Problem Of Sanctions Research Articles

Impact of International Sanctions on the Socio-Economic Security of Regions

Since 2014, the problem of sanctions and counter-sanctions has not left the front pages of popular and scientific publications and most information resources. A large number of works by domestic and foreign authors, consulting agencies gave both positive and negative forecasts of the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the country’s economy as a whole. Over the course of 8 years, various types of sanctions were introduced that dealt an economic blow to both individuals and sectors of the economy and specific corporations that are represented in different regions of the country, which undoubtedly carries risks for the socio-economic security of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The subjects of the Russian Federation have a different structure of the economy and the level of socio-economic development, while the impact of sanctions on the level of socio-economic security of individual regions and the possibilities of leveling them have not yet been sufficiently investigated, which gives this topic high relevance. The purpose of the study is to assess the nature of the sanctions and their impact on the socio-economic security of the regions. The work uses bibliographic, analytical, statistical and mathematical research methods, analyzes open statistical data in the context of the regions of the Volga Federal District (VFD). As a result of the study, an analysis of the degree of influence of sanctions pressure on the indicators of foreign trade operations, the availability of technologies, the level of overdue loans, and the financial results of companies’ activities was presented. As a result of the study, factors were identified that have a greater impact on the state of the regional economy, indicators, indicators and directions for reducing the impact of sanctions on the socio-economic security of the Volga Federal District regions.

SANCTIONS IN SPORT: INTERNATIONAL-LEGAL EXPERIENCE

Bringing to justice for violations in the field of sports is one of the most controversial issues in modern sports. This fact is connected, first of all, with the existence of the principle of sports autonomy. In particular, in the field of sports there is its own system of arbitration courts, which apply in their activities mainly quasi-legal acts issued by the governing sports bodies. In addition, the field of sports claims to be completely independent of the governing influence of government agencies on any relations in this field. Some researchers, however, believe that sport has de facto formed its own specific legal order. Accordingly, it is sometimes quite difficult to establish the boundaries of those relations that are subject to self-regulation and those that should be regulated by law. Issues of bringing to justice for sports offenses belong to this problem category. The authors of the article explored a particular aspect of legal liability in sports, namely - the problem of sanctions. At the same time, the foreign experience of applying sanctions for violations in the field of sports was carefully analyzed, as the domestic practice of applying sanctions for offenses in sports has not yet been fully formed. Moreover, the domestic Supreme Court takes the position that all disputes in the field of sports should be considered by the governing sports bodies. At the same time, in foreign countries, general courts often accept similar cases. Thus, a careful analysis of the jurisprudence of Canada and the Czech Republic led to the conclusion that even despite the risky nature of sports in itself, there are mechanisms to bring violators to justice, in particular - in terms of compensation. At the same time, the subjective side of the offense in the field of sports is subject to legal analysis in a slightly different way than in all other cases. In particular, a person will be found guilty of committing an offense only if there is intent to violate the rules of sport and commit an offense.

Reconstruction of Syria: Estimation of Opportunities

The article examines the current problems associated with the post-war reconstruction of Syria. The author makes an attempt to consider the possibilities of renovating the economy and its material and technical base in the light of the very complex problem of choosing approaches to the goal, when the state and society are faced with the need to search for a rational relationship between national business and foreign capital. In fact, this refers to what of two platforms will be preferred - statist or neoliberal, on which the form of Syria's existence in the future depends. The article also focuses on the desire of the Western establishment to actively escalate the situation around and inside Syria and prevent large-scale reconstruction work on its territory, while gradually building schemes for penetration into the country's construction complex, knowingly providing itself with a competitive advantage in the struggle for business and political interests in this gigantic construction works market. The author concludes that Syria's prospects for an independent way out of the situation are unclear. The country's leadership will have to show considerable ability to maneuver in the complicated political and international situation, which is still being formed with the participation of Russia, Iran, China, but into which other “stakeholders” represented by the Arabian monarchies and Western financial institutions will be introduced as the problem of sanctions is resolved.

