Problem Of Gender Discrimination Research Articles

The impact of gendered experiences on the career choice of swiss medical students: A qualitative study protocol.

The problem of gender discrimination and sexual harassment in medicine is long-standing and widespread. This project aims to document and understand how gendered experiences encountered by final-year medical students in Switzerland are experienced by these individuals and how they influence their career choice. It also aims to identify representations and stereotypes linked to the different specialties. The project will take place at all Swiss universities offering a master's degree in human medicine, for a total of 9 programs. Around 36 participants will be recruited. Semi-structured qualitative individual interviews will be conducted. Analysis will be based on Grounded Theory principles.

Gender equality and justice in labor law

Introduction. Ensuring gender equality and equity is one of the main conditions for an individual to realize the right to work granted by the State. Formation of mechanisms for implementing and guaranteeing gender equality in the field of employment is one of the priority tasks of the State. Therefore, it is the implementation of these circumstances that can ensure a real opportunity for everyone to realize the right to work and the ability to earn a living by work, thereby meeting their physical, spiritual and other needs. Therefore, any kind of discrimination, including gender discrimination, is unacceptable in this area. Problem Statement. The lack of fostering a culture of gender equality is one of the reasons why society does not perceive gender discrimination as a problem, which leads to violations of the right to work and its derivative rights. Relevance. The problem of gender discrimination is relatively new for Ukraine. The process of implementing and ensuring gender equality was actualized with the signing of the Association Agreement, according to which Ukraine committed itself to ensuring gender equality in all areas, including employment. Gender equality means equal rights for men and women, equal opportunities to exercise them and receive certain benefits, which is a defining feature of a legal, social state in which the principle of equality of citizens and the rule of law is in place. Objective. To analyze the level of the problem caused by gender discrimination in the field of employment. To study the content, significance and impact of the principle of gender equality on the state of realization of labor rights by men and women. Methods. To achieve the stated research objective, the article uses general scientific methods (deduction, induction, synthesis, analysis) and special scientific research methods (formal legal and comparative legal). The main results of the study. Men and women are not equal in their capabilities, abilities and needs. However, a legal, social state, such as Ukraine, must ensure that everyone, regardless of gender, has the opportunity to freely choose the field of work, develop freely, receive decent pay for their work, appropriate protection, taking into account the characteristics and needs of men and women, and generally promote respect for men's work and women's work and equalize the roles of men and women in society. In this regard, ensuring gender equality is a societal need, which is conditioned, on the one hand, by the fact of gender discrimination in the field of employment, and, on the other hand, by the need of each person to fully enjoy the benefits provided for by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. Conclusions. The value of a person, the ability of a person to fully realize his or her labor rights, freedoms, interests, and receive benefits cannot be determined by his or her gender and depend on gender.

Gender Politics and Power Structure: An Analysis of Institutional Barriers to Gender Equality

This study explores the institutional barriers to gender equality between gender politics and power structure, aiming to conduct a thorough analysis of the complex relationships between gender politics, power structure, gender equality, and institutional barriers. By examining the definition and importance of gender politics and the link between power structure and gender equality. Then it explores the close relationship between gender politics and institutional barriers. Subsequently, focusing on the legal field, we analyzed the impact of the legal system on gender equality and the potential impact of legal reform on gender politics, while focusing on the possible problem of gender discrimination in law implementation. Further, we explore the influence of the political system on gender equality. In addition, cultural and social factors were also included in the analysis. This paper will reveal how gender politics, power structure and institutional barriers jointly restrict the realization of gender equality. At the same time, we will explore possible solutions and policy recommendations to promote a more equitable and equal social development.

Problems of gender equality in sports: topical issues of combating discrimination

The article analyzes gender problems of discrimination in the field of sports activities. It was established that discrimination is anegative social phenomenon and manifests itself in all spheres, including sports. Despite a number of regulatory and institutional legal guarantees, athletes are exposed to negative situations, including oppression, intolerance, unequal treatment, and even violence. The goal of the modern ideology of legal regulation in the field of sports is to ensure somatic andpsychological well-being in all spheres of personal development of athletes, including the eradication of manifestations of discrimination, which is especially widespread on the basis of gender.Stereotyped thinking permeates sports activities, where certain sports are identified with a separate gender, resulting in genderdiscrimination against both women due to their supposedly strengthened masculine identity and men for choosing fragile sports.It is noted that the problems of stigmatization in sports have an ancient nature, but do not change in the context of the transformation of the phenomenon itself. Currently, the issue of eSports and its recognition at the professional level isbeing actively discussed. However, according to experts, the problem of gender discrimination in this area is particularly significant.Addressing systemic issues, including discrimination, requires good and open sports governance to create a culture that is trulyfair, accessible, inclusive and supportive. It has been established that increasing the numerical representation of women is an important feminist project in various institutional settings and promotes gender equality. However, the number in itself does not mean ensuring the principle of non-discrimination. The problems that have not been solved at the moment are forms of lower wages, lack of real equality in the occupation of managerial positions and coaching staff, uneven popularization in the mass media.

Social Consciousness Towards Kinners in Sanjay Johari's Play Kinner Maa

Sanjay Johari is the newly sprouting figure in the field of Indian English literature. He is the spokesman for his country's doubts, emerging issues and deteriorating condition of the people. In his first play, Kinner Maa, he tries to awaken social consciousness towards kinners who live a life of aloofness in the contemporary world. Generally, people think that kinners are uncounted persons of the society where nobody shows one's sympathy for them. The leading cause of this belief is that they are counted as neither male nor female, but it does not mean, they are not a part of society. They have the same passion and humanistic feelings as others have. We have no right to think they are invaluable persons in society. The humane outlook of Sanjay Johari makes the reader realize how to show sympathetic behavior towards them. Though the problem of gender discrimination is rapidly taking a step in the contemporary world. So many writers also express newly emerging problems like gender issues LGBT, homosexuality, transgender marginalization etc.in their works. Shobha de, Mahesh Dattani, Arundhati Roy etc. wrote many plays on these problems. Sanjay Johari has also tried to draw a picture on his Canvas of writing, and he has given different shades of people on it. Thus, Sanjay Johari tries to evoke human consciousness for such a community through this play. His only purpose is to highlight the realistic picture of the society in which people have automatically divided themselves into different categories. In fact, they are living in the 'Superiority Complex' where there is no place for such a miserable community. The truth is that the people of contemporary society are living in illusion, and perhaps they feel happy, and they are indifferent towards the subalterns and marginalized people.

Factors influencing low female representation in pilot training recruitment

In 2011 ICAO published a report about projected pilot and training capacity shortage (ICAO, 2011). To solve this problem, several studies have been carried out, and forecasts of the required number of pilots for the next 10–20 years are constantly being updated. Universities have begun introducing pilot training into their aviation courses, although only US airlines require a degree from the candidates to work as a pilot. The leading providers of pilot training facilities and industry observers argue that even with severe flight restrictions due to COVID-19, the shortage of pilots and quality pilot training remains a major concern. There is a trend of under-representation of females in the pilot roles. Some researchers and aviation industry experts assume that more women should be recruited into the profession to address the pilot shortage.This paper explores the current key reasons for the low female representation in pilot training recruitment. In many studies, the problem of gender discrimination and societal stereotype that believes that the pilot is a purely male type of job are dominant among the negative ones. The authors investigated whether these factors are seen as predominant in women's career decisions in aviation. A qualitative study was conducted utilising the semi-structured in-depth interview of nine female pilots from Europe, Australia and UK. A transcript based content analysis was done using Nvivo. Further, the triangulation method was utilized to verify the results of the study.The main findings from this research show that, in addition to the high cost of training and the tendency of airlines to shift financial obligations for training to students, the hiring of pilots continues to suffer from gender inequality. Reasons such as “Lack of role models for young girls and women in aviation”, “Cultural sexism” and “Lack of acceptance from male peers and passengers” continue to hinder the promotion of the pilot profession among women. Multiple organisations and airlines have initiatives in place to mitigate the problems connected with pilot training and hiring. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives is controversial, as the number of female pilots has seen hardly any growth in the past ten years. Furthermore, they may be responsible in future for creating an even more “gender-unequal” culture inside the industry, as women will be seen in their roles only due to gender recruitment requirement. All stakeholders, including universities that choose to participate in the pilot training process, could help rethink the principles of gender balance, increasing the visibility of their initiatives and raising public awareness of the availability of pilot training and career prospects for women.The article presents the theoretical and practical implications of the reasons for low female representation in pilot training recruitment.

