can be normative agents properly speaking. From this perspective, the project of ‘naturalizing normativity’ becomes almost a contradiction in terms. At the same time, the scientific literature tends to misuse ‘normativity,’ ‘agency,’ and related terms, assuming that it is meaningful to ascribe these concepts to ‘autonomous agents’ conceived of as physical systems whose behavior is to be explained in terms of ordinary physical law. From this perspective, the true depth of the difficulty involved in understanding what makes living systems distinctive qua physical systems becomes occluded. In this essay, I begin the attempt to remedy this situation. After some preliminary discussion of terminology and situating of my project within the contemporary philosophical landscape, I make a distinction between two different aspects of the project of naturalizing normativity: (1) the ‘Scope Problem,’ which consists in saying how widely in nature our concept of normative agency may properly be applied; and (2) the ‘Ground Problem,’ which consists in rationalizing the phenomenon of normative agency in terms of the rest of our knowledge of nature. Then, in the remainder of this paper, I argue that the Scope Problem ought to be resolved in favor of attributing normative agency, in the proper sense of those words, to living things as such. The Ground Problem will be discussed in a companion paper at a later time.

Would ‘sorry’ repair my loss? Why Palestinian refugees should seek an apology for their displacement

Prospective post-conflict arrangements for Palestinian refugees revolve around a pool of strategies and options. Prominent amongst those are various views of implementing repatriation, resettlement and some aspects of reparations, particularly property restitution and compensation. Previous rounds of negotiations and attempts at settling the Palestinian refugee problem have tackled one aspect or the other of the above. Yet, there has been an alarming steady lack of agreement between the parties over what constitutes reparations as a concept of redress and the various forms it takes such as apology for example. This comes in contrast to the modern comparative practice and literature on the politics of reparations stressing the centrality of apology as an integral form of reparations employed in the search for redressing a historical injustice such as displacement and dispossession. Drawing on international practice in Japan, South Korea and the US; as well as on the modern literature on reparations, this article seeks to illustrate how and why apology as a form of reparations is associated with monetary compensation and is an integral component of the search for redress to the Palestinian refugee problem. The study will also illustrate how negotiating the Palestinian refugee issue throughout the past decades has approached reparations – or failed to – from this perspective. It will argue that redressing the Palestinian refugee problem ought to include an official apology acknowledging the wrongful act of displacement and dispossession.

Models of Health Care Rationing

The article discusses and exemplifies three models of health care rationing observed in affluent, economically advanced countries. Its underlying premise is that no welfare system in the world can be exempted from any rationing whatsoever. This raises the question as to how the problem ought best to be resolved. But before thinking about normatively appealing answers it might be helpful to study how the problem is actually dealt with in the real world. For such a study brings to light several advantages and drawbacks of various rationing schemes which it would be hard to consider (even conceive) in the abstract alone, but whose knowledge may be highly relevant, perhaps indispensable, for the designation of adequate solutions.

Rationing Health Care in the Welfare State

Three policies of health care rationing are discussed. The premise underlying their analysis is that all welfare systems must ration health care. This raises the question as to how the problem ought best to be resolved. But before thinking about normatively appealing answers it might be helpful to study how the problem is dealt with in the real world. For such a study brings to light several advantages and drawbacks of various rationing schemes which would be hard to consider in the abstract alone, but whose knowledge may be highly relevant for any designation of adequate solutions.

The 2004 Frankel Symposium: Shaping Environmental Policy: Science in Context: Keynote Address

