Problems Of Water Availability Research Articles

Artificial Rainfall Aquifer to Supply Clean Water Requirement During the Dry Season in Selengen Village, North Lombok Regency

Selengen Village is one of the villages in North Lombok Regency that always experiences drought and lack of clean water every year. The problem of clean water availability is caused by limited water sources on the surface. The frequency of rainwater in Selengen Village is very small and with very low intensity. In order to meet the need for clean water, the community has to pay additional costs to buy clean water or wait for a drop from the government. The Selengan Village community has limited information regarding simple methods that can be used to collect clean water sourced from rainwater. The method used to introduce rainwater capture as a source of clean water is to provide direct outreach to the Selengen Village community about rainwater storage in the form of ABSAH (Artificial Aquifer for Rainwater Savings). The ABSAH method can be done individually or in groups. The socialization was carried out at the Panggung Barat Hamlet office involving the community consisting of farmer groups, community leaders, youth organizations and housewives. The result of the socialization regarding the introduction of artificial rainwater aquifers is the high desire of the community to create rainwater storage, either independently/individually or in groups. In the process of making it, the community hopes to get assistance from the implementation team so that the calculation of the storage volume is in accordance with the volume of water used. Apart from that, the community also hopes to be given drawings of storage designs, installations for collecting water from the roofs of houses and designs of distribution networks to people's homes.

Stunting Allevation in Kalibaru Subdistrict, North Jakarta trough the Implementation of Integrated Urban Farming and Rainwater Harvesting System

Stunting remains a serious public health problem in urban areas. A contributing factor to the high prevalence of stunting in the region is the limited availability of clean water and nutrient-rich foods. In addition, this sub-district is at risk of experiencing a clean water crisis in the future. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the integration of rainwater harvesting (RWH) and urban farming to overcome stunting, access to clean water, and food supply in Kalibaru District, North Jakarta. The method used is a social experiment through three processes: community education, RWH installation, and urban agricultural system development. For each process, data collection was carried out through field observations and surveys of 39 respondents. Community knowledge was measured before and after the process through questionnaires, and the results of the integration of RWH and urban farming systems were described. The results showed an increase in public knowledge about the benefits of RWH integration and urban farming. RWH has helped alleviate the problem of clean water availability effectively and economically. Meanwhile, urban agriculture has given communities better access to nutrient-rich foods, which in turn can help reduce the problem of stunting.

Improved Representation of Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions Using SWAT+gwflow and Modifications to the gwflow Module

Recent water availability and scarcity problems have highlighted the importance of surface–groundwater interactions. Thus, groundwater models are coupled with surface water models. However, this solution is complex, needing code modifications and long computation times. Recently, a new groundwater module (gwflow) was developed directly inside the SWAT code to tackle these issues. This research assesses gwflow’s capabilities in representing surface–groundwater system interactions in the Dijle catchment (892.54 km2), a groundwater-driven watershed in Belgium. Additional developments were made in SWAT+gwflow to represent the interaction between the groundwater and soil (gwsoil). The model was calibrated for monthly mean streamflow at the catchment outlet (1983 to 1996) and validated for two periods (validation 1: 1975 to 1982 and validation 2: 1997 to 2002). It was found that the SWAT+gwflow model is better at representing the total flow (NSE of 0.6) than the standalone SWAT+ (NSE of 0.4). This was confirmed during two validation periods where the standalone model scored unsatisfactory monthly NSE (0.6 and 0.1), while the new model’s NSE was 0.7 and 0.5. Additionally, the SWAT+gwflow model simulations better depict the groundwater via baseflow and attain proper water balance values. Thus, in a highly groundwater-driven catchment, the simplified representation of groundwater systems by the standalone SWAT+ model has pitfalls. In addition, the modification made to the gwflow module (gwsoil) improved the model’s performance, which, without such adjustment, overestimates the streamflow via saturation excess flow. When including the gwsoil mechanism, thereby providing a more accurate representation of water storage and movement, groundwater is transferred to the soil profile, increasing the overall soil water content and thereby increasing lateral flow. This novel modification can also have implications for other distributed hydrological models to consider such exchanges in their modeling scheme.

