Scale Problems Research Articles

Weight stigma in pediatric type 1 diabetes: An associated risk for disordered eating?

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have elevated eating disorder risk. No studies have examined weight stigma as a potential factor associated with disordered eating. This study investigated cross-sectional associations among weight-based victimization, weight bias internalization, and disordered eating in adolescents with T1D. Adolescents (12-17 years; N = 166) self-reported experiences of weight-based victimization from peers, family members, and healthcare professionals. The Weight Bias Internalization Scale (WBIS) and Diabetes Eating Problems Survey (DEPS-R) assessed internalized weight bias and disordered eating, respectively. In a series of multiple hierarchical linear regression analyses (controlling for zBMI, diabetes duration, HbA1c, sex), weight bias internalization, weight-based victimization, and frequency of weight-based victimization by peers, family, and healthcare professionals were all positively associated with disordered eating. Weight stigma is an understudied but potentially important factor to address in adolescents with T1D. Reducing weight stigma may be a promising, novel target for eating disorder prevention in this population.

Emotional and Behavioural Adjustment in Children and Adolescents with Short Stature vs. Their Normal-Statured Peers

Background/Objectives: the aim of the current cross-sectional study is to explore and compare the emotional and behavioural conditions of children and adolescents with short stature (i.e., familial short stature and constitutional delay of growth), idiopathic growth hormone deficiency (GHD), and normal height. Methods: Twenty-nine participants (15 males, 14 females; mean age ± standard deviation (SD) = 11.2 ± 1.96 years) with short stature (height standard deviation score (SDS): −2.10 ± 0.57), 10 age-matched participants (4 males, 6 females; mean age ± SD = 10.9 ± 2.35 years) with growth hormone deficiency (GHD; height SDS: −2.44 ± 0.29), and 36 age-matched participants (19 males, 17 females; mean age ± SD = 11.3 ± 1.93 years) with normal stature (height SDS: 0.56 ± 0.78) were admitted to this study. Psychological distress was evaluated using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and emotional and behavioural problems using the Child Behaviour Checklist for Children (CBCL) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: Participants with GHD exhibited higher levels of the “withdrawn/depressed subscale” score of CBCL (H = 7.794, df = 2, p = 0.020), compared to their peers with normal height, while no significant differences were observed between participants with short stature and those with normal stature. Normal-statured participants reported higher levels of the “conduct problems” subscale score (H = 10.421, df = 2, p = 0.005) and the “rule-breaking behaviour” subscale score of CBCL (H = 10.358, df = 2, p = 0.006) compared to both short-statured groups. No significant differences among the three subgroups were found in the DASS-21 and SDQ scores questionnaires, suggesting the lack of short stature-dependent effects on psychological distress and emotional and behavioural adjustment. Conclusions: Although participants with GHD exhibited higher levels of the “withdrawn/depressed subscale” score of CBCL (H = 7.794, df = 2, p = 0.020) compared to their peers with normal height, participants with short stature did not experience the same problems. Although short-statured participants had lower levels of “conduct problems” and “rule-breaking behaviours” scores than their normal-statured peers, the psychological distress and emotional and behavioural adjustment were not affected by short stature, being comparable to those recorded in normal-statured participants.

Assessment of mental health stigma among public safety personnel in Portugal

Purpose This paper aims to assess the presence of mental health stigma among public safety personnel (PSP) in Portugal. Design/methodology/approach An online self-administered form was applied, including the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-9), the Attitudes Towards Mental Health Problems scale (ATMHP) and the socio-demographic characterisation: age, gender, marital status, children, education and geographical location. The sample included police officers, workers of the General Directorate of Reintegration and Prison Services (DGRSP) and workers of the National Institute of Medical Emergency (INEM), as well as a control group (general population). Findings In total, 1,441 people participated, of whom 85% were police officers, 3.3% were INEM staff, 2.6% were DGRSP staff and 9.1% were from general population. The most common socio-demographic characteristics were male, married/common-law marriage, two children, 12 years of education and living in Lisbon and Tagus Valley. On AQ-9, all groups showed higher scores on the stigmatizing constructs help, pity and coercion and lower scores on blame, anger, segregation and avoidance. For the total score, the authors found significant differences only in comparison with INEM, who scored lower. The ATMHP showed that INEM and police officers generally had lower total scores than DGRSP and the general population, with the general population having the highest score. There were no significant gender differences for most of the results in both questionnaires. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study assessing mental health stigma among PSP in Portugal. The authors found stigma among PSP, with INEM showing a lower score in stigmatizing attributions, and INEM and police officers showing better attitudes and less shame towards mental illness.