AgroTech investment and AgroSmart economy in Russia

Abstract. The scientific article is devoted to the study of the formation of smart agriculture in Russia, taking into account the main trends in the development of the digital economy, as well as the characterization of the most important points of development of the national AgroSmart economy. Given the escalating problem of sanctions and the chronic nature of Russia’s food wars with both near and far abroad countries, the issue of forming a new organizational and technological paradigm in the agro-industrial complex is a vital step to ensure the well-being of the whole society. Currently, in the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation there is a significant technological gap in terms of ensuring the smart growth of agribusinesses based on digital technologies and solutions, which negatively affects its production, export potential and financial condition. The validity and reliability of the results of scientific research was achieved through the correct construction of the logic and research scheme. Scientific and practical studies of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of agricultural business development, digital economy, public administration in the field of agriculture were used as the methodological and fundamental basis of the study.

Sanctions for Lack of Fulfilment of Information Duties: Searching for an Adequate Regulatory Model for Personalized Agreements

The effectiveness of the protection-by-information model in consumer law depends primarily on the method of structuring pre-contractual duties and sanctions correlated with the lack of fulfilment of said duties. Modern legal doctrine considers applying technology to law-making i.e. to fix flaws in the existing protection-by-information model. However, during this discussion, the problem of sanctions for lack of fulfilment of information duties has been disregarded. This article fills this gap by exploring how the use of technology might influence the adequacy of contemporary sanctioning models. There are two main approaches towards how lack of fulfilment of information obligations should be sanctioned. First, the fact that consumer acts based on his false impression of reality can trigger liability. As a result, the individual protection mechanism (i. a. regulation of mistake and deceit) is seen as a proper sanction for non-compliance with information duties. Second, failing to provide pre-contractual information might itself be sanctionable. In this scenario, standardized protection mechanisms are preferred (Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, Consumer Rights Directive). However, the balance achieved by linking specific sanctioning mechanisms to particular pre-contractual obligations is disturbed by the use of personalization tools during contracting. Therefore, the postulate of answering the personalization of contracts with personalization of pre-contractual information duties is discussed. The possibility of extending the scope of personalization to sanctions of these norms is considered. Finally, the introduction of smart execution mechanisms is explored, and the influence of technical changes on the essential characteristics of protection-by-information model is observed.

Uncertain Steps into a Post-Cold War World: The Role and Functioning of the UN Security Council after a Decade of Measures against Iraq

The 'case of Iraq' is the most important single issue the UN Security Council dealt with in the 1990s. It has strongly influenced the role and functioning of the Council in the international legal order. The case, which began with Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and continued with a prolonged effort to induce Iraq's compliance with the post.conflict regime imposed by the Council, has brought together and exemplified the manifold problems, opportunities and pitfalls encountered by the Council on its way to establishing itself as the principal executive organ of the international community. The history of how the Council proceeded in the Iraq case since 1991 is one of the Council taking uncertain steps into a post-Cold War world. The Council was able to revitalize the collective security scheme devised in the UN Charter of 1945, therey claiming and maintaining its validity after the ruptures in the international system brought about first by the East-West antagonism and then by its sudden conclusion. Further, the Council embarked on a programme of work with profound normative consequences in international law. In a sort of tour d'horizon, this article tries to single out and discuss the most important aspects of the Council's role and functioning as influenced or altered by its handling of the Iraq case, in particular the problem of sanctions and the comprehensive post-conflict regime of Resolution 687 (1991), the extent of the Council's powers, the constitutional reform and procedure of the Council, and the enduring problem of 'legitimacy'.