Introduction by Susan Westerberg Prager: I'm sorry to disrupt your conversations. My name is Susan Prager and I'm the former Dean of the UCLA Law School. I appreciate Sean Hecht asking me to introduce Don Kennedy today. For that, I thank you, and I think all of us thank you for putting together such an important program today ... I was thinking of this challenge of introducing a person that I've known for a very long time in a number of different contexts.... Don, of the most impressive things to me about your teaching and your life is the countless people that you have taken the time to mentor over the decades. Don't be fooled, by the way, by that Emeritus label on this man's bio. He happened to mention to me in passing that very recently he has taught at the request of five different faculty members at Stanford portions of their courses--doing this at the same time as he has these very significant responsibilities at Science magazine. For those of you who are lawyers who've never looked at Science magazine, I urge you to think about it as a part of your broader education, because ... while it is reporting on truly cutting-edge scientific research, it is done in a way to make it acceptable to a much broader community than the things that might appear in other scientific publications. There's much to be learned from Don Kennedy's career about his qualities as a leader. During his twelve-year presidency at Stanford he accomplished so much. He clearly had an agenda and it included, just to name a few things, a drive to insure that there was a renewed institutional focus on undergraduate education. He managed to do that at the same time as Stanford was driving forward its research capacities and its achievements in research in a very big way. He was a bold campus planner on the facilities side. And what Stanford is able to do today is in very significant part due to the physical plant for engineering and science that was marked out by Don and his colleagues during his presidency. But this type of achievement, important as it is, is not the only picture about Don Kennedy. Don has something that too few of our leaders embrace and even fewer actually live. His leadership is not about him. And he is a very open, non-defensive leader, and as a consequence, people love working with him and for him. I've had many conversations over the years with those who've been in that role and they talk about how Don has this quality of liberating those who work with him to take positions that they might think he wouldn't like and to have a true open-airing of the direction in which a particular problem ought to be resolved. We may take that kind of climate for granted in some disciplines, but it's very hard in a leadership position to do that day in and day out. This also played itself out in a way that was a very dramatic and public one, and that was when Stanford was in the midst of a controversy over indirect cost charges to the federal government. ... Going back many, many decades, Don's life has been interdisciplinary. Interdisciplinary before it was fashionable, before anyone was talking about it as a value in higher education. Our first panel today brought home the difficulties of achieving interdisciplinary work, but five years after Don arrived at Stanford in 1960, to become, in his words, one of the workhorses of the core curriculum in biology, after he had spent four years teaching at Syracuse, he and a handful of others on the campus began to create an innovative program which has survived to this day: the Human Biology program. It became, for a very significant time, I believe, the most popular major at Stanford. And now, together with the Biology major, these are the two most popular programs. It was a program that was ahead of its time in another sense. It was a program oriented toward a broader training to develop a greater literacy about science. Words that we use today, but words that weren't used then. …

One Perspective on Sentencing Reform in the United States

In this wide-ranging essay, Robinson, a former Commissioner of the United States Sentencing Commission, who dissented from the Commission's guidelines, gives his analysis of the problems that triggered the reforms of the past two decades, how those problems have been attacked, the resulting effect of the reforms, the problems that remain, and how the remaining problems might be solved. In particular, Robinson focuses on what he calls the problems of irrationality, disparity, and deception, as being the primary motivation for modern reforms such as the federal Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. He concludes that the problem of deception has been solved, although we will continue to suffer through a difficult transition period as public expectations of prison term lengths change to match what the reality has long been. The problem of disparity has been significantly reduced, he concludes, although more can and should be done. It is the problem of irrationality, Robinson argues, that has not been addressed and will remain a barrier to fair and effective sentencing. He offers his own view of how the problem ought to be attacked, but expresses some pessimism as it whether the needed reforms are possible within the current political climate. The essay is derived from lectures given at the United Nations Institute in Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan (UNAFEI).

Predictors of differences in symptom perception of older patients and their doctors.

Doctors and their older patients do not necessarily agree on what health problem ought to be treated. Discordance influences diagnostic procedures, patient satisfaction and treatment outcome negatively. The purpose of the present study was to determine the psychosocial factors influencing differences in symptom reports of patients and physicians. A cohort study was carried out in a medical out-patient clinic. A total 141 women and 213 men agreed to give symptom reports while waiting for their doctor's appointment and allowed their treating physician to evaluate symptoms afterwards. Disagreement between patients and physicians on which symptoms triggered the visit appeared in one-third of the cases. This was more likely the longer symptoms existed, the less intensely patients experienced their symptom and the more restricted they felt because of the symptom. Psychosocial factors did not have a significant influence. Independently of psychosocial variables, the different illness concepts of patients and their treating physician influence the subject of the consultation. Doctors and patients were most likely to agree when patients reported their symptoms as being of recent onset and being intense. Symptom intensity and the associated degree of restriction seem to reflect two different conceptual dimensions of symptom evaluation.