Environmental Pollution Problems Research Articles

An annealing-free method for processing high-moisture iron-containing sludge of metallurgical production

The purpose of this study was to study the possibility of producing high-strength briquettes from high-moisture iron-containing slimes by hydration with quicklime (chemical dehydration) in combination with dolomite dust from a degusting system and carbon-containing pulverized materials and developing a drainless technology for the production of complex self-healing briquettes. The physicochemical conditions of the hydration process, temperature and time parameters of the process were studied, and the choice of active dehydrating materials significantly increased the degree of hydration of the composite system and their optimal ratios, and the period of the beginning and end of self-hardening were determined. The conditions of combining the processes of dehydration, and self-hardening with the processes of melding, when applying external pressure to a hardening mixture in a meld to obtain a coated material in the form of a briquette in one technological cycle are considered, which is one of the main provisions of the scientific novelty of the proposed method. Optimal conditions for the production of high-strength briquettes suitable for metallurgical production technologies, excluding the stages of thermal drying and firing, have been established, and a set of strength properties occurs in the air. The method allows obtaining a self-healing dipped material by introducing a carbon-containing reducing agent into a slurry-lime self-hardening mixture. Cheap waste pulverized limestone and dolomite roasting wastes are used as a dehydrating material, and pulverized carbonaceous materials (coke and coal screenings) are used as a reducing agent. Unlike well-known technical solutions, the proposed technology and the method incorporated in it eliminates the storage of iron-containing sludge in a sludge storage facility and allows you to organize a drainless scheme of non-annealing and the production of complex self-healing iron-containing material for the production of steel and rolled products. The technology will make it possible to organize production for the processing of high-moisture iron-containing sludge, pulverized calcium- and magnesium-containing and carbon-containing pulverized waste and also solves the problems of environmental pollution and land allocation for the storage of industrial waste.

An annealing-free method for processing high-moisture iron-containing sludge of metallurgical production

The purpose of this study was to study the possibility of producing high-strength briquettes from high-moisture iron-containing slimes by hydration with quicklime (chemical dehydration) in combination with dolomite dust from a degusting system and carbon-containing pulverized materials and developing a drainless technology for the production of complex self-healing briquettes. The physicochemical conditions of the hydration process, temperature and time parameters of the process were studied, and the choice of active dehydrating materials significantly increased the degree of hydration of the composite system and their optimal ratios, and the period of the beginning and end of self-hardening were determined. The conditions of combining the processes of dehydration, and self-hardening with the processes of melding, when applying external pressure to a hardening mixture in a meld to obtain a coated material in the form of a briquette in one technological cycle are considered, which is one of the main provisions of the scientific novelty of the proposed method. Optimal conditions for the production of high-strength briquettes suitable for metallurgical production technologies, excluding the stages of thermal drying and firing, have been established, and a set of strength properties occurs in the air. The method allows obtaining a self-healing dipped material by introducing a carbon-containing reducing agent into a slurry-lime self-hardening mixture. Cheap waste pulverized limestone and dolomite roasting wastes are used as a dehydrating material, and pulverized carbonaceous materials (coke and coal screenings) are used as a reducing agent. Unlike well-known technical solutions, the proposed technology and the method incorporated in it eliminates the storage of iron-containing sludge in a sludge storage facility and allows you to organize a drainless scheme of non-annealing and the production of complex self-healing iron-containing material for the production of steel and rolled products. The technology will make it possible to organize production for the processing of high-moisture iron-containing sludge, pulverized calcium- and magnesium-containing and carbon-containing pulverized waste and also solves the problems of environmental pollution and land allocation for the storage of industrial waste.

