Problem Of Trafficking Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEATH PENALTY IN NARCOTIC CRIMINAL CASES (CASE STUDY OF DECISION NUMBER 203/PID.SUS/2019/PN.BLS.)

The problem of abuse and illicit trafficking of Narcotics in Indonesia is still exacerbated by the process of Law Enforcement, Eradication of distribution and circulation illegal narcotics in this country. Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics has clearly and clearly stated that perpetrators of illicit trafficking of Narcotics (narcotics syndicates) are subject to death penalty. Death penalty is one of the oldest types of punishment, as old as mankind. Death penalty is also the most interesting form of punishment studied by experts because it has a high value of contradiction or conflict between those who agree with those who disagree. In the decision being reviewed, namely decision number 203/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Bls, that by taking into account, Article 114 paragraph (2) Jo. Article 132 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Code and other relevant laws and regulations, the Panel of Judges sentenced the Defendant Suci Ramadianto Als Suci Als Iir Bin Subandi with death penalty.

Strengthening International Cooperation to Tackle Indonesian Women Trafficking

Problem of trafficking and people smuggling is very difficult to solve. Trafficking and smuggling of people in China for instance, involve routes that are not easy to track, managed by highly organized networks, and long travel distances to cover. Stakeholders searched and found it difficult to find their mode of transportation, which changes over time and very well planned. This research is qualitative in nature by trying to understand the situation in the research subject. This research used a case study in the design and employed primary data that is interviewed in almost 90 (ninety) percent with key persons that are directly or indirectly linked to the main finding of the research. By using concept combating Indonesian women trafficking, this research concluded that the Indonesian state through Interpol Indonesia has a national interest in combating the number of human trafficking in China district by strengthening international cooperation in providing, liaising, and facilitating the Indonesian women nationals under the international humanitarian crime.

The phenomenon of human trafficking:theoretical and methodological bases of research

The problem of human trafficking is very relevant in the modern world and causes concern for both the international community and individual states. A comprehensive study of the problem requires different approaches and methods to produce results that reflect its current status. Scientific works of foreign and domestic authors, international and national legal framework that provides the legislative framework for the activities of state and public institutions in the implementation of anti-trafficking policies play an important role in the study of the phenomenon of human trafficking. However, despite the efforts made by the international community in the fight against human trafficking, it continues to exist due to the presence of macro-level factors of an economic, political, social, and moral nature. Алистратова Оксана

Child Trafficking in India and Procedures for Prevention and Protection of Children’s Rights: An Analysis

The present study on the research topic is done to find out the menace of child trafficking, its extent and how we can combat it by effectively enforcing the existing laws in India. The main reason of child trafficking, extent, area, historical background, national and international legal framework, existing laws, schemes and tradition in India to know the effectiveness or drawbacks regarding child trafficking in India have been studied. It has been observed that there is lack of effective implementation of the already existing laws and of awareness among the people about their rights. As a result the society shows indifference towards the problems of child trafficking for begging, child prostitution, child labour, organ trade, drug trafficking and smuggling.

The regulatory role of the Aspergillus flavus core retromer complex in aflatoxin metabolism

Aflatoxins are a series of highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites that are synthesized by Aspergillus species. The degradation of aflatoxin enzymes is an important regulatory mechanism which modulates mycotoxin producing. The retromer complex is responsible for the retrograde transport of specific biomolecules and the vacuolar fusion in the intracellular transport. Late endosomal-associated GTPase (Rab7) has been shown to be a downstream effector protein of the retromer complex. A deficiency in the retromer complex or Rab7 results in several cellular trafficking problems in yeast and humans, like protein abnormal accumulation. However, whether retromer dysfunction is involved in aflatoxin synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the core retromer complex, which comprises three vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins (AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35), is essential for the development of dormant and resistant fungal forms such as conidia (asexual reproductive spore) and sclerotia (hardened fungal mycelium), as well as aflatoxin production and pathogenicity, in Aspergillus flavus. In particular, we show the AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35 complex is negatively correlated with aflatoxin exportation. Structural simulation, site-specific mutagenesis, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that interactions among AflVps26, AflVps29, and AflVps35 played crucial roles in the retromer complex executing its core functions. We further found an intrinsic connection between AflRab7 and the retromer involved in vesicle-vacuole fusion, which in turn affected the accumulation of aflatoxin synthesis-associated enzymes, suggesting that they work together to regulate the production of toxins. Overall, these results provide mechanistic insights that contribute to our understanding of the regulatory role of the core retromer complex in aflatoxin metabolism.

The Impacts of Gender-Related Factors on the Adoption of Anti-Human Trafficking Laws in Sub-Saharan African Countries

Human trafficking is an imminent problem not limited to certain regions of the globe. Although the problem of human trafficking is severe over the world, Sub-Saharan African countries are some of the most vulnerable to human trafficking. Despite the severity of human trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa, only 23 countries, less than half of Sub-Saharan African countries, have introduced domestic statutory laws addressing human trafficking. Why do some African countries adopt laws for combating human trafficking, while others do not? Focusing on the role of gender-related factors in the introduction of laws addressing human trafficking, this article aims to fill this academic lacuna by conducting time-series cross-national analysis on 49 African countries from 1960 to 2016. The empirical results from this study demonstrate that increases in the percentage of women in legislative branches and in women’s participation in civil society organizations lead countries to introduce anti-human trafficking laws.

Commentary: A global problem of human trafficking in need of transformational leaders.

The aim was to improve the knowledge and skill about human trafficking in nursing and to identify the key components to support nurses to learn the skills of screening, identifying and referral. Worldwide human trafficking is a hidden epidemic crossing all countries exploiting over 4.3 million people. Nurses have received inconsistent or nonexistent human trafficking education. Nurses need training to have the self-efficacy, knowledge and skill to refer persons entrapped in human trafficking. This novel online educational programme titled See, Pull, Cut the Threads of Human Trafficking Violence© was piloted with a small group of emergency nurses to study the variables of self-efficacy, knowledge and skills as they related to performance of screening, identifying and referral of human trafficked persons. Emergency nurses gained human trafficking knowledge after education that examined the nurses', self-efficacy, knowledge and skills to perform screening, identification and referral. Transformational leadership style is an important model to introduce new nursing practices that educate and train staff about human trafficking. Nursing administrators and directors are in an ideal position to promote and secure human trafficking training for nurses. Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University Institutional Review Board (IRB) granted approval for this study on 24 January 2019, with EXEMPT Status, IRB # 13211.

Міграція та актуальні питання протидії торгівлі людьми, пов’язані зі збройною агресією на території України

In this article highlights the problems caused by changes in the migration situation in Ukraine after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, as well as proposals for improving the system of countering human trafficking and improving the mechanism of bringing guilty persons to criminal responsibility. The article shows that the military actions on the territory of Ukraine led to the migration of people from the territory of Ukraine, first of all, to the territory of the European Union, and within the country, which caused a number of risks in the observance and provision of human rights. Refugees who have moved en masse from their places of life to the territories of other countries, potentially become victims of human trafficking, as they are forced to seek shelter in unfamiliar places, which are not always safe. At the same time, the tendency for people with selfish motives to take advantage of the plight of Ukrainians is increasing, which makes asylum seekers easy prey for criminals. The current state of the problem of human trafficking requires immediate changes to the regulatory and legal acts on combating human trafficking, which has already led to changes in domestic legislation, but requires even greater improvement in order to protect the rights of Ukrainian citizens. Key words: migration; human trafficking; armed aggression; refugee.

