Industrial Waste Problem Research Articles

Development of an industrial solid waste ecological analysis model in Shanghai, China.

Amid China's rapid economic expansion, the country's industrial solid waste (ISW) problem is escalating. As each sector generates distinct types of ISW, a multi-indicator assessment of each sector is essential to address China's New Solid Waste Policy. To investigate the ISW situation of each sector and perform a comprehensive assessment, we formulate an industrial solid waste ecological analysis framework based on ISW generation and ISW flow in the sector. Various indicators (i.e., solid waste utilization coefficient, solid waste threat coefficient, and solid waste threat intensity) are employed to assess the utilization of solid waste generated for each sector, as well as the threat of solid waste originating in each sector to society. Ecological network analysis probes the interrelationships between diverse sectors. Taking Shanghai in 2017 as an example, the study indicates that some sectors (e.g., production and supply of electric power and heat power (EH) and metal smelting and rolling processing sector (MS)) exhibit higher direct ISW generation and the direct industrial solid waste value-added coefficient (SVAC) for common industrial solid waste (CISW). Specifically, the direct CISW generation of EH and MS is 539.21Mt and 277.00Mt respectively. The direct SVAC of EH and MS is 157.06kg/103RMB and 126.27kg/103RMB respectively. These sectors should prioritize reducing emissions at the source. Additionally, the threats to society from various sectors are relatively insignificant for the CISW, while for the hazardous waste (HW), all sectors pose a considerable threat to Shanghai's society. Moreover, some sectors (e.g., mining industry) exhibit the highest mutualism relationships in the CISW and the HW. Enhancing mining sector technologies is a vital strategy for mitigating ISW sources. Specifically, MI has 9 pairs of mutualism relationships in the CISW and 8 pairs in the HW. These insights will provide empirical evidence for tackling the ISW problem in Shanghai.

Обґрунтування та перспективи використання комах як джерела білка у кормах для риб (огляд)

Purpose. Analysis of the prospects and experience of using insects as an alternative source of animal protein in aquaculture. Scientific and practical substantiation of the introduction of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) into fish feeds. Evaluation of the effeciency of the use of insect protein in solving the issues of sustainable development of aquaculture. Findings. World resources and trends in the use of animal protein in feed production have been characterized. The biological and functional characteristics, as well as the quality and safety of animal protein have been analyzed. Insect protein is considered a non-traditional feed component for Ukrainian aquaculture. It should be noted that the use of insect protein in feeding different fish species requires special approaches, in accordance with the biological needs of their body and the stage of ontogenesis. Also, the efficiency of the use of insect protein in fish feeds depends on the methodological approaches of its introduction, the amount of use, as well as the feed component replaced in the basic diet. On the example of the results of scientific studies on the introduction of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in fish feeds, promising directions and methods of using this insect species have been identified. The positive effect of experimental feeding on productive parameters, feed conversion, quality and safety of farmed fish products have been noted. The limiting factors for increasing insect protein production in accordance with technological parameters and biological characteristics have been analyzed in detail. It is noted that the industrial production of insects can be a solution to the problem of processing industrial and organic waste as a result of their use for nutrition. The feasibility and prospects of using insect protein in aquaculture in Ukraine have been outlined. The authors have analyzed modern sources of professional scientific literature in accordance with the study of the state and prospects of using traditional and non-traditional sources of animal protein in fish feeds. Using the example of the black soldier fly, the authors characterize the efficiency of the use of insect protein in aquaculture, its biological characteristics and technological parameters of production. Practical value. The literature review covers modern approaches and prospects for optimizing aquaculture. It can be used by fish farming specialists for scientific studies and practical experimental developments. Keywords: animal protein, insect protein, black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, fish feeds, non-traditional feed components, tenological parameters, biological characteristics, aquaculture.

Ways to Solve the Problem of Recycling Household and Industrial Waste in Pavlodar

The relevance of this article is that the impact of human economic activity on the natural environment is becoming comparable in scale to geological factors. In this regard, the importance of protecting the biosphere has increased immeasurably. The earth is the only common home of all earthlings. Society, including us, cannot help but worry that the planet has approached a critical ecological threshold. The main goal of the research that we set for ourselves in this article is to create a predictive model for overcoming the environmental crisis in the following areas: environmental education, greening technologies, administrative and legal direction, international cooperation. To achieve the result, we tried to process as much information as possible, analyze the situation, draw appropriate conclusions and propose our own model for overcoming the environmental crisis. The hypothesis is that environmental pollution, improper disposal of household and industrial waste, and poor environmental culture have a detrimental effect on the ecology of the city, poisoning the environment and public health. The main research methods used were methods of empirical knowledge - these are observations, survey methods, questionnaires, as well as theoretical methods. The results of these studies can be used to inform the population about the impact of waste on human health, as well as the importance of storing, recycling and obtaining secondary raw materials, in order to reduce the amount of garbage on city streets. And also about the existence of unauthorized waste collection sites and administrative responsibility for the creation of such landfills in the city and in the surrounding area, this is an educational activity in all areas of education, starting from preschool institutions, the media, advertising agencies, NGOs, environmental authorities and also, using international experience, in the construction of a solid waste processing plant in his hometown.

Methodology of a Circular Economy in a Specific Territory

This article refers to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015 by the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly, of which Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns has important implications for achieving a zero-waste, circular economy. The methodology of achieving integrated zero-waste production and a circular economy is discussed for application in a specific territory. The methodology consists of the following key aspects: (a) a targeted program of zero-waste production addressing problems concerning industrial and domestic waste in a specific territory; (b) targeted zero-waste production subprograms addressing industrial waste problems; (c) Industry 4.0 technologies involved in the development of a circular economy in a specific territory; (d) involvement of residents of a territory in collectively addressing all environmental problems and participating in zero-waste production organizations; and (e) mathematical, software, and IT methodologies of implementing a zero-waste and circular economy in a specific territory. An empirical analysis of the methodological aspects was carried out, using the example of a municipal district with a developed multisectoral economy. This study demonstrates the concept of waste classification involving the use of waste as raw material in a municipal district, including a specific targeted subprogram for recycling polymer products in a municipal district. A mathematical model of a zero-waste and circular economy program in a municipal district is depicted as an alternative graph to show different options of operation while addressing both local and global goals. An analytic hierarchy process was used to empower decision-makers to interactively select the option that best corresponds to the financial capacity of the municipal district, the duration of the program, and the technical requirements of the task.

Recycling of alumina-containing sweepings for use in primary aluminium production

Aluminium is produced by electrolysis using a melt that consists of cryolite and alumina. Domestic aluminium producers are facing a shortage of alumina, which is the raw material for making primary aluminium. This gives relevance to the problem of processing industrial alumina-containing waste in order to get Al2O3 back into the electrolysis process. When doing maintenance for aluminium cells, primary aluminium producers that rely on Soderberg cells generate alumina-containing waste with a complex and varying composition. However, it contains a considerable amount of valuable components, such as Na3AlF6, Al2O3, AlF3. When the waste is collected, valuable alumina particles get mixed up with various materials (lumps of asphalt and concrete, sand). As a result, alumina gets contaminated with iron and silicon compounds (SiO2, Fe2O3) and can no longer be reused in the electrolysis process as the main source of metal. RUSAL Bratsk PJSC has developed a unit that helps reduce the concentration of these impurities in the alumina-containing waste. The focus of this paper is on examining the operation of the developed unit, as well as searching for contrast properties of the waste material which could help enhance the performance of the unit. Having analyzed the phase composition of the samples, the authors established that the waste material is mainly comprised of cryolite, chiolite, corundum, quartz, feldspar, carbonaceous matter and a process phase of the following composition: (NaF)·1,5CaF2·AlF3. High concentrations of Si (1.91 %) and Fe (0.62 %) were registered in the following size range –0.63+0.315 mm. A microscopic study helped establish the contrast properties of the material. It was found that, considering the registered distribution of impurities, reusing the maximum amount of waste in the electrolysis process would require adoption of optical and gravitational processing. The contributors to this research includes L. V. Gavrilenko, Candidate of Technical Sciences, manager at the Directorate for Aluminium Production Processes and Advances, Engineering and Technology Centre (RUSAL ETC) in Bratsk.This research was funded through Presidential Grant No. SP-306.2022.1.

Environmental - friendly Al2O3 based Hydroelectric cells for green energy production

In recent times, it was observed that green electrical power can be generated using Hydroelectric Cells (HEC), which can be alternative of solar and fuel cell for future energy generation systems. This hydroelectric cell uses few drops of water to produce efficient, safe and eco-friendly green power. HEC working process depends upon the splitting of H2O molecules with different metal oxides. Low-cost Al2O3 based hydroelectric cell has been fabricated to generate green electrical energy. Solid state sintering method was adopted for the preparation of Al2O3 sample for hydroelectric cell. Phase formation and structural information of the sample were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A circular pellet of diameter 2-inch was prepared to examine hydroelectric properties and a circular pellet of diameter 10 mm was prepared for the study of conduction phenomenon of dissociated ions in the cell. The maximum voltage ~ 0.925 V, maximum current ~ 8.02 mA, and maximum power ~ 7.42 mW was obtained for the low-cost Al2O3 based hydroelectric cell. DC conductivity measurement confirmed the dissociation of water molecules and their conduction phenomenon. Al2O3 based hydroelectric cell provides us green energy with eco-friendly byproducts without any usage of acid/alkali/photocatalytic activity/electrolyte. Moreover, presented Al2O3 based hydroelectric cell can resolve the problem of industrial waste containing of alumina.

Citrus Segment Degradation Potential, Enzyme Safety Evaluation, and Whole Genome Sequence of Aspergillus aculeatus Strain ZC-1005.

Aspergillus aculeatus ZC-1005 (ZC-1005 was used as the abbreviation of this strain) is a hemicellulase-producing strain isolated from rotten citrus rind buried in the soil. Our previous study has shown its biochemical properties including high xylanase activity, mannanase activity, and degradation reaction with citrus mesocarp. In this study, we focused more on the enzyme safety evaluation and the genome sequencing via PacBio and Illumina platforms. High biological safety of the crude enzymes of ZC-1005 has been proven by the acute oral toxicity test, sub-chronic toxicity test, micronucleus test, and sperm malformation test. The genome of ZC-1005 had a GC content of 52.53%, with a size of 35,458,484 bp, and encoded 10,147 genes. Strain ZC-1005 harbored 269 glycosyl hydrolase (GH) genes of 64 families. The fungus produces cellulose-acting (GH3, GH5, GH12, and GH1) and hemicellulose-acting enzymes (GH16, GH31, GH2, and GH92). In genome annotation, we paid more attention to the genes encoding xylanase, such as gene 01512, gene 05833, gene 05469, gene 07781, gene 08432, gene 09042, gene 08008, and gene 09694. The collaboration between complete genome information and the degradation test confirmed that ZC-1005 could degrade cellulose and xylan. Our results showed that the citrus enzymatic decapsulation technology was efficacious and safe for canned citrus product processing, which may also solve the industrial waste problem. Therefore, ZC-1005 and the crude enzyme secreted from the strain were very promising to be used in the citrus processing industry.

Studying the volumes of industrial waste in Ukraine and substantiating the trends in processing rock masses of Kryvbas waste dumps

Analysis of industrial waste in Ukraine and external waste dumps of Kryvyi Rih iron-ore basin was performed, which will help single out and classify them by enclosing rock composition as well as substantiate and develop technological schemes for technogenic object processing. The statistical analysis of the state classifier data by the classified groups of waste was performed; the analysis is the basis for determining dependence of mining waste accumulation on a time factor. The analysis of geometry of Kryvbas technogenic objects made it possible to systematize places of overburden rock accumulations (dumps, worked-out spaces of the mined-out open pits, dams) and their parameters, load-carrying transportation support, and composition of the enclosing rocks. Basic directions for distributing mined rocks of technogenic objects were established. Industrial processes and their corresponding processing equipment were substantiated. The analysis of load-carrying transport flows in the conditions of Kryvbas iron-ore open pits was carried out. It allowed generalizing of certain methods for the formation of technogenic objects and places of accumulation of overburden rock and waste (internal and external waste dumps, tailing dams, worked-out open pits) as well as the enclosing rock composition (mixed and/or selective). A technological scheme for rock mass sorting and processing was developed. Power dependence of the mining waste accumulation accumulation on the time factor was established. A classification of the rock composition of technogenic objects according to the rock structure and physicochemical properties was developed. A technological scheme for processing rock mass from the technogenic areas with the extraction of useful components was developed. The use of innovative equipment in mining industry as a part of magnetic separators to process coarse rock mass helps solve a problem of industrial wastes with the minimal energy and economic costs; it also allows preparing raw material for the mesorelief restoration and land reclamation. The obtained results make it possible to expand the area of technogenic object use, increase the overall mineral mining efficiency, and reduce the environmental impact within the mining regions.

Processing of technogenic formations within the framework of the formation of a circular economy

Relevance. Formation of a circular economy assumes a special place among the new realities that fundamentally affect new technological trends in industrial development. Although the concept of this economy is at the stage of formation, many developed countries, primarily the EU countries, necessarily include it in the most important strategic documents for the development of their countries provisions related to the key principles of a circular economy. The strategic planning system in Russia also includes documents based on the use of individual principles of this economy, contains the development and use of possible mechanisms for integrating the requirements of low-waste and low-carbon development into a circular economy. The industrial development of the country has a special influence on the process of transformation of a linear economy into a circular one, the greening of which is largely associated with solving the problem of processing industrial waste. The decisive role in their formation belongs to the country’s mining and metallurgical complex. To date, numerous technological processes for the complex processing of technogenic resources have been developed; there are investment projects in this area. However, there is no modern methodological toolkit for assessing their effectiveness, taking into account the sharply changing world and national conditions, economic conditions. The purpose of the work is to form a methodological approach to assessing the ecological and economic efficiency of processing technogenic formations of mining and metallurgical industries. Methods of research. The methodological basis of the study is a functional approach that allows taking into account the rapidly changing economic conditions. The research methodology is based on the basic provisions of the methodology of real options. Results. A comparative assessment of the formation and processing of wastes from mining and metallurgical production in Russia and the Urals is carried out. A methodological approach to assessing the socio-economic efficiency of processing technogenic resources has been formed. A classification system for the conditions of real options is proposed for assessing the efficiency of processing of technogenic raw materials. Conclusions. The results of the study confirm the feasibility of using the proposed methodological toolkit for assessing the efficiency of processing technogenic resources of various industries. The formed system of classification of the conditions of real options for assessing the efficiency of processing of technogenic raw materials creates the possibility of choosing optimal management decisions.

Modern Waste Reduction Strategies

The article provides an analytical overview of strategies to solve the problem of industrial and household wastes of modern civilization. The review is structured in three ways. The most radical direction of reducing consumption waste is the correction of needs (of a person, society, industry). In this direction, civilization has huge reserves, as many modern needs are artificial. The situation is described through the transformation of the Maslow Pyramid into a civilization waste generator. The possibilities of greening needs are analyzed. The processes of the formation of virtual needs and the processes of virtual satisfaction of needs (“no waste”) due to the computerization of society are analyzed. The second direction of waste minimization, which does not revise the existing needs of the individual and society, the article systematically analyzes the replacement of non-ecological goods with the greener ones, greening of production, correction of behavioral stereotypes, greening processes of meeting needs. The third direction is today the most loaded in containing the rising flow of waste. This is the improvement of neutralization technologies: processing to conditions of secondary resources, or to conditions that allow reliable isolation of waste from nature and society. The system of the three directions considers the achievements of the world science and practice in a variety of areas of waste management. It has been shown that in no sphere can the problem be solved as purely technocratic. In each sphere, the solution requires a synthesis of an effective socio-ecological-economic system, including not only comprehensive technical-economic, ecological-economic and socio-economic research, but also deep sociological, socio-psychological analysis. Special attention is paid to the domestic issues. Examples of outstanding socio-ecological-economic decisions are given. Examples of large-scale errors due to the lack of system analysis are given. Special role of non-profit sector of economy is emphasized in evaluation of reserves of optimization of waste management systems.

Molybdenum waste usage as thinning agent in concrete production

A comparative analysis of concrete without additives and concrete samples containing molybdenum wastes was carried out. The purpose of the work is to identify the effectiveness of the metallurgical waste influence on the physicomechanical properties of concrete, the transportation from the storage site to the concrete plant, and the substantiation of their application areas. This will solve a twofold problem: to solve the problem of industrial waste (by improving the environmental status on the example of North Ossetia-Alania) and expand the range of additives used in the production of concrete. By conducting laboratory tests the physical and mechanical properties of concrete mixtures are determined. To determine the strength characteristics of concrete samples, the IM-1250M testing machine was used. The tests were carried out under the same temperature and humidity conditions. According to the results of the experiments, the samples with molybdenum-scheelite waste showed a higher result of the physicomechanical properties of concrete. As a result of experimental analysis, the influence of metallurgical industry wastes on the strength characteristics of concrete and water resistance, as well as the safety of their use in concrete mixtures, was determined. The use of waste from the metallurgical industry will save natural material, and at the same time clear large areas of these dumps. The use of waste from the metallurgical industry will save natural material and reduce transportation costs, as there are concrete plants near the dumps, which are economically feasible. Thanks to that use it is possible to clear the large territories of these dumps.

Influence of copper slag on corrosion behavior of horizontal steel bars in reinforced concrete column specimen due to chloride-induced corrosion

Deterioration due to chloride penetration has been regarded as the major problem among the factors leading to a decrease in the durability of reinforced concrete (RC). Corrosion of steel bars in concrete propagates in the presence of water and oxygen by electro-chemical reactions. In recent years, the use of industrial by-products as construction materials has been promoted since it reduces pollutant waste and beneficial in construction works toward sustainable development. Copper slag fine aggregate (CUS) is an industrial by-product produced through the process of manufacturing copper. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of CUS on the ingress of corrosive substances, including chloride ions and water, including dissolved oxygen associated with corrosion behavior and processes of horizontal steel bars in the reinforced concrete prototype specimen. A detailed analysis was carried out on the heterogeneity in cover concrete and integrity of horizontal steel bars due to bleeding water in concrete mixtures with a partial replacement of CUS and fly ash (FA) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a control specimen. In this study, it is assumed that the deterioration of concrete structures results from chloride ion penetration in the sea. Chloride-induced corrosion through the wet and dry cycles are examined with respect to chloride ion concentrations and some parameters related to electro-chemical measurements. The results show that the partial replacement of fine aggregate with CUS (30 vol%) in reinforced concrete column specimens led to a lower rate of oxygen permeability on the cathodic reactions, which could be illustrated by changes of cathodic polarization properties in column specimens. Although macrocell corrosion is partly pronounced in CUS concrete due to cracking caused by segregation, the microcell corrosion current density observed in CUS concrete specimens is generally less severe compared to those observed in OPC concrete specimens. Based on the results obtained by XRD analysis, the addition of CUS in concrete mixtures as a sand replacement does not register new peaks but increases in peak intensity. The result indicates that CUS replacement does not affect the composition of minerals of concrete mixtures tested, and thus, it is evidently compatible with OPC mixtures. This beneficial effect of the addition of copper slag fine aggregate could contribute to good durability performance in concrete as a solution to the environmental problem of disposal industrial waste, and copper slag concrete has a wide application in the structures constructed in a marine environment.

A review on sustainable utilization of industrial wastes in radiation shielding concrete

The increasing problem of industrial wastes' (IWs) accumulation and shortage of conventional construction materials such as aggregates can be simultaneously addressed by a careful selection and utilization of IWs in concrete. This paper targets an explicit assessment of the current status of utilization of various IWs in a particular type of concrete, namely, ‘Radiation Shielding Concrete (RSC)’. RSC is a high-density concrete which prevents any potential leakage of the X-rays, gamma rays, and fast-moving neutrons in various establishments such as nuclear power structures, X-ray or radiology department rooms in the hospitals. Traditionally, RSC has been made using high density natural aggregates like haematite, magnetite, or ilmenite, but this practice faces several challenges such as the NA being a limited resource, expensive, and non-available in several parts of the world. This paper reviews the research being carried out for the gainful utilization of various categories of IWs such as slags, supplementary cementitious materials, mines wastes, and a few miscellaneous IWs like polymers and glass, for a partial or complete replacement of conventional constituents of RSC for a greener construction.

Study of Economic Waste Exchange in Batam City

The problem of industrial waste in Batam City has not been fully solved. For this reason, this study was conducted to examine the concept of the application of the waste exchange and the applications. The waste exchange aims to help industries, especially for manufacturing industry, to solve their waste by opening business opportunities for waste users. It also help related agencies to monitoring and manifesting waste. It can be used as the initiator of joint office to oversee the possibility of transactions and waste traffic, so the waste does not cause impact on the environment. This research was carried out using in-depth interview techniques and consultations. Determining respondents is done by using purposive sampling, which is the respondents are determining by certain considerations. The AHP method used to carry out factors that influence of the waste exchange formation and strategic recommendations to the relevant agency of establishing waste exchange in Batam City. The results of the AHP analysis of the main factors that were prioritized by agency respondents were economic factors (32.4%) and the factors that had the lowest priority were organizational governance (17.1%). Respondents to waste utilization or waste users, technology availability factors have a high priority (43.1%) and the characteristics of waste characteristics have the lowest priority (20%)

TO THE QUESTION OF USING INDUSTRIAL TOBACCO WASTES FOR INCREASING SOIL FERTILITY

Irretrievable industrial tobacco wastes – tobacco dust is buried at special areas or undergoes combus-tion process; therefore it is serious pollution agent. Because of this methods for its non-burying recycling are of current interest. For example, tobacco dust can be used for increasing soil fertility, as it contains nutritious compounds: nitrogen (1.84-2.3%), phosphorus (0.24-0.37%) and potassium (2.14-3.72%). But there is information that tobacco dust undergoes little degradation in the soil during one season and after second applying it can lead to soil intoxication and to dying of its microorganisms. Thus, efficient method for solving this problem is searching techniques for decreasing toxicity of dust applied into soil as ferti-lizer. New ecologically safe method for recycling tobacco dust is proposed. It is based on utilizing tobac-co dust (2, 5, 8 t/ha) in combination with biodestructors (Sternifag 80g/ha or Biocomplex BTU 1l/ha). For increasing degradation rate onto non-toxic compounds biodestructor is applied in combination with water and ammonium nitrate on dust uniformly spread soil surface. After that this mixture should be ploughed one month before sowing or transplanting. Utilizing this method allows increasing basic labile nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in the soil and its biological activity, which is seen by in-creasing nitrification properties, intensity of cellulose destruction, carbon dioxide production. Also this method allows soil improving because of pathogenic fungi suppression, decreasing negative effect on en-vironment and partially solve problem of safe recycling industrial tobacco wastes.

Technological processes of reusing crushed concrete in the demolition of buildings in construction

The paper is dedicated to waste processing management in waste processing technology. Processing of scrap concrete waste, similar in composition and condition to traditional raw materials, is economically and ecologically feasible. Secondary crushed stone obtained by crushing scrap of reinforced concrete panels in demolished five-storey apartment blocks of the first phase was studied. It is shown that concrete with scrap concrete waste shows strength properties similar to primary concrete and helps organize waste-free production. The methods of recycled waste usage, especially usage of secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, are becoming ever more relevant with every passing year. Imported concrete aggregate volumes can be reduced by 15-30% due to usage of secondary crushed stone. Consideration of industrial waste problem and methods of solving this problem by using waste in construction industry, including secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap, is made. Annually, about 11.5 million tons of construction waste is generated in Moscow. The use of industrial waste similar in terms of composition and condition of traditional raw materials unquestionable from economic and environmental point of view. This study showed that concrete using fine granulated blast furnace slag as cement additives has higher initial strength characteristics.

Construction waste processing management and demolition of five-storey apartment blocks in Moscow

Data on waste processing management in waste processing technology. Processing of scrap concrete waste, similar in composition and condition to traditional raw materials, is economically and ecologically feasible. The research suggests that concrete with scrap concrete waste shows strength properties similar to primary concrete and helps organize waste-free production.The methods of waste recycled usage, especially, usage of secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap are becoming ever more relevant with every passing year. Imported concrete aggregate volumes can be reduced by 15-30% due to usage of secondary crushed stone. Consideration of industrial waste problem and methods of solving this problem by using waste in construction industry including secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap.Annually, about 11.5 million tons of construction waste is generated in Moscow, in the near future concrete scrap volumes are expected to rise to 13-15 million tons per year because of building demolition, reconstruction, overhaul and piling of reject structures.One of the problems in modem development in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete parts and products is a matter of replacing the traditional scarce raw materials while maintaining the placeability of the concrete mix and strength of the finished products. The use of industrial waste similar in terms of composition and condition of traditional raw materials unquestionable from economic and environmental point of view. Studies show that concrete, using from fine granulated blast furnace slag as cement additives, have higher initial strength characteristics of concrete.

Discolored Red Seaweed Pyropia yezoensis with Low Commercial Value Is a Novel Resource for Production of Agar Polysaccharides.

The red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis has been demonstrated to be a novel resource for the production of high-quality agar. P. yezoensis is grown for the food industry in large-scale Japanese mariculture operations. However, discolored P. yezoensis is mostly discarded as an industrial waste, although it has some kind of utility values. Here, we evaluated the utility of discolored P. yezoensis as a resource for agar production. The quality of agar from the discolored seaweed was comparable to that from normal seaweed. In addition, as a distinguishing characteristic, agar yield was higher from discolored seaweeds than from normal types. Moreover, we successfully used agar from discolored P. yezoensis for bacterial plate media and DNA electrophoresis gels without agarose purification. Thus, our results demonstrate that discolored P. yezoensis is suitable for agar production and use in life science research. Diverting discolored P. yezoensis from disposal to agar production provides a solution to the current industrial waste problem in mariculture, as well as a secure source of agar for research purposes.

Crushed concrete as concrete aggregate in the manufacture of reinforced concrete structures

The methods of waste recycled usage, especially, usage of secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap are becoming ever more relevant with every passing year. Imported concrete aggregate volumes can be reduced by 15-30% due to usage of secondary crushed stone. Consideration of industrial waste problem and methods of solving this problem by using waste in construction industry including secondary crushed stone made of crushed concrete scrap. Annually, about 11.5 million tons of construction waste is generated in Moscow, in the near future concrete scrap volumes are expected to rise to 13-15 million tons per year because of building demolition, reconstruction, overhaul and piling of reject structures.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE AS AN EFFECTIVE RAW MATERIAL FOR PRODUCING THE LOW-FIRED CERAMIC COMPOSITE

Due to depletion of high-quality natural raw material resources combined with build-up of reserves of man-made industrial products, waste disposal problem becomes a topical issue particularly in the industrial regions. One of the ways to solve the industrial waste problem is to use wastes for producing ceramic materials. Investigated were compositions with various contents of components: secondary ilmenite ore concentration products from VGMK, sludge and iron-containing wastes. It has been found that the VGMK wastes are represented by finely dispersed particles, and local liquefaction areas occur at the temperature of 480-500°C. The basic sintering temperature is 1,050°C. It has been found that the increase of the sludge content in the molding compound from 30 to 40 % results in the decrease in the basic liquid phase amount occurrence temperature from 950 to 820°C, or by 13,6 %. Using the mathematical methods of experiment design a pattern has been determined of the strength and density variation depending on a molding compound composition, namely, the content of iron-containing waste and sludge. It has been experimentally confirmed that the complete replacement of natural clay-loam materials by secondary ilmenite ore concentration products from Volnogorsk Mining-and-Metallurgical Integrated Works (VGMK) with the addition of 40 % of CSA sludge and 10% of iron-containing waste results in both strength performance improvement and density and firing temperature reduction. At a temperature of 870°C, the ultimate compressive strength has been increased from 14,5MPa to 21,89MPa, and the density has reached 1350 kg/m3. Using physical and chemical methods it has been determined that the strength performance improvement is due to formation of monalbite – 34,6 %; albite – 4,3 %, gehlenite – 7,6 %.