The Diversity of MOF Structures and Their Impact on Photoelectrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Environmental Pollution

The problem of environmental pollution is one of the most important in the modern world. Pollution causes an increase in human diseases, the extinction of many species of plants and animals, global warming, and many weather anomalies. One of the great challenges for scientists is the development of methods for monitoring and removing the emerging pollutants. This review focuses on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and their use as working material to construct different types of sensors for application in environmental pollution monitoring. In particular, the detection of heavy metals (mercury, lead, and arsenic) and organic compounds (drugs, biomolecules, and pesticides) are considered. The collected data show that photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors based on MOFs are the most fascinating materials due to various combinations (e.g., surface modification) and operational possibilities. PEC sensors achieve enormous sensitivity, which increases even to the pico level, making it the best tool in sensing applications. This review also highlights the main sensor challenges. Most of them are concerned with the possibility of reusing the sensor, its regeneration, and safe disposal. In addition, more attention should be paid to the sensor manufacturing process, which often uses toxic compounds, and research to eliminate them in favor of non-toxic compounds.

The Diversity of MOF Structures and Their Impact on Photoelectrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Environmental Pollution

The problem of environmental pollution is one of the most important in the modern world. Pollution causes an increase in human diseases, the extinction of many species of plants and animals, global warming, and many weather anomalies. One of the great challenges for scientists is the development of methods for monitoring and removing the emerging pollutants. This review focuses on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and their use as working material to construct different types of sensors for application in environmental pollution monitoring. In particular, the detection of heavy metals (mercury, lead, and arsenic) and organic compounds (drugs, biomolecules, and pesticides) are considered. The collected data show that photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors based on MOFs are the most fascinating materials due to various combinations (e.g., surface modification) and operational possibilities. PEC sensors achieve enormous sensitivity, which increases even to the pico level, making it the best tool in sensing applications. This review also highlights the main sensor challenges. Most of them are concerned with the possibility of reusing the sensor, its regeneration, and safe disposal. In addition, more attention should be paid to the sensor manufacturing process, which often uses toxic compounds, and research to eliminate them in favor of non-toxic compounds.

Environmental Pollution and Its Design Presentation in Advertising (Plastic Pollution as a Model)

The relentless pursuit of technological and industrial advancement, coupled with population growth, has erected obstacles that have exacerbated the problem of environmental pollution. Environmental pollution has caused significant losses to living organisms and health systems worldwide. However, there is a realistic hope that many of us will see an improvement in the situation in the coming years. This study explores ways to present environmental advertising as a source of information that can influence individual and societal decisions, and the change it brings about in the thoughts and behaviors of individuals and societies. It also identifies appropriate strategies for designing environmental advertising by highlighting the collection and amplification of the design elements to show the problem of environmental pollution on a wide scale. The first chapter addresses the research problem and is summarized by the question: What is environmental pollution and how can it be presented in advertising design? The importance of the study is as follows: Theoretical importance: The possibility of benefiting from this study in environmental studies, and the benefit of learning about the scientific results produced by this study. The research objective is to identify ways to present the problem of plastic pollution in environmental advertising designs. The second chapter presents previous studies and the theoretical framework, which includes two sections: the first deals with (environmental pollution), and the second deals with (environmental advertising). After completing the theoretical framework, the indicators that were used in the axis analysis questionnaire were extracted. The third chapter is dedicated to the research procedures. And among the results that the researcher reached: Finding the motivation for change through image, text, and color. One of the most important conclusions of the study is that: Environmental advertising is an effective tool in spreading environmental awareness, by providing information, statistics, and urging individual and social responsibility towards the various environmental problems. The communication of environmental advertising is based on strategies for conveying information to the public, largely through images, especially in linguistically and culturally heterogeneous societies.

Coupled Climate–Environment–Society–Ecosystem Resilience Coordination Analytical Study—A Case Study of Zhejiang Province

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the coupled coordination degree of climate, environmental, socio-economic, and ecosystem resilience in Zhejiang Province from 2010 to 2022 and to propose optimization strategies. With the increasing impact of global climate change, the need to explore the construction of resilient cities and sustainable development models has become increasingly pressing. Assessing the coupled coordination among climate, environment, socio-economic, and ecosystem resilience aids in suggesting more precise and effective social and ecological recovery strategies in the context of climate change. Zhejiang Province, serving as a model for China’s urbanization development, demonstrates a balance between the natural environment, economic growth, and social development but still suffers from ecological and environmental pollution problems. In this study, an evaluation system was constructed utilizing the entropy weight method (EWM), and the coupled coordination among climate, environmental, socio-economic, and ecosystem resilience in Zhejiang Province was empirