Falsification Problem Research Articles

Technocratic and Humanistic Trends in Education: New Tunes

Introduction. The fundamental difference between humanism and technocracy is the attitude toward a human: For a humanist, s/he is the goal, for a technocrat (of any professional affiliation), s/he is a means. For education, this became especially evident when it was labelled as a service sector. The technocratic projects of schooland society in the twentieth century turned out to be unsustainable. Humanistic projects have always remained the examples of ‘abstract humanism’ in history. Humanistic concepts of education are based on the self-actualization of a person, technocratic ones (the second half of the twentieth century) are based on Skinner’sideas that are still popular among practical people. The reason for their survivability is the simplicity and accessibility as well as the success of information technology that contributed to a new wave of technocracy. Humanistic concepts are not so obvious but they have no alternative.
 Materials and methods. Humanistically oriented teachers, theoretical modelling, surveys, the methods of Cattell, Rosenzweig, and Fidler, the descriptive statistics and discriminant analysis.
 Results. The situation is ambivalent. Humanists never shied away from advanced technologies and rational justification of their actions, while technocrats still do not always mask the anti-human nature of their position. Nevertheless, the problems of falsification and imitation of education noted by researchers as well as the charm of modern technologies are significant, and this veil hides (for many) the anti-humanity of technocracy. Our approach allows us to remain a humanist under the circumstances.
 Conclusion. Technology has always been and remains only a tool in the hands of people. The main thing is what kind of the world image exists in their minds, what they are ready to do to achieve their goals. Scientists offer a new humanistic project with the use of the twenty-first-century technologies. This work is a fragment of such a project. The authors would like to see the real action on turning education into a true priority area on the part of the country’s leadership.
 Keywords: humanism, technocracy, modern education, information technology

Witch-hunting, Cultural Revolution and the bright side of kinship

PurposeMany studies on witch killings in Africa suggest that “witchcraft is the dark side of kinship.” But in Chinese history, where patriarchal clan system has been emphasized as the foundation of the society, there have been few occurrences of witch-hunting except a large-scale one in the Cultural Revolution in 1966. The purpose of this paper is to explain the above two paradoxes.Design/methodology/approachTheoretical analysis based on preference falsification problem with regard to the effect of social structure on witch-hunting is carried out.FindingsThere is a “bright side of kinship” due to two factors: first, it would be more difficult to pick out a person as qualitatively different in Chinese culture; second, the hierarchical trust structure embedded in the Chinese culture can help mitigate the preference falsification problem, which acts as the leverage for witch-hunting. In this sense, an important factor for the Cultural Revolution is the decline of traditional social institutions and social values after 1949.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to advance the two paradoxes and offer an explanation from the perspective of social structure.

Analysis of the results of pollution of pharmaceutical workers on the problem of falsification of pharmaceutical drugs and their illegal turnover on the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The falsification of medicines, as well as the illegal circulation of these drugs in the pharmaceutical market, is a global problem. Despite the considerable efforts of international organizations, the proportion of counterfeit drugs on national pharmaceutical markets ranges from 5 to 7 %. TheRepublicofKazakhstanis not an exception in this respect. Over the past 10 years, the Ministry of Health of theRepublicofKazakhstanhas installed more than 90 facts of selling 40 names of counterfeit drugs in the retail segment of the pharmaceutical market. A key role in implementing activities relatd to the identification and prevention of drug fraud is assigned to pharmaceutical workers. Aim . To work is to analyse the data of the questioning of pharmaceutical workers on the problem of counterfeiting drugs and their illegal turnover in theRepublic ofKazakhstan. Materials and methods. In the context of our future work we had also devised a two part questionnaire. The first part consists of open and shut questions about the factors involved, the second part consists of the interviewed people identity. The survey was conducted in 300 pharmacies in Almaty during the period of 2016-2017. Results. It is established that the overwhelming majority (84.76 %) of respondents are familiar with the concept of «falsified/counterfeit drug» and every fourth expert had experience in detecting counterfeit medicines in pharmacies. Most often, in the opinion of experts, exposed the falsification of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs. The most important in detecting counterfeit drugs experts consider the discrepancy in such a parameter as «Marking on the outer (primary) packaging of the goods». In the rating of factors contributing to illegal trafficking in counterfeit medicines, the most important is «Inefficient organization of control over the quality of pharmaceutical products imported to theRepublic ofKazakhstan by competent state bodies» (119 experts or 39.40 %). More than three-quarters (77.48 %) of experts, upon detection of falsifications, will apply to their immediate supervisor. This corresponds to the requirements of the current regulatory framework. The majority of experts (40,0 % of respondents) believe that the most effective direction of the solution of the problem in question is «Toughening of criminal liability for falsification and illegal sale of counterfeit medicines to theRepublic ofKazakhstan» (121 respondents or 40.06 %). Conclusions . We believe that the most important direction of further studies will be the analysis of the influence of various factors on the effectiveness of the functioning of state mechanisms for monitoring the quality of medicines in circulation. In addition, it is necessary to develop practical recommendations for identifying falsified drugs and preventing their illicit trafficking in the pharmaceutical market of theRepublic ofKazakhstan.

Endogenous evolution of patriarchal clan system in ancient China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze long-term institutional causes and consequences of preference falsification by studying the evolution of China’s patriarchal clan system.Design/methodology/approachThe historic study shows that although the clan system was abolished in the Qin dynasty, it re-emerged among high-standing families in the Han dynasty and spread to common people after the Tang dynasty.FindingsThe author submits that the clan system was an institutional response to the preference falsification problem that arose due to the dictatorial political institutions first established in the Qin dynasty. It helped people to take collective action by themselves and also opened a back door to influence government decisions. A piece of clear evidence is the co-evolution of the clan system and government personnel system.Social implicationsIn this sense, the clan system probably also helped to prolong the political institutions for 2,000 years.Originality/valueThis is the first institutional study on the clan system in China.

Проблема фальсификации истории в контексте реализации государственной политики сохранения историко-культурного наследия

Проблема фальсификации истории в контексте реализации государственной политики сохранения историко-культурного наследия

Quantifying polysemy: Corpus methodology for prototype theory

AbstractThis study addresses the methodological problem of result falsification in Cognitive Semantics, specifically in the descriptive analysis of semasiological variation, or “polysemy”. It argues that manually analysed corpus data can be used to describe models of semantic structure. The method proposed is quantified, permitting repeat analysis. The operationalisation of a semasiological structure employed in the study takes the principle of semantic features and applies them to a contextual analysis of usage-events, associated with the lexeme under scrutiny. The feature analysis, repeated on a large collection of occurrences, results in a set of metadata that constitutes the usage-profile of the lexeme. Multivariate statistics are then employed to identify patterns in those metadata. The case study examines 500 occurrences of the English lexeme

On the distinguishability of HRF models in fMRI.

Modeling the Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF) is a critical step in fMRI studies of brain activity, and it is often desirable to estimate HRF parameters with physiological interpretability. A biophysically informed model of the HRF can be described by a non-linear time-invariant dynamic system. However, the identification of this dynamic system may leave much uncertainty on the exact values of the parameters. Moreover, the high noise levels in the data may hinder the model estimation task. In this context, the estimation of the HRF may be seen as a problem of model falsification or invalidation, where we are interested in distinguishing among a set of eligible models of dynamic systems. Here, we propose a systematic tool to determine the distinguishability among a set of physiologically plausible HRF models. The concept of absolutely input-distinguishable systems is introduced and applied to a biophysically informed HRF model, by exploiting the structure of the underlying non-linear dynamic system. A strategy to model uncertainty in the input time-delay and magnitude is developed and its impact on the distinguishability of two physiologically plausible HRF models is assessed, in terms of the maximum noise amplitude above which it is not possible to guarantee the falsification of one model in relation to another. Finally, a methodology is proposed for the choice of the input sequence, or experimental paradigm, that maximizes the distinguishability of the HRF models under investigation. The proposed approach may be used to evaluate the performance of HRF model estimation techniques from fMRI data.

«Antiplagiat. RSL» - Verification System of Text Authorship

For handling the problem of falsification in science and combating the intellectual plagiarism there is required verification system of document texts originality. The «Antiplagiat.RSL» system can serve as an example of such a system, for it is an independent expertise tool, performing comparative semantic and stylistic assessment of textual matching content. Expert Certificate on the Originality of Text, issued by the Russian State Library, is an official document, containing information on presence/absence of plagiarism in scientific texts.

Политическая наука и проблемы фальсификации политической истории

Политическая наука и проблемы фальсификации политической истории

Witch Hunting, Cultural Revolution, and the Bright Side of Kinship

Many studies on witch killings in Africa suggest that “witchcraft is the dark side of kinship.” But in Chinese history, where kinship has been emphasized as the foundation of the society, there have been few occurrences of witch-hunting except a large-scale one in the Cultural Revolution that broke out in 1966. This paper attempts to explain these two paradoxes by focusing on the effect of social structure on witch-hunting. In particular, I argue that there is a “bright side of kinship” due to two factors: first, it would be more difficult to pick out a person as qualitatively different in Chinese culture than in an individualist culture; second, the hierarchical trust structure embedded in the Chinese culture can help mitigate the preference falsification problem, which is the leverage for witch-hunting. In this sense, an important factor for the Cultural Revolution and the collective tragedy of witch-hunting is the decline of traditional social institutions and social values after 1949.

Amartya Sen's entitlement approach: empirical statement or conceptual framework?

In this article, the theoretical and methodological status of Amartya Sen's entitlement approach is discussed. The point of departure for the discussion is Caf Dowlah's criticism in this issue of the International Journal of Social Welfare of Sen's analysis of the 1974 famine in Bangladesh. In his article, Dowlah criticises Sen for not giving a full empirical account of the socio-political situation, primarily the widespread corrup-tion in Bangladesh at the time of the famine in question. In my view, even if this criticism is correct, it is not strictly essential to the factual and normative status of Sen's entitlement approach. I argue further that Dowlah's reading of Sen in this context implies an empiricist standpoint that is in general alien to Sen's entitlement approach. I contest the normative claim that by neglecting to give substantial treatment to the wide-spread corruption in Bangladesh Sen had trivialised the con-ditions of the population, and offer an alternative hypothesis; namely, that factual accounts of corruption, however relevant, seldom fulfil the requirements of methodological rigour char-acteristic of the discipline of economics with its deductive models. The article examines the formal, legalistic focus of the entitlement approach and discusses its consequences. The article takes up the problems of validation and falsification in relation to an empiricist interpretation, and a deductive ration-alist interpretation, respectively, of the entitlement approach. The conclusion is that both interpretations have distinct problems. The empiricist interpretation must contend with the problem of what constitutes the empirical basis of inductive generalisa-tion; the deductive interpretation must contend with the problem that the universal applicability of nomenclatures is more defini-tional than explanatory.

Interactive Visualization of Hierarchical Causality Towards the Analysis of Falsification Problem at a Nuclear Power Plant

2002年に発覚した原子力発電所トラブル隠し問題は, さまざまな要因が複雑に関連することで生じた. このような社会問題を解析するためには, 問題の構造を可視化することが重要である. その際に, 要因間の因果関係だけでなく, 要因を分類・整理して得られる階層構造を呈示することは, 問題の解析にたいへん有効である. しかし, これまで階層的な因果関係を可視化する技法は, ほとんど研究されていなかった.そこで本論文では, 階層的因果関係を可視化する手法を提案し, その手法を用いた可視化システムのプロトタイプの概要について述べる. さらに, そのプロトタイプを原子力発電所トラブル隠し問題に適用して得られた解析結果について報告する.

Controller falsification based on multiple models

AbstractThe paper addresses the controller falsification problem in feedback‐control systems where the plant dynamics are uncertain and possibly time‐varying. The adopted approach considers a statistic (or residual) in the form of a ratio of closed‐loop variables. The test hinges upon a small‐gain stability lemma which ensures that, under divergence, the statistic certainly exceeds a precomputable bound. Use of multiple models appropriately distributed over the uncertainty region of the plant dynamics allows one to generate a multi‐statistic such that the denser the model distribution the larger the value taken on by the mentioned bounds. This allows one to arbitrarily widen the gap between the level that the statistic is guaranteed to stay below at stability and the one that will exceed at divergence, thus removing limitations on the applicability of the test based on a single model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Resolving Neyman's Paradox

According to Fisher, a hypothesis specifying a density function for X is falsified (at the level of significance c) if the realization of X is in the size-a region of lowest densities. However, non-linear transformations of X can map low-density into high-density regions. Apparently, then, falsifications can always be turned into corroborations (and vice versa) by looking at suitable transformations of X (Neyman's Paradox). The present paper shows that, contrary to the view taken in the literature, this provides no argument against a theory of statistical falsification. 1 The problems of statistical falsification 2 Redhead's version of Neyman's Paradox 3 A counterargument 4 Different measurement processes

Feedback-Loop Monitoring for Controller Falsification

The paper tackles the controller falsification problem in the framework of switching supervisory control. A comparison is carried out between two approaches: one is based on on-line testing candidate Lyapunov functions, the other on a suitable statistic which allows to detect divergence drifts in the currently operating loop.

Spectrophotometer for dark colours

An experiment was designed to investigate whether subjects perform the conditional falsification problem better on sentences they consider as contingently true than on sentences they consider as necessarily true. Subjects had to generate their own sentences out of which the experimenter selected a necessity and a contingency sentence for the falsification task. Instead of the usual four-card presentation the task was performed by means of an interview which was recorded on tape. Results show that subjects performed significantly better on contingency sentences than on necessity sentences. However, the overall rate of insight was low: eight out of 22 subjects gained complete insight. It is hypothesised that subjects' tendency to look for confirming evidence may be explained as a consequence of cognitive self-reinforcement.

Antiozonant for rubbers

An experiment was designed to investigate whether subjects perform the conditional falsification problem better on sentences they consider as contingently true than on sentences they consider as necessarily true. Subjects had to generate their own sentences out of which the experimenter selected a necessity and a contingency sentence for the falsification task. Instead of the usual four-card presentation the task was performed by means of an interview which was recorded on tape. Results show that subjects performed significantly better on contingency sentences than on necessity sentences. However, the overall rate of insight was low: eight out of 22 subjects gained complete insight. It is hypothesised that subjects' tendency to look for confirming evidence may be explained as a consequence of cognitive self-reinforcement.

Applied Developmental Psychology: Tasks, Problems, Perspectives

In order to consider possible contributions of developmental psychology to the analysis and solution of practical problems a model of practical action is proposed comprising the following six steps or questions: (1) What is the phenomenon or the problem we have to deal with? (2) How did the phenomenon or problem come into existence? (3) What will be the outcome of further development if no action is taken to change the phenomenon or outcome. (4) What are possible goals for intervention? (5) How can the goals be achieved? (6) What is the outcome in terms of evaluation of prognosis, intervention or counselling? Within the framework of these six steps or questions available scientific knowledge as well as relevant methodological problems are discussed. Moreover, the relationships and differences between theory, basic research, applied research and practical application are analyzed, namely the problem of equivalence of concepts and measures, the problem of deduction of technologies from theory, the problem of falsification of theory by failures in its practical application and the problem of discrepancies in metatheoretical correspondence. The article closes with some recommendations concerning developmental research in relation to applications.

How to Deal With Poor Medical Care

THE COURSE of a medical audit prompted by poor medical care may depend on the specific problem, but the approach discussed here has proved useful in almost all instances, the only exception being the rare situation in which a problem of ethics or falsification is involved. RECOGNITION OF POSSIBLE PROBLEM Presented with allegations that a staff member is rendering poor care, the hospital governing body should first consider whether facts rather than hearsay support the allegation. The sources should have personal knowledge or professional experience to raise questions of professional performance, and problems should involve substantial potential for harm to patients and be amenable to correction. UNNECESSARY SURGERY Informed that a staff physician, Dr A, is performing too many unnecessary appendectomies, how should the governing body instruct the surgical audit committee to proceed? A frontal assault on the problem, ie, auditing all the appendectomies performed by the physician, may be

Necessity and contingency in reasoning

An experiment was designed to investigate whether subjects perform the conditional falsification problem better on sentences they consider as contingently true than on sentences they consider as necessarily true. Subjects had to generate their own sentences out of which the experimenter selected a necessity and a contingency sentence for the falsification task. Instead of the usual four-card presentation the task was performed by means of an interview which was recorded on tape. Results show that subjects performed significantly better on contingency sentences than on necessity sentences. However, the overall rate of insight was low: eight out of 22 subjects gained complete insight. It is hypothesised that subjects' tendency to look for confirming evidence may be explained as a consequence of cognitive self-reinforcement.