Actual problems of operational-investigative counteraction illegal amber trafficking

Actual problems of operational-investigative counteraction illegal amber trafficking

Политико-правовые особенности борьбы с торговлей людьми в условиях политической поляризации и гибридизации

The problem of human trafficking is becoming more global every year, today almost all countries of the world are affected in the chain of the country of origin - the country of destination. Third world countries due to a complex of push factors (economic difficulties, social tensions, poverty, internal wars and conflicts, etc.) are increasingly becoming countries of origin for future victims of human trafficking. Migration flows create a gray area that is difficult to regulate by legislation. It is this zone that becomes the target of criminal networks for human trafficking. Developing countries, due to a poorly organized supervisory apparatus, do not track the movement of their citizens as migrants. Developed countries, which often become the end point for further exploitation, do not make all the necessary efforts to identify victims and repatriate them. The whole complex of problems contributes to the prosperity of the human trafficking business. However, in the field of political and legal understanding of this problem, there are a large number of shortcomings. The most significant of them are the weakness of the Palermo Protocol (the most universal and comprehensive regulatory act in the fight against human trafficking), simplified identification of types of human trafficking and artificial politicization of the problem. The purpose of this article is to consider the main shortcomings of the political and legal features of the fight against human trafficking in the context of the struggle of countries for their national interests and changing means and methods of confrontation between states.

Cognitive “warning signs” in human trafficking media texts

This paper focuses on image schema manifestations in media texts on human trafficking, which may perform the role of “warning” signals in anti-trafficking media campaigns. For this, a conceptual analysis was done to establish profiled image schemas, and a survey was conducted to measure the readerʼs response to two types of texts on human trafficking (HT), different in genre and schemata organ-isation. The texts were selected as experimental material representing typical human trafficking media discourse. The participants were divided into control (G1) and experimental (G2) groups according to the type of text they were exposed to. G1 read an expository text (T1) and G2 read a media narrative (T2). The respondents of G2 showed a significant tendency for a higher degree of involvement in the problem of human trafficking when reading T2 as contrasted to the responses of G1 to T1. G2 identified their reaction as a feeling being in danger. Looking back to T2, it was clear that respondents reacted to verbal manifesta-tions of prevailing CONTAINMENT and SCALE/ PROCESS/UP schemata clusters. G1 gave the weaker emo-tional response toT1 with verbal manifestations of UP, BLOCKAGE, and COUNTERFORCE schemata. It can be assumed that CONTAINMENT is the image schema organising spatial representation of human traffick-ing from the victimʼs perspective, conveying the feeling of being contained, being in a difficult situation, being in an enclosed space, supported with other schemata manifestations through the lens of the concept of big-ness, large scale, growing process, etc. The results may be used in anti-trafficking content as a new method-ology for raising awareness in a target audience vulnerable to HT.

Web Application based Image Geolocation Analysis to Detect Human Trafficking

Migrant smuggling is a dangerous phenomenon threatening international peace and security. This global concern for many countries is mainly due to the high use of multimedia devices and social media. There are great demands to specify an in depth gathering of information about a suspect’s mobile device while investigating cases of human trafficking and migrant smuggling. The primary purpose of this study is to help resolve the human trafficking problem that currently faces Sudan. In this paper we cover the steps used to geolocate images captured from suspects and victims’ mobile devices cameras. The obtained images are then analyzed using our specialized developed web application. This latter is built using open-source tools such as the Laravel framework and a Google Maps API which is considered as the main component of the web application. The results of the developed web application on a real case in Sudan has proven its usefulness in easing and speeding up the digital investigation process

Forced Labor Exploitation: Illegal Trading in Protected Goods in the Southern African Countries

Human exploitation refers to the curtailment of fundamental human rights. The crime plays out notwithstanding the laws that criminalizes human abuses. This study explored the policing of human trafficking and forced labor in the Southern African countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and assesses the capabilities and abilities of law enforcement agencies in the region to curb the scourge. In this study a qualitative perspective was adopted with use of literature study and interviews. The prevalence of organized criminal groupings exacerbates the problem of human trafficking and forced labor in the region. Law enforcement corruption is rife as the police are often accused of acts of receiving bribes. There are capacity constraints in the policing agencies across the region which impacts negatively on proactive enforcement of protected goods. The study reveals that respective law enforcement agencies work in seclusion and do not systematize their databases to share information with other agencies owing to a prevailing cynicism amongst countries. It is proposed that there should be harmonization of law enforcement agencies’ databases to share information for intelligence purposes and to develop defensive and responsive response mechanisms to thwart the crime.