Risk factor, consequence, or common cause? Linking lower self-regulation and internalizing symptoms during middle childhood in a random intercept cross-lagged panel model.

This study investigates whether lower self-regulation (SR) facets are risk factors for internalizing symptoms (vulnerability models), consequences of these symptoms (scar models), or develop along the same continuum and thus share common causes (spectrum models) during middle childhood. To analyze these models simultaneously, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model was estimated using Mplus. Data were assessed at three measurement time points in a community-based sample of N = 1657 (52.2% female) children in Germany, aged 6-13. Internalizing symptoms were measured via parent report by the emotional problems scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Seven SR facets were assessed behaviorally, via parent report and teacher report. At the within-person level, internalizing symptoms were concurrently associated with emotional reactivity at all measurement time points, while no cross-lagged paths reached significance. At the between-person level, internalizing symptoms were associated with working memory updating (r = -.29, p < .001), inhibitory control (r = -.29, p < .001), planning behavior (r = -.49, p < .001), and emotional reactivity (r = .59, p < .001). As internalizing symptoms and SR facets were primarily associated at the between-person level, the results lend support to spectrum models suggesting common causes of internalizing symptoms and impaired SR.

A Resilient Routing Protocol to Reduce Update Cost by Unsupervised Learning and Deep Reinforcement Learning in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based routing protocol has been proposed to establish paths in mobile ad hoc networks. However, due to the overhead of updating reward values according to frequent topology changes, existing protocols based on RL suffer from scalability problems with a large number of state and action spaces. To defeat this problem, in this paper, we propose a new resilient routing protocol by applying Unsupervised Learning (UL) prior to Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). In the former scheme, each node is clustered by mobility-resilient parameters. A reliable path that consists of only robust nodes in UL is decided by DRL with reasonable weight value through Multi-Objective Decision Making (MCDM). This approach leads to a reduction in update cost for reward value by excluding nodes that are considered severely affected by mobility. The comparative simulation results demonstrated that the proposed scheme outperformed the existing scheme in the aspects of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and energy consumption. Our protocol demonstrates up to 35% higher PDR and reduces energy usage by approximately 20% under high-mobility conditions compared to Q-Learning-based protocols.

Microbes as Machines: Life, Control, and the Problem of Scale in the Emergence of Nanotechnology

Microbes as Machines: Life, Control, and the Problem of Scale in the Emergence of Nanotechnology

Research on storage location allocation in three-dimensional automated warehouse based on cargo damage control

In automated high-bay warehouses, the results of storage location allocation significantly impact the operational efficiency of subsequent warehouse operations. Considering that cargo loss within the warehouse is often caused by contact with equipment, this paper proposes an innovative dual-objective optimization model aimed at minimizing unit cargo loss and the average travel time of stacker cranes through rational storage allocation. The study’s findings indicate that different cargo sizes, shelf sizes, and operational modes have varying degrees of impact on stacker crane operational efficiency and cargo loss. A reasonable match between equipment and product sizes helps enterprises minimize space waste, expedite response to customer demands, and reduce operational costs. This study optimizes storage location allocation using the SPEA-II algorithm and performs a comprehensive comparison with the results from CPLEX and NSGA-II. The results demonstrate that the SPEA-II algorithm performs excellently across various problem scales, indicating that it is an effective method for solving storage location allocation issues.

Chemical Solution Mitigates Stuck Inflow Control Devices in Horizontal Completion