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PERCEPTION OF ADVERTISING WITH DIFFERENT GENDER-ROLE MODELS

The article considers the problem of gender discrimination and popular gender stereotypes in the advertising, as well as studies the psychological features of the perception of advertising with different gender-role models: in particular, advertising with gender discrimination or with gender stereotypes, the gender-neutral advertising and advertising with signs of femvertising (which challenges such stereotypes). The authors analysed the mechanisms of gender stereotype alimentation in advertising, the main varieties of such stereotypes and types of the stereotyped advertising characters of both sexes, as well as the trends related to anti-sexism and gender stereotype breaking. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the criteria distinguishing the gender stereotypes or signs of gender discrimination in advertising. The authors present the results of their own study on the psychological features of the perception of advertising with different gender-role models. Advertising that contained gender stereotypes and signs of gender discrimination received the lowest ratings from the respondents compared to other advertisings. The only exception was the evaluation of such advertising with cognitive indicators. However, there was a certain heterogeneity in the perception of such advertising: the more natural a stereotype was for certain people, the more tolerant was their attitude towards such advertising. Gender-neutral advertising was evaluated the highest with all indicators. The only exception was the advertising demonstrating gender neutrality in topics which previously was distinguished clearly by gender: the older men rated such advertising very low. Advertising that challenged gender stereotypes was perceived rather positively, especially emotionally, however, its perception depended significantly on the respondents’ age and gender: young women rated ads with signs of femvertising positively with all indicators, older women assessed such advertising neutrally, but older men had the lowest rating for such ads.

The struggle for higher education gender equity policy in Afghanistan: Obstacles, challenges and achievements

The struggle for gender equity in Afghanistan has been a long and difficult one under war conditions. Nonetheless, amazing progress has been made both in transforming higher education and in improving the situation for women students and women faculty members over the last few years. What is particularly striking about this effort is the level of success in a very challenging environment. Part of the success, as we suggest, is a consequence of the focus on gender policy in higher education, which operates in an amazingly free environment. That has allowed the kind of analysis and discussion of traditional views about women to be examined and new policies put in place moving toward the MoHE goal of gender equity. Higher education has moved from a situation of virtually no women students, faculty, or staff in 2001 to 28% women students and 14% women faculty members in 2017. The atmosphere for women has changed remarkably with a Higher Education Gender Strategy to continue the process of change and a range of other policies and actions designed to create an open, comfortable, and equal environment for women. What is striking about these changes is that we think their success is due in large part to the narrow focus of change on higher education – a process that probably would not have succeeded if tried at the national level. Nonetheless, it is a first step in expanding improved conditions for women broadly in Afghanistan and is suggestive of a successful approach for other countries with serious problems of gender discrimination.

Sex Ratio Complexity in Selected States: A Tentative Observation

Sex ratio is one of the important indicators reflecting the status of girl child as well as women in Indian society. This paper makes an attempt in examining complex trends of sex ratio at the district level in selected states. State level data may not be considered truly representative as district level data reveals a paradoxical situation. A close examination of 2011 census data reveals that some districts are much below the State average; whereas, other districts show low sex ratio. These trends require explanation different from State level average. It has been argued that sex ratio variations at the district level or even below district level may provide us better insights than the conventional understanding of the State level averages. This may have implications for policy and planning in order to address the social problems of gender discrimination. In this background, we have comparatively analysed seven states of India viz. Haryana, Rajasthan, J&K, Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu and Kerala, as states of north and west are notorious for discrimination against women, the manifestation of which is apparent through the sex ratio of respective states. And now this serious problem is also making its inroad into southern and eastern states too. This phenomenon is supported by advancement in reproductive technologies and their use for sex determination and elimination of unwanted female foetus, which is responsible for adversely increasing gender disparity as reflected through child sex ratio in India, which is negating the notion of woman empowerment rather contributing in declining the status of women and girl child. It has been shown in the paper that in best performing states there are worst performing district, which are comparable to states and districts with low sex ratio and vice-versa.

Gender Discrimination: A Sting which Affects Nurses Work Attitudes in Indian Hospitals

In Indian culture women possess a very respectful, important and high status in the society. Despite the fact that India has a patriarchal society, still women played an important role in the family which is a basic building block of a society. Therefore, India is symbolized as Mother India. Women are known for their characteristics like patience, endurance, affection, love, sympathy and generosity. Women, from ancient period, are perceived as aradhangani of male, means without her support there was no existence of male. Women is the source of energy and life, she has potential to generate new life. Despite all these facts women employees are still not getting proper respect from their male counterparts at workplace and facing problem of gender discrimination in the workplace. This rotten mentality of male employees is creating a big challenge in front of HR Managers in handling women employees and reducing turnover intentions in them. Through this paper we are trying to investigate the impact of gender discrimination on work related attitudes, that is, turnover intentions and organizational commitment. Sample consisted of 122 female nursing staff in which 62 nurses were employed in a central government hospital and 60 nurses belonged to a prestigious private hospital chain in North India. It was hypothesized that perceptions of gender discrimination from male counterparts would be negatively related with organizational commitment and positively with the turnover intentions of nurses. The result of stepwise regression showed that in both the sectors, gender discrimination was negatively associated with organizational commitment and positively with turnover intentions. The study is presenting basic humanitarian solution for Indian hospitals in the private and public sector which are currently facing problems of retaining their nursing staff due to perception of gender discrimination in workplace environment.

Kadın Kütüphaneciler: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Sorunları

Bu araştırmanın amacı, kadın kütüphanecilerin cinsiyet ayrımcılığından dolayı kütüphanelerde karşılaşacakları olası sorunları irdelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmada, kadın kütüphanecilerin kütüphanelerde karşılaşacakları sorunlar şu şekilde ayrılmıştır; kütüphanelerde cinsel istismar (mobbing); ücret ayrımcılığı (kadın kütüphaneci olarak düşük ücret alma); kariyer gelişiminde cinsiyet ayrımcılığı; kadın kütüphaneci olarak haksız yere işten çıkarılma; kadın kütüphaneci olarak kariyere ara verme (evlilik ya da bebek sahibi olma gibi nedenler) ve iş görüşmelerinde kişisel sorularla karşılaşma (evlilikle ya da annelikle ilgili zamanlamayla ilgili sorular). Ayrıca araştırmada, kadın kütüphanecilerin cinsiyet ayrımcılığına ilişkin kütüphanelerde karşılaşacakları yukarıda sıralanan sorunlara ilişkin çeşitli çözüm önerileri de tartışılmıştır.