OPTIMIZATION OF IMMIGRATION FUNCTIONS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING THROUGH SELECTIVE POLICY

Indonesia is involved in accelerating the mobilization of people between countries as a result of the rapid growth of globalization. However, the circulation of the world's population raises some serious problems, one of which is human trafficking. Human trafficking has become a successive problem in the international arena that has not been found to be resolved. International conventions and the Indonesian government have issued several regulations that are used to combat human trafficking. World problems that occur especially in border areas involve the role of immigration in neutralizing world crime, in this case the problem of human trafficking, which is reflected in the immigration function in Law No. 6 of 2011. This cross-border crime is a crucial problem that poses a challenge to immigration in particular. Indonesian immigration authorities in optimizing the selective policy. Selective Policy is one of the implementations of the immigration function in maintaining state security and upholding state sovereignty. This selective policy is used by immigration officers in carrying out their duties and functions to regulate the entry and exit of a person from a country, especially Indonesia.

Legal regulation of human trafficking issues in the field of public security

It is well known that human trafficking is a very common problem. One of the reasons for this is that the number of victims of this crime worldwide is up to 40.5 million people, criminal activity with a solid income and the presence of a growing trend of interest on the part of legal scientists in the problems of human trafficking as one of the components of the "shadow economy". Such a large-scale assessment has led to the fact that some research scientists have recognized the data presented as unfounded. Counting the number of victims of human trafficking causes various difficulties, as there is an urgent need to improve the methodological foundations used in conducting such studies.  The article in question reveals to the maximum the need to understand the methodologies that guide the study of the prevalence of human trafficking crime. In addition, the problem of human trafficking, the role of the State in combating it and the set of measures that are being taken are currently being considered in practice.  Providing a comprehensive overview of previously conducted domestic and foreign studies related to human trafficking, recommendations are provided that are necessary for future research. Human trafficking includes not only trafficking in youth, but also trafficking in men and women. The purpose of sexual use of persons involved in human trafficking, the purpose of involvement in slavery and forced labor is clearly expressed in this issue. Thus, the removal of people from the countries of permanent residence on illegal grounds for use for selfish purposes causes the law enforcement agencies of the country more and more anxiety, excitement, and fear for our citizens. The main purpose of writing this article is to increase the level of awareness of the spread of the problem of human trafficking and contribute to solving this problem in the future. Keywords: human trafficking, victims, vulnerability, global assessment, deportation, immigration

Evaluasi Komunikasi: Studi Kasus Pelaksanaan Program Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Penggiat Anti Narkoba Oleh Bnn Jakarta Timur

The problem of drug abuse and trafficking is increasingly becoming a problem for every country worldwide, including Indonesia. DKI Jakarta, as the state capital, ranks third nationally in narcotics abuse, with a trial use prevalence rate reaching 4.9%. In this study, researchers will focus on evaluating communication programs carried out through technical guidance carried out by BNN for anti-drug activists in the educational environment. We utilized the four stages of program planning by Cutlip, Center and Broom, to get a picture of the situation, program planning and form of communication, which will elaborate further on aspects of communication evaluation based on the Yardstick evaluation model.. Keywords: BNN, Community Empowerment, Drugs, Public Relations, Yardstick Evaluation

Mencegah Second Victimization Melalui Asesmen Terpadu bagi Korban Penyalahgunaan Narkotika di Kabupaten Banyumas

Cases of drugs abuse and illicit trafficking continue to rise along with the increasing number of addicts and abusers of narcotics. Addicts and Victims of Narcotics Abuse are often in a dilemma between the perpetrator or victim. Assessment integrated can clarify their position. The problems studied in this research is about how the concept of assessment integrated into the case of criminal acts of narcotics and how the mechanism of placement of victims of abuse of narcotics into institutions of rehabilitation. This research is a juridical-sociological, designed using survey method, observation, interview and literature study. The Data obtained were collected and analyzed qualitatively with the model of descriptive-analytical. Based on the results of research, assessment integrated designed to distinguish between addicts and victims of narcotics abuse with a drug dealer/courier narcotics. Assessment integrated to produce recommendations that contain a description of the involvement of the suspect with a network of illicit narcotics, the level of dependence on narcotics and a plan of rehabilitation of addicts and victims of narcotics abuse. Of the 15 cases studied, there were 8 cases of drug abuse and only 1 of 8 such cases that boil down to rehabilitation. The assessment integrated a mechanism that is able to avoid the victims of the abuse of narcotics from the threat of imprisonment. Avoiding the victims of drug abuse from a criminal to prison is expected to break the chain of problems of drug abuse and illicit trafficking. It can be realized through a pattern of different handling between the addict/abuser with a drug dealer/courier narcoticsKeywords: Integrated Assessment, the Narcotics Crime, the Victims of Drug Abuse