Availability of clean water and discharge reliable for housing taman argo subur cisoka, tangerang district

The problem of water availability is an important issue in the development of a residential area, because the availability of water resources is the supporting capacity for the development of a residential area. Adequate water availability for now and predictions of future water availability are very important to know for ensuring an area that is feasible for development. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of water availability through the method of calculating the water balance and calculating the mainstay discharge to find out whether the water needs are fulfilled or not. Household water consumption is one of the biggest contributors to the water crisis in residential areas. For this reason, it is necessary to have information that has high accuracy regarding the existence of water sources and the amount of water reserves owned by a location. The water balance is one way to determine the availability of water in an area so that it can be calculated whether the location will experience a water crisis or not. Calculation of water balance using the FJ Mock method can provide the information needed whether an area has a surplus of water or not and can be used to calculate the mainstay discharge which is useful for distributing water to residents. Making reservoirs or tendons is an alternative to overcome the occurrence of a water crisis when the dry season comes because often residential areas experience water shortage problems. For this reason, a calculation is made regarding the amount of water debit produced by the water reservoir made by the manager and the amount of surplus water is based on the monthly average method. The results of the calculation of the FJ Mock discharge can be seen that the resulting maximum discharge is 0.504 m3/second and the minimum discharge is 0.069 m3 / sec. The results of the reliable discharge calculation show that the water discharge is still acceptable or meets the criteria because even though in August the water discharge that was achieved was only 0.069 m3/sec, this amount still meets the requirements at a reliability value of 99% and at an error value of 1%. These results provide evidence that the discharge generated by the two residential tendons of Taman Argo Subur still meets the requirements.

Assistance for Construction of Rainwater Infiltration Wells through Rain Water Harvesting in Overcoming Flood Prone in Beji Village, Depok City

Beji Village is one of the villages in Beji District, Depok City. Currently, Beji Village is quite dense with residents. Most of the land is used as housing for residents, so it has an impact on depleting the availability of vacant land as water catchment areas. This causes the area to become prone to flooding. This service aims to assist the people of Beji, Depok, build rainwater infiltration wells through Rain Water Harvesting to overcome flood proneness. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is used in this assistance by inviting the community to participate in Extension and Education, Training and Guidance, Field Assistance, Community Involvement, Research and Monitoring, and Partnership Development. This service resulted in rainwater harvesting, which has absorption two times faster than before. It can be illustrated that rainwater will usually recede within half an hour at the service location. With this infiltration well, incoming rainwater can recede within 10-15 minutes for a field area of approximately 80 m2. With this infiltration well, rainwater that usually recedes within half an hour can recede within 10-15 minutes for a field area of 80 m2. This shows the success of community service in reducing the risk of flooding in Beji Village and providing effective solutions to address the problem of water availability and water management in the area.

Alternative weir design using circular crested type and vlughter type energy dissipators on the Yeh Empas Longstorage in Tabanan Regency

Climate change affects seasonal changes throughout the world, including in Indonesia a tropical country that experiences rainy and dry seasons with the possibility of facing drought or flood disasters. The long storage construction has an objective to overcome the problem of water availability during the dry and rainy seasons. The Yeh Empas long storage is one of the construction weirs with rubber as a barrier and a movable gate in the Yeh Empas River as a reservoir for raw water for Tabanan Regency. The utilization of movable gates and rubber weir bodies has disadvantages in terms of cost and construction time due to the ordering time. The objective of the current study is to design an alternative weir using circular crested type and Vlughter type energy dissipators without replacing the long storage function. The weir was designed by implementing a 100-year return period flood discharge of 163.29 m3/dt. The design result depicts the dimensions of weir elements consisting of the crest radius, the crest height, the energy dissipator length, the upstream slope, the downstream slope, and the effective width is 1.00 m, 3.30 m, 5.70 m, 2:3, 1:1, and 26.31 m, respectively.

Water Crisis in India: Concept of Nexus-Regional Solution

In India, which ranks first in the world in terms of population size in 2023, rapid technological and economic development is combined with an increased scarcity of natural resources, which is especially acute in the lack of water resources. Increase of water consumption (90% of water is consumed by irrigation and agriculture), growing competition for water resources from energy, industry, urbanization, etc. require a transition from sectoral water use management to management based on the concept of nexus (latin)–linkage between sectors. The central is Water–Energy–Food nexus which has been studied since the early 2010s. In developing the new National Water Policy of India, attention is focused on the development of the Water–Energy–Food production nexus. The article is based on a review of scientific publications, a critical analysis of forecasts and scenarios, and the use of statistical databases. The most acute problems of water availability and rationalization of its use are discussed at the state level and at the level of large river basins (project “Pure Ganges”). Technological and managerial decisions made in India aimed at rationalizing water use based on an unsophisticated approach are considered. A new driving force is the accelerated development of renewable energy sources. The problems of the Water–Energy–Food production nexus can be successfully solved only in the context of integral regional development, which becomes more complicated under the climate change.

Climate Change in the Mediterranean Basin (Part II): A Review of Challenges and Uncertainties in Climate Change Modeling and Impact Analyses

The Mediterranean basin is particularly prone to climate change and vulnerable to its impacts. One of the most relevant consequences of climate change, especially for the southern Mediterranean regions, is certainly water scarcity as result of a reduction of surface runoff and groundwater levels. Despite the progress achieved in recent years in the field of climate change and its impact on water resources, results and outcomes should be treated with due caution since any future climate projection and derived implications are inevitably affected by a certain degree of uncertainty arising from each different stage of the entire modeling chain. This work offers a comprehensive overview of recent works on climate change in the Mediterranean basin, mainly focusing on the last ten years of research. Past and future trends on different components of the hydrological balance are discussed in a companion paper (Noto et al. 2022), while the present paper focuses on the problem of water availability and water scarcity. In addition, the work aims to discuss the most relevant sources of uncertainty related to climate change with the aim to gain awareness of climate change impact studies interpretation and reliability.

Estimated sediment exports and erosion in Central Citarum watershed

In addition to the problem of water availability and quality, the Citratum watershed is also experiencing problems with soil erosion and sedimentation. Climate change and land use cover are the leading causes of this. Therefore, monitoring water conditions and soil erosion is prioritized in the central Citarum watershed covering an area of 227,020 hectares. The purpose of this study was to determine soil erosion and the spatial distribution of sediment exports. The InVEST SDR method was used to calculate sediment exports and soil erosion. The results showed that the total sediment export of the Central Citarum watershed was 4.61 x million tons/year or an average of 20.31 tons/ha/year. Significant distributions occur in several sub-watersheds, including Cilawang, Cihalaya, Cipada, Citarum 58, and Cimurah, each contributing 36.56%, 14.83%, 13.70%, 4.73%, and 4.53 %. Meanwhile, total soil erosion is 23.16 million tons/year or an average of 102 tons/ha/year, with the most extensive distribution in the Cilawang sub-watershed, 35.12%. High sediment discharge occurs in areas with steep slopes, high rainfall, and dry land agriculture. Furthermore, efforts to reduce sediment exports to the Cirata and Jatiluhur reservoirs should focus on these five sub-watersheds.

Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tebu Hasil Mutasi Pada Ketinggian Lokasi Berbeda