The Challenges of Teaching Gender Equality in a World of Reproductive Gendercide

Stemming from ancient practices of female infanticide, the system of eliminating females is not decreasing with time and understanding, or with contemporary notions of post-modern gender equality. Rather, gendercide reflects the low status of female people around the world, and is increasing with advances in reproductive technology. Further complicating these gender equality concerns is the fact that gendercide is mostly accomplished by women. This essay deals directly with teaching, case books and curriculum in legal education in the context of reproductive rights and gender equality. Because the global problem of gender discrimination is advancing based on reproductive liberty, legal educators and scholars must be prepared to do something about it. This piece offers suggestions for scholarship, curriculum, and casebooks that will make a great deal of difference for furthering gender equality. Particularly in feminist discourse reproductive rights are inherent to gender equality, an idea also generally prevalent in legal education. When gender equality’s foundation relies on unregulated reproductive rights, and those rights work to the actual diminishment and severe detriment of females, gender equality is turned against itself, even cannibalized, resulting in a sabotage of women in the colliding legal ideals of liberty and equality. This phenomenon in legal education undermines the ability to honestly discuss the conflict – undercutting gender equality at its foundation – making gender equality all the more challenging to achieve. This essay takes that challenge, considering reproductive sex selective technology, examining how it fosters gender inequality through both numbers and theory, and discussing what legal scholars and educators can do about it. It offers suggestions for solid scholarship, various appropriate casebook enhancements, and suggestions for teaching a curriculum of gender equality with justifiable incorporation of the impact of gendercide on gender equality.

Changing Gendered Dynamics: Mixed Social Movements Activists Proposals

In this article I will talk, with neither an optimistic, nor a victimistic approach, about the problem of gender discrimination in everyday dynamics of social interaction. Indeed, instead of focusing in the constatation of the existence of such problems, I will try to propose lines of change and I will frame the research field to a supposedly developed space in relation with this topics: Social Movements. Some militant women will tell us what, in their opinion, we will need to do in order to make gender relations within SM not discriminatory. Their narratives will be useful tools for debates on the deconstruction of sexism.

Changing Gendered Dynamics: Mixed Social Movements Activists Proposals

In this article I will talk, with neither an optimistic, nor a victimistic approach, about the problem of gender discrimination in everyday dynamics of social interaction. Indeed, instead of focusing in the constatation of the existence of such problems, I will try to propose lines of change and I will frame the research field to a supposedly developed space in relation with this topics: Social Movements. Some militant women will tell us what, in their opinion, we will need to do in order to make gender relations within SM not discriminatory. Their narratives will be useful tools for debates on the deconstruction of sexism.

Changing Gender-Based Compensation Differentials: The Effect of SEEA in Korea

Gender-sensitive labor policies are known to have a significant impact on the position of female labor in the economic world. The SEEA is one of the most important labor acts in Korea and should reveal a direct effect on women workers. Before the SEEA there was the Labor Standard Act but this was limited in the sense that it only dealt with workers already employed and had never been used to punish for violations. In comparison SEEA has wider scope with regard to the problems of gender discrimination including differential treatment within the labor market and in recruitment opportunities based on sex. Above all by adding a punitive measure for cases of violation it provides for the practical implementation of this Act. Therefore I will focus on the enforcement of the SEEA. (authors)

Education for Development: Relevance and Implications for the African Context

ABSTRACT This theoretical paper discusses the challenges of promoting genuine educational reforms and options in Africa. The author presents a discursive critique of the conventional processes for the delivery of education in calling for a re-examination of the fundamental ways in which the structures for teaching, learning and administration of education can serve the needs of local people and communities. Part of the problem of African development is the failure of so-called development initiatives to speak to African realities and conditionalities. Educational change in Africa must connect academic and research scholarship with practical local engagement for a genuinely African-centred development. Specifically, an African-centred development would require that formal and informal educational systems interrogate and use the positive (solution-oriented) aspects of the local cultural resource base of African people fo their contributions to the development process. The task of educational transformation is not only to reform existing curriculum and school pedagogical practices, but also to address the internal problems of gender discrimination, as well as ethnic, regional and class prejudice and alienation that afflict schooling and education in many African communities.

Symbolic reform in France: Egalite professionnelle during the Mitterrand years

This article examines the 1983 egalite professionnelle law adopted under the Socialist government. Using a policy process approach, the analysis shows how the 1983 law failed to go beyond symbolic reform in policy formulation and implementation. In symbolic policy the outcome fails both to effectively reallocate resources and to generate policy feedback. The article concludes that while symbolic policy in the case of egalite professionnelle brought public attention to problems of gender discrimination in employment it failed to generate a permanent policy community, inside and outside of government, interested in the enforcement of programmes from the 1983 law.