The Hurried Justification of Sanctions

In this paper I try to see how the Derridean aporias of the law of the urgency of legal decisions (the law interrupts the input of knowledge in the decision-making process) and the epokhe of the rule (justice can never be done in the present) are revealed in the context of the justification of sanctions. I argue that sanctions can only be justified in a purposive manner in the last instance. They can only be means to an end of punishment which has been opted for, and which can be justified on grounds of principles, or an authoritative calculation of incommensurable entities. I argue against theories, which advocate the internal connection of law and morality, because if such a connection could be established, the aporia of the hurried and unjustified action would obviously disappear. In particular my target is discourse theory as formulated mainly by Robert Alexy with his Sonderfallthese(Special Case Thesis). My objection is that, because of their instrumental nature, sanctions cannot be justified on moral grounds. I also consider some objections that could be raised from Klaus Gunther's theory of appropriateness and Habermas' distinction between the moral, ethical and pragmatic employments of practical reason. I am argue that the former, which would become relevant at the stage of application, that is sentencing, does not resolve the justificatory problem of sanctions, and the latter confirms rather than falsifies my claim that punishment can never be said to be just.

Putnam's Social Capital Theory Goes East: A Case Study of Western Ukraine and L'viv

attempts to test Putnam's theory explicitly in the analysis of post-socialist politiesmost notably former East Germany-attention has been directed more towards his equilibrium thesis of 'virtuous' and 'vicious' circles. While stressing Putnam's neglect of factors such as institutional design and third-party enforcement,4 the focus in current analyses has been less on the issue of social capital as such and the micro-sociological underpinnings of non-communitarian social capital. The latter is the topic of this article. Therefore, rather than asking ourselves 'what is the importance of social capital to successful democratisation', the proper question to pose in our case should be 'exactly what is it in the nature of social capital in post-socialist societies that makes people less inclined to invest trust in formal democratic institutions?' Putnam's own reply is that 'sanctions that support norms of reciprocity against threat of opportunism are less likely to be imposed upwards and less likely to be acceded to, if imposed' in the kind of particularistic and vertical networks from which negative social capital breeds.5 Contrary to Putnam's argument, though, we hold that lack of trust in formal institutions is not due primarily to difficulties in implementing sanctions in social networks. Although Putnam was right in focusing on the exchange relations that constitute the backbone of these networks, the important point is actually that communitarian and non-communitarian social capital draw on two different modes of reducing social transaction costs. It is this difference rather than the problem of sanctions that accounts for the difficulties of transforming non-communitarian social

The Problem of Sanctions in the Far East

PHERE ARE two main groups of opinion on the feasibility of enforcing economic sanctions against Japan. One group-by far the larger-believes quite sincerely that an official embargo on the sale of materials to Japan and a refusal to admit Japanese imports would stop the war in China within a relatively short time with little or no danger of serious economic reprisals or of an extension of the conflict. Another much smaller group is convinced that weak sanctions would not be effective and that strong sanctions would lead to war. Prominent and active in the first group are representatives of organized labor, the Christian missionaries in China, a number of Western journalists and writers, and friends of Soviet Russia; and in a more passive role the general public. In the second group are a smaller number of journalists actually stationed in the Far East, a small group of scholars at work on Far Eastern problems, responsible government officials in the foreign or diplomatic service of their countries, isolationists in the Congress of the United States, and a much smaller proportion of the general public. There are, of course, other groups and various positions between the two extremes. Some people believe in multilateral but not in unilateral sanctions. Some advocate sanctions only if they are likely to stop the war, whereas others would employ them as a moral gesture whatever the consequences. To discuss this problem with any clarity it is necessary to define the object in view as well as the nature and extent of the sanctions contemplated. For simplicity economic sanctions may be defined as an official boycott on imports or an official embargo on exports or both together. There are also proposals for discriminatory duties and the cutting off of credit and port facilities, but these would reduce Japan's ability to buy raw materials and industrial equipment in a less drastic manner than a complete boycott and embargo. It is obvious

Europe and the United States: The Problem of Sanctions

Europe and the United States: The Problem of Sanctions