Trafficking in persons: cluster analysis of sending and receiving countries

The objective of this article is to deepen the understanding of the problem of human trafficking by analyzing the patterns of the distribution of traffic across countries, based on international statistics on various socio-economic indicators. We conducted cluster analysis using neuro network grouping algorithm of Kohonen self-organizing maps, basing on 44 variables reflecting different social and economical aspects for 144 countries. Countries were grouped according to the type and level of risk of trafficking-related crimes, and traffic distribution maps were built based on generally accepted hypotheses about traffic factors. As a result of the study, a number of hypotheses explaining the nature of traffic were tested. The results reveal the linkage between the risk of incoming and outgoing trafficking and the socio-economic parameters of the countries and groups.

Cuba, United States and fight against drug trafficking: ups and downs of a necessary cooperation

Given the geostrategic importance of Cuba for the entire American continent and the increasing complexity of the nature of security as such, and accordingly, of the mechanisms of ensuring it in the modern world, the problem of drug trafficking is rather high on the agenda of the U.S.-Cuban relations. The article examines the issue of combating drug trafficking in the context of bilateral relations between Cuba and the United States in order to assess the prospects for joint efforts on this track. The author presents a retrospective of mostly unilateral initiatives by U.S. presidents that did not lead to real tangible results, in particular due to the prevailing erroneous approach of militarization in the fight against drug trafficking. The new century requires new forms and a qualitatively higher level of interaction. With a noticeable warming in the dialogue with Cuba under Barack Obama the situation has changed in many respects, and quite a few initiatives of bilateral nature began to bear fruit. Nevertheless, with Donald Trump’s rise to power, there is an obvious setback in the rapprochement, in proof of which the author gives examples of specific destructive steps, although this position of the administration met if not open criticism, then proposals for alternative scenarios of the development of contacts between the states. The potential that exists in both countries for cooperation in this area can be realized provided that the interests of common security prevail over political disagreements and state channels of cooperation are strengthened, with the dynamics of this process being reflected in the situation in the region as a whole.

Migration -Trafficking nexus in Post-Soviet Tajikistan

Human trafficking, for the manipulation of migrant labour, is a violation of human rights. The spike in human trafficking is partly due to the rapid expansion of labour migration in the neoliberal period. The former Soviet zone has become one of the world's major human migration sections in the last decade. The article analyses the case of migration and trafficking in Tajikistan as remittances amounted to nearly half of the country's gross domestic product. In Tajikistan, lack of economic prospects, increasing poverty level, presence of blurred boundaries, leads to the cycle of illicit migration flows which resulted in human trafficking. Human trafficking is a multidimensional issue exacerbated in the countries of destination by poverty and gaps in economic openings versus unmet labour hassles and stern migration commandments. The migration of the Tajik people shortly began after the independence of the country and largely to support subsistence to the families leaving behind. Majority of these migrants prefer Russian federation as their main destination to work where corruption and human trafficking problem is huge. There are limited governing bodies to regulate recruiters' activities, so migrant workers are at the mercy of recruiters who are known to charge exorbitant fees that indebted migrant worker before arriving in their destination countries. Labour trafficking is a global humanitarian issue but there is scarcely any quantitative research on the issue. This study examined labour abuse indicators among migrant Tajik workers in the Russian Federation and the subsequent human trafficking risks with fresh vulnerabilities created by the economic crises and the covid-19 pandemic in 2020.