The availability of superior sugarcane varieties is one of the causes of the low national sugarcane production. The results of mutations from Bululawang sugarcane (BL) variety obtained three genotypes that have the potential to have high yields. Sugarcane plants can be cultivated in all locations because sugarcane can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas with the main problem of water availability being either shortage (drought) or excess (poor drainage). Increases and differences in sugarcane yields can be caused by fertilization, good water distribution throughout the sugarcane growth cycle, crop management, climate and different varieties. if the plant does not experience a lack of water, its production can reach 123 ton/ha/year, but if the plant is under moderate stress (4-5 weeks without rain) then the production will drop to 108 Ton/ha/year. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study to determine the potential of each mutant sugarcane at different locations. This research uses direct observation method to each location. Then the data obtained was analyzed descriptively analytically to provide an overview of the object under study through the data that has been collected as it is without analyzing and making conclusions that apply to the public. The results of the research that the M1 mutant sugarcane had the age of emergence of tillers, the highest number of tillers and was able to adapt very well at an altitude of ± 512 meters above sea level. The M1 mutant sugarcane has the highest plant height, the highest number of segments and is able to adapt very well at an altitude of ±62 meters above sea level. The M2 mutant sugarcane has the highest internode length and is able to adapt very well at an altitude of ±62 meters above sea level. Sugarcane M3 has the stem diameter, the highest internode length and is able to adapt very well to an altitude of ± 512 m asl.Key words: sugarcane; production; mutation; different varieties

‘Water Sensitive Cities’: Planning and Evaluation of Its Theoretical Application in a Mexican City with High Hydric Stress

Cities can be viewed as a source of solutions to environmental problems. The Water-Sensitive Cities (WSC) model is part of the solution when trying to transform the current negative relationship between water and cities, since it has remained at the conceptual level, without evaluating the implications of its application in cities from developing countries. The primary aim of the article is to analyse a potential scenario under the WSC model, seeking an alternative solution to the problems of water availability and supply in cities in semi-arid environments with prominent levels of water stress from the Global South. We selected Aguascalientes City, Mexico, as a case study, and through geospatial analysis, it was possible to generate and assess urban planning strategies for stormwater harvesting and alternative sustainable infrastructure for urban and peri-urban areas. The results show that this analysis would imply a considerable reduction in groundwater extracted for urban consumption in the city, reducing local water stress; however, the various political and social implications intrinsic to the implementation of this model should be considered, as they may represent an obstacle to its execution.

Deploying Community Water Solutions with People, for People

Guiding principles and strategies for solving local water availability problems in India have emerged from collaborations involving water users, water experts, and water solutions providers.

Introduction of water filtration using PVC pipe to be waterworth for the community

This community empowerment program focuses on how to prevent the spread of Covid-19 by using simple and inexpensive equipment to solve the problem of clean water availability. The objective of this program is to train the residents of Kampung Baru Village about the strategy of providing clean water through PVC water filtration. Socialization, training, and mentoring are the methods of community empowerment used in Kampung Baru Village, Bilah Barat District, Labuhanbatu Regency. The public's knowledge of how to produce clean water with a filter increased as a result of the program implementation, as well as the community was able to assemble a water filter using PVC pipe, and the water filter trial was successfully completed.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

One of the main factors of territorial attractiveness of modern settlement systems is the environmental aspect, which, analyzing the trends and tendencies of society, will become increasingly important. The aim of the study is to analyze the issues of environmental development and their impact on settlement systems. The article notes the high impact of environmental processes on the formation of the attractiveness of areas. Pollution of air and water, increase in the amount of non-recyclable and non-recyclable waste, climate change, deforestation - these factors have a direct impact on the development of ecosystems. In an urban environment, their impact on human life and health is growing. Among the main elements of the ecological block of the attractiveness of the territory were identified the presence of environmentally hazardous facilities, emissions of harmful substances, air pollution, indicators of access to clean water. The problem of water availability is relevant, because today the world can not fully meet all the household needs of the population. Rationalization of water use is an important requirement. The analysis of air pollution showed that the biggest polluters are industrial enterprises in the districts, but they are economically attractive due to the activities of these enterprises. The density of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources of pollution per square meter. meter of area indicates unstable dynamics. Analysis of the generation of household and industrial waste showed that in most areas of Ukraine there has been a reduction in their volume since 2019. Hypotheses to reduce the attractiveness of agricultural areas due to ill-considered use of pesticides. There are low costs for environmental protection, which causes a number of problems with overcoming air pollution, waste disposal, providing the population with clean water and rational agriculture.

PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PENYEDIAAN AIR BERSIH DI DESA BANJARSARI, KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS

During the pandemic Covid 19, everyone washes their hands more frequently, so the need for clean water are increased. Since a few years ago, drought has become a fundamental problem in several areas in Indonesia, including in Banjarsari village, Tanggamus district, Lampung province. As we know, rain is one of the most widely available water sources in nature and can be accessed for free. Good management of rain can not only overcome the problem of water availability in the dry season, but can also overcome the problem of excess water in the rainy season and can also minimize the use of funds. Therefore, harvesting rainwater in Banjarsari village can be used as an alternative to reduce the problem of lack of clean water for villagers during the dry season for a low cost. In this PKM activity, the PKM team from Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia has successfully installed a rainwater harvesting unit at the residence of the Banjarsari sub-district head. Based on the information from the Banjarsari sub-district head, after several months of installing rainwater harvesting equipment at his residence, rainwater can be stored during the rainy season and can be used during the dry season so that it can help reduce the problem of lack of clean water in the village.

Maize response to coupled irrigation and nitrogen fertilization under center pivot, subsurface drip and surface (furrow) irrigation: Growth, development and productivity

Water availability and water quality problems negatively impact agricultural productivity due to improper nitrogen (N) and irrigation management, which can also negatively affect environmental services. Coupled irrigation and N management practices must be developed and practiced for alleviating these challenges. Investigating crop growth and development and yield response to coupled irrigation and N management under different irrigation methods can aid in developing optimum agronomic management practices to enhance crop production efficiency. Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 growing seasons to measure and compare maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield, leaf area index (LAI), plant height (and their relationships), and stem diameter under different N application timing treatments and traditional N application under different irrigation methods [center pivot (CP), subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), and furrow irrigation (FI)]. The irrigation levels were full irrigation treatment (FIT or 100%), 80% of FIT, 60% of FIT, and rainfed conditions (RFT) coupled with fertigation application timing treatments. The N treatments were: (i) traditional (TN) with spring pre-plant application, (ii) non-traditional-1 (NT-1) with three pre-season and in-season N applications, and (iii) non-traditional-2 (NT-2) with four pre- and in-season N applications. Grain yield, LAI, and plant height were significantly (p < 0.05) altered by increasing irrigation levels for the traditional N and non-traditional N treatments for the given irrigation method as well between the irrigation methods for the same treatment. The irrigation method had a substantial influence on LAI, and both CP and SDI had 24% higher averaged LAI than FI across traditional N treatments. The highest grain yields were observed under NT-1 and NT-2 at FIT across the irrigation methods. The highest grain yields of 17.3, 16.8 and 15.2 Mg ha-1 were observed in 100% NT-1-CP, 100%-NT-1-SDI, and 100% T-FI in the 2016 growing season, respectively; and 17.8, 16.7 and 14 Mg ha-1 were observed in 100% NT-1-CP, 100%-NT-2-SDI, and 100% T-FI in the 2017 growing season, respectively. The traditional N treatment showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield under CP than FI (8.1% and 25.5% higher under CP in 2016 and 2017, respectively). SDI had 8.1% and 23% higher yield than FI in 2016 and 2017 seasons, respectively. NT-1 and NT-2 treatments had significantly higher (p < 0.05) grain yields than traditional N treatment under CP and SDI; and NT-1 and NT-2 yields were significantly higher (p < 0.05) under CP than SDI. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in yield between NT-1 and NT-2. However, the TN-1 yielded 4.3% higher under CP than in SDI method. NT-1 can be an effective N management practice coupled with 80% of FIT irrigation level under CP and SDI. Results and analyses presented here can provide guidance to growers and their advisors to assess maize productivity under different irrigation and N management strategies under different irrigation methods in the soil, climatic and management practices similar to those presented in this research.

Anti-Foulant Ultrafiltration Polymer Composite Membranes Incorporated with Composite Activated Carbon/Chitosan and Activated Carbon/Thiolated Chitosan with Enhanced Hydrophilicity.

A rapid increase in population worldwide is giving rise to the severe problem of safe drinking water availability, necessitating the search for solutions that are effective and economical. For this purpose, membrane technology has shown a lot of promise but faces the challenge of fouling, leading to a reduction in its lifetime. In this study, ultrafiltration polyethersulfone membranes were synthesized in two different concentrations, 16% wt. and 20% wt., using the phase inversion method. Chitosan and activated carbon were incorporated as individual fillers and then as composites in both the concentrations. A novel thiolated chitosan/activated carbon composite was introduced into a polyethersulfone membrane matrix. The membranes were then analyzed using Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry, gravimetric analysis, water retention, mechanical testing and contact angle. For membranes with the novel thiolated chitosan/activated carbon composite, Scanning Electron Microscopy micrographs showed better channels, indicating a better permeability possibility, reiterated by the flux rate results. The flux rate and bovine serum albumin flux were also assessed, and the results showed an increase from 105 L/m2h to 114 L/m2h for water flux and the antifouling determined by bovine serum albumin flux increased from 23 L/m2h to 51 L/m2h. The increase in values of water uptake from 22.84% to 76.5% and decrease in contact angle from 64.5 to 55.7 showed a significant increase in the hydrophilic character of the membrane.

Groundwater and climate change

In reconstructing the effects of climate change, the problem of water availability is of considerable importance. Globally, the quantity of water resources will not change, but its availability in time and space on the earth’s crust will undergo modifications that will have important social and economic consequences [...].

Sustainable Wastewater Management to Reduce Freshwater Contamination and Water Depletion in Mexico

At present, most rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in Mexico have significant anthropogenic contamination. The lack of sanitation infrastructure, the increase in the number of nonoperational or abandoned sanitation facilities, limited enforcement of environmental regulations, and limited public policies for the reuse of treated wastewater all contribute to the contamination and water availability problem. The reasons for this are identified as (1) the high maintenance and operational costs in sanitation facilities (including electricity consumption); (2) poor planning and practices of wastewater management and reuse by municipalities; (3) national policies that do not favor the reuse of treated wastewater for agriculture, industry, and municipal services instead of using groundwater as at present; (4) failure to adopt a governance model at the three levels of government; and (5) transparency in the management of financial resources. Some measures to improve this situation include (a) transparent decision-making; (b) participation and accountability in budgeting and planning at the national, state, and municipal levels; and (c) planning for the reuse of treated wastewater to reduce groundwater extractions and to reduce discharges to surface waters from the beginning of every WWTP project.

The Effect Of Organic Liquid Fertilizer On 5 Paddy Gogo Varieties (Oryza sativa L.) In The Sub-Optimal Land Of Wamena

Paddy gogo is one type of non-irrigated paddy that can grow on limited inputs, one of which is the problem of water availability. Paddy gogo can grow on various types of soil, including sub-optimal land in Wamena. It is said to be sub-optimal considering the ability of the soil in the study area is a type of soil with very low nutrient content. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of NASA organic liquid fertilizer on the growth and yield of 5 varieties of upland rice plants that were tested in the sub-optimal land of Wamena. This research was conducted in March-August 2019. The study was arranged in factorial research design, namely 5 types of varieties as factor 1 (variety of Inpago Unsoed 1, Inpago Unsoed Parimas, Inpari 28, Inpago 9 and one type of Local varieties as Comparator) and the concentration of NASA liquid organic fertilizer as a second factor (150 ml/plot). The results showed that the best growth was shown by varieties Local of Wamena (Moai) with the highest appearance of plant height and Inpago Unsoed 1 varieties which showed a large number of producing offspring. When viewed from physiological and production parameters, Inpago 9 variety shows the highest leaf area index and grain weight per clump. Furthermore, Wamena Local variety showed the highest value of stomata density, Inpago Unsoed Parimas variety showed the highest total chlorophyll value and Inpago Inpari 28 variety was the producer of the highest weight value of 1000 seeds.Keywords: Liquid Organic Fertilizer; Paddy Gogo; Sub-optimal land