Summary Horizontal open holes covering long reservoir sections can be benefitted by installing inflow control devices (ICDs) along the lateral to even the production contribution from the entire heterogeneous permeability profile. During the drilling and completion process, the well can be shut in for prolonged periods of time. Though the ICDs are designed to withstand the buildup of debris, they are still subjected to the accumulation of weighting and bridging materials existing in the drilling fluid, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This debris deposits on the internal diameter of the valves or the flow control device, preventing proper shifting against the seats, or blocking the flow path of the devices. Recovering the function of the ICDs requires a chemical treatment. In high-permeability formations, it is undesirable to have acid contact the rock since this may compromise the mechanical integrity of the formation or trigger further solids buildup in the ICDs. Therefore, an acid designed to dissolve the solid deposits on ICDs but not penetrating the formation is required. In this study, a modified coreflood setup was designed and an acid-based chemical treatment was formulated to remove solid deposition on the ICD. The goal was to dissolve the CaCO3 scale on the ICD with minimal penetration into the formation to avoid formation softening. The core assembly simulates the geometry of the ICD completion system with a core matrix behind the ICD operating space. Calcite marble was used to represent the scale deposited on the ICDs, while Indiana limestone was used to represent the reservoir rock. Several acid formulations were tested using the custom-designed coreflood setup. One acid blend composed of a strong organic acid [methane sulfonic acid (MSA)] mixed with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a second blend of HCl and mutual solvent (glycol-based solvent) showed the desirable effect of dissolving the scale deposits (calcite marble in this case) with minimum to no penetration into the formation matrix. The success of the two acid systems in dissolving CaCO3 deposits on the ICDs was confirmed by analyzing the pressure data during the coreflooding experiment, as well as from analyzing the post-treated core samples using computed tomography (CT) scan. Simulation of completion design in the laboratory is a key factor in testing and designing acid treatments to overcome scale problems in the field. Single-phase acid systems containing no gelling or emulsifying agents were tested and proved capable of dissolving the solids deposited on the ICDs with minimum to no formation contact. This will result in an economical and easier one-step treatment in the field, avoiding the complexity encountered with pulling the whole completion string out of the wellbore to be treated with acid on the surface and then reinstalling it back into the well.

성인의 외현적 자기애와 내현적 자기애가 대인관계 문제에 미치는 영향: 정신화의 매개효과

Objectives This study examines the mediating effect of mentalization on the interpersonal problems of narcissistic individuals, as well as the differences in mentalization and interpersonal problems between covert narcissists and overt narcissists. Methods 450 samples were asked to complete the questionnaires of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Scale (NPDS), Covert Narcissism Scale(CNS), Mentalization Questionnaire, and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems- Circumplex(IIP-C). Results The major finding of this study can be summarized as follows. First, covert narcissists and overt narcissists and interpersonal problems was positively associated with failure of mentalization. Second, mentalization showed the statistically significant partial mediation effect between covert narcissists and overt narcissists on interpersonal problems. Third, groups with higher covert narcissistic showed a lower mentalization(refusing self-reflection, failure of emotional awareness, higher psychic equivalence mode) than overt narcissistic group and the non-narcissistic group. And groups with higher overt narcissistic showed higher teleological mode than the non-narcissistic group. Conclusions The results of this study confirmed the role of mentalization in the interpersonal problems of covert and overt narcissists. Through this, effective therapeutic interventions which are based on covert and overt narcissists were suggested.

Industrial Robot Selection using TOPSIS Method: A Comparative Analysis

The days when humans and robots have not yet interacted in daily activities are gone. In fact, robots are on their way to changing their applications from industry to contributing to the well-being of people in everyday life. These robots are called "social robots" (SR). Unlike robots that simply describe what helps them, social robots aim to establish social interactions and improve the socialization of human beings. While many industrial robots are primarily used by manufacturing companies for hazardous or menial tasks, social robots have become a popular choice due to their quality and the positive impact they have on productivity and profitability. Industrial robots have anthropological features and are generally reprogrammable machines. Their mechanical arms are crucial components, and they possess other, albeit less prominent, features such as decision-making abilities, a range of emotions, the ability to respond to inputs, and communication skills. They are widely used in various industries, including material handling, assembly, and machines for applications like material handling, assembly, and machines for applications. These robots play an essential role in increasing efficiency and quality. Robots in manufacturing companies are highly valued for their ability to automate tasks and be reprogrammed for different functions. They possess various features optimized for specific handling tasks, including the ability to move in two or more axes and respond to different sensory inputs. This comprehensive set of features makes them suitable for a wide range of applications, including assembly, welding, material handling, loading, packaging, and inspection, where endurance, speed, and accuracy are required. The selection of industrial robots is a decision-making process based on the needs of production. Making the right decision is crucial for productivity and success. Choosing the wrong robot can lead to issues such as inefficiency or the inability to perform specific tasks within a multi-scheduled production. In the worst-case scenario, a completely unsuitable robot can render the entire company unusable. The complexity of the selection process is amplified by the diversity of robot manufacturers, as well as the significant variations in manufacturing jobs. Manufacturers themselves have recognized the importance of addressing these challenges, particularly in relation to the demands and intensity of specific tasks. Unity of ideal solution (TOPSIS). is prioritized by, this is a multi-criteria decision Analytical method. TOPSIS Abbreviation of (PIS). Select The short geometric distance alternative is positive The best solution is, basically The Great Solution of Thought (Nis) To be negative Distance is geometric. TOPSIS The assumption is even higher is, is coming or going The benchmarks are increasing. Scaling problems or Many in the criteria Parameters Mostly Improper Dimensions Due to normalization Generally required. Alternative taken as load capacity, Maximum tip speed, Memory capacity, Manipulator reach, Repeatability, Positioning accuracy. Evaluation parameter taken as Industrial robot 1, Industrial robot 2, Industrial robot 3, Industrial robot 4, Industrial robot 5, Industrial robot 6, Industrial robot 7. From the result it is seen that Industrial robot 3 is got the first rank where as is the Industrial robot 1 is having the lowest rank. Keywords: Industrial Robot, Manufacturing industry, Tools or Facilitator teachers.

Cognitive impairment in older people accessing public mental health services across Australia and New Zealand: Implications for clinical practice, workforce development and service provision.

Assessment and management of older people with cognitive impairment, especially those associated with psychiatric symptoms; are recognised as core capabilities of old age psychiatrists. Bi-national collections of HoNOS65+/HoNOS reveal that over 40% of older people entering public mental health services across Australia and New Zealand have a clinically significant rating on the HoNOS65+/HoNOS cognitive problem scale, with rates increasing with age, and significant regional variability. The high rates of cognitive impairment in these data reinforce the need for all mental health clinicians working with older people to have the capability to assess people with cognitive impairment. Once cognitive impairment is identified, clinicians must be equipped to incorporate the implications into individualised management plans, appropriate referral pathways and community support services. Such skills cannot be the sole responsibility of old age psychiatrists or aged care psychiatry services given the significant number of older people seen by adult mental health services. Regional variability in rates of cognitive impairment raises significant questions regarding variation in service eligibility criteria, equity of access to appropriate mental health care and the availability of a workforce and clinical environments that can meet the needs of older people with cognitive impairment. Finally, psychiatry trainees must learn about working with older people with various degrees of cognitive impairment as part of providing high-quality psychiatric care for an ageing population.

Association of sleep quality and its change with the risk of depression in middle-aged and elderly people: A 10-year cohort study from England.

Persistently poor sleep quality in young adults is linked to a higher risk of depression. However, the impact of changes in sleep quality on depression risk in middle-aged and older adults remain unclear. This study investigates the association between sleep quality, its changes, and the risk of depression in middle-aged and elderly people. We included 4007 participants (mean age 63.0 ± 7.6 years, 53.0 % women) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Sleep quality was assessed using the Jenkins Sleep Problems Scale and a global sleep quality question. Depression was evaluated with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and self-reported doctor-diagnosed depression. Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline curve, and mediation analysis was employed. After 10 years of follow-up, 777 individuals developed depression. Sleep quality scores positively correlated with depression risk. Among those with good sleep quality, worsening sleep quality increased depression risk (OR = 1.67, 95 % CI: 1.21-2.31). For those with intermediate sleep quality, improved sleep quality reduced depression risk (OR = 0.70, 95 % CI: 0.50-0.98). Conversely, worsening sleep quality increased depression risk (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI: 1.47-3.02). Pain and functional disability partially mediated the association between intermediate/poor sleep quality and depression (9.8 % and 4.2 %, respectively). Sleep quality is based on self-reported. Intermediate, poor, and worsening sleep quality are linked to higher depression risk. Improving sleep quality mitigates depression risk in those with intermediate sleep quality. Sleep quality may influence depression indirectly through pain and functional disability.

Workplace interpersonal relationships and turnover intentions among care workers working in older adult care facilities in Japan: a mediation analysis comparing direct and mediated effects via psychological distress

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between workplace interpersonal relationships, psychological distress, and turnover intentions among care workers working in older adult care facilities.MethodsAn anonymous online survey among 811 care workers in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, was conducted between November and December 2023. The data were collected using the Workplace Interpersonal Problems Scale for care workers (WIPS), the K6 scale to assess psychological distress, the Turnover Intention Scale and basic attributes. Responses were obtained from 254 participants with a response rate of 31.3%. The low response rate suggests that selection bias may have affected the results of this study.ResultsThe results of the mediation analysis for the WIPS subscale which was adjusted for basic attributes show that the direct effects of insufficient communication and a sense of unfair workload were stronger than the mediating effects of psychological distress (Insufficient communication: direct effect: β = 0.319 [95% CI = 0.192, 0.459]; mediation effect: β = 0.194 [95% CI = 0.105, 0.285]), sense of unfair workload: direct effect: β = 0.314 [95% CI = 0.187, 0.443]; mediation effect: β = 0.190 [95% CI = 0.113, 0.268]). In these other four WIPS subscales, psychological distress was partially mediated (bullying: direct effect: β = 0.207 [95% CI = 0.091, 0.322]; mediation effect: β = 0.204 [95% CI = 0.135, 0.290], different attitudes to care work: direct effect: β = 0.278 [95% CI = 0.140, 0.401]; mediation effect: β = 0.204 [95% CI = 0.128, 0.293], difficulty in guidance for subordinates/new staff: direct effect: β = 0.207 [95% CI = 0.072, 0.329]; mediation effect: β = 0.219[95% CI = 0.141, 0.313], labeling: direct effect: β = 0.198 [95% CI = 0.073, 0.330]; mediation effect: β = 0.211 [95% CI = 0.143, 0.287]).ConclusionsThis study revealed that some workplace interpersonal problems have a stronger direct effect on turnover intentions, whereas others have a stronger mediating effect on turnover intentions through psychological distress. Workplace interpersonal problems are predictors of turnover intentions among care workers working in elderly care facilities, and different workplace interpersonal problems may be targeted for intervention to reduce turnover intentions.

The Problems Faced in Primary-level Reading and Writing Teaching to Students whose Mother Tongue is not Turkish

The study had a quantitative design and aimed to evaluate the problems faced in primary reading and writing teaching to students whose mother tongue is not Turkish from the perspectives of teachers. The general survey model, which is one of the quantitative study methods, was used in the study. A total of 205 classroom teachers participated in the study. Classroom teachers were selected from those who had taught first grade at least once. The scale of problems faced in teaching primary reading and writing to primary school students whose mother tongue is not Turkish was used in the study. The obtained data were analyzed by using the SPSS 24 package program. According to the findings, teachers who had low professional seniority in some stages of the primary literacy teaching process faced more problems than teachers with higher professional seniority, teachers who did not know the mother tongue of the student when compared to the teachers who knew the student’s mother tongue, and teachers who taught first grade once compared to teachers who taught it three times. Also, according to the scale, classroom teachers faced various problems at all stages of primary reading and writing teaching.

Brief Report: Psychometric Properties of the Brief Problem Monitor-Parent (BPM-P) 6-18 in a Sample of Children Referred to an Autism Specialty Clinic.

Detection and monitoring of emotional and behavior problems is a critical part of clinical care for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), as well as a common focus of research. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a well-established caregiver-report instrument that is used for screening and monitoring of emotional and behavior problems in individuals diagnosed with ASD and NDDs. However, it has over 100 items and can be time-consuming to complete. The Brief Problem Monitor Parent Report (BPM-P; Achenbach et al. 2011) includes a subset of the CBCL items and is intended for monitoring emotional and behavior problems. However, its validity has not been examined in ASD or NDD samples. Data from 302 children ages 6-18years whose caregivers had completed the CBCL were drawn from a clinical research databank.Confirmatory factor analysis of the BPM-P three-factor structure had mixed findings. All BPM-P scales had acceptable internal consistency, and agreement between the BPM-P cutoffs and the corresponding CBCL clinical cutoffs was acceptable for the broad problem scales. The Attention scale demonstrated high sensitivity, but poor specificity. Results provide initial evidence that the BPM-P may be a useful alternative to the CBCL, producing comparable information for broad problems, while requiring much less time from caregivers. BPM-P users may want to consider the Attention scale separately due to poor specificity compared to the CBCL. These results will need to be replicated using larger samples and independent administrations of the BPM-P and the CBCL.

New Strategy for Selection of Best Water Chemistry of Injected Fluid During Water Flooding to Mitigate Scaling Problem

New Strategy for Selection of Best Water Chemistry of Injected Fluid During Water Flooding to Mitigate Scaling Problem

Zeitenwende rządu kanclerza Olafa Scholza – próba bilansu

Changes announced by Chancellor Olaf Scholz after the Russian invasion of Ukraine regarding security and defense policy, energy and relations with Russia became known as Zeitenwende. This word has become a kind of label-symbol of the changes being made, and in diplomacy also a kind of shield against criticism of Germany over the failure of its previous policy toward Russia. The greatest successes in the form of giving up Russian supplies have been in the energy sphere. In the defense fi eld, due to the scale of neglect and structural problems, the outcome of the Bundeswehr’s modernization remains uncertain.

A SECURE ONLINE EXAMINATION SYSTEM USING SMART CONTRACTS

Covid19 pandemic has affected many sectors including education. All types of schools (public and private) have started to provide online education systems to their students to prevent spreading the disease. The online education system has brought many advantages besides stopping the spread of the disease. The students have more time since the lectures are not in class, it reduces the cost for the students since they physically do not go to school, and it provides flexibility in the lectures that students decide their schedule to attend the classes. However, there are some challenges in the online education system. The system needs to be available for the students when they take exams, view their exam results, and upload their exams for assessment. Since the lectures and exams are taken online, the data is very crucial. The data contains sensitive information such as exams, answers, scores, name, date of birth, address, phone number, government identification number, etc. A traditional online education system has a centralized infrastructure governed and managed by a single entity. This results in the system having single-point-of-failure attacks. This paper proposes an online examination system based on a smart contract and a blockchain. The blockchain eliminates single-point-of-failure attacks. The teachers write questions and store them in the blockchain. Only authorized students retrieve the exams from the blockchain by using smart contracts. The students submit their completed exams at predefined times. Then, the teachers evaluate the students’ exams and put the results into the blockchain. Their exam scores are protected from any unauthorized entities by encryption. Students can freely see and view their scores at any time. Then, the students can show their results to any other third parties (once they apply for an internship or job) that they have completed the courses successfully. The system also uses a decentralized storage (off-chain) system to eliminate scalability problems. Off-chain storage (InterPlanetary File System) stores students’ exams, answers, and exam results while the corresponding content identifiers of the files are stored in the blockchain. The proposed system is resilient to malicious teachers who can manipulate the exam results. In addition, the proposed system also provides a method for dishonest students who can complain about their exam results. In other words, the proposed system solves any conflicts between entities.

From a national elite to the global elite: Possibilities and problems in scaling up.

This research note highlights emerging findings that speak to the challenges of joining the transnational elite, particularly for those coming from the Global South. For a longitudinal study of wealth inheritors becoming more transnational via their educational paths, we spoke with 16 young people who were all in their early 20s and primarily from economic elite families in the Global South. Some participants had clear ambitions, while others were less sure about their future, wondering where they should move and what they should do when they got there. Their various narratives reveal that underlying the possibilities and problems of where to locate themselves was our participants' access to different constellations of economic, social and cultural capital, as well as their race, citizenship and 'home' country's geopolitical situation. Their parents' ambitions that they become part of a global elite remained in most cases largely unfulfilled-despite a significant economic investment in their secondary and university educations. Only a small minority of our participants aspired to and/or were able to secure such transnational futures.

Стохастическая семантика больших данных (параллельные вычисления и визуализация)

First of all the paper considers the problem of verification or formalization of the online visualization and parallel computing system from the point of view of dynamic systems as a development of the theory of computational complexity for random processes. Considering problems involving truly big data inevitably leads to the use of a block approach which is also used in both information theory and stochastic differential equations. As a natural metaphor the graph signals were chosen. This is a graph in nodes, of which a spectral function is defined in the examples considered this is a function of color (RGB), height or amount of data. In parallel computing, a block can be associated with a computing unit (processor) and consider the problem of entropy (performance) maximization. In the developed on-line visualization and concurrent computing system for geometric parallelization, it is possible to implement and compare a stationary random process (equiprobable messages implemented using broadcasting and mixins) and a steady-state random process (point-to-point messages), which have different analytical solutions. Together, this allows concluding that the proposed implementation of a stationary process has a certain novelty; in addition, it was intended to be more convenient for automated parallelization. The problems of automatic load balancing (interpolation problem) and optimal scalability of parallel computing (extrapolation problem) are also considered. Not much has been done in the field of visualization verification for example a mesh visualization has been proposed to be considered as a parameterized model of a white-noise random process. Of course, this work cannot be considered complete, but the direction that the authors called stochastic semantics is obviously promising. The authors intend to take a close look at the established perturbed processes in the field of visualizations including those that take into account the human factor (the sketches of the formalization in the form of a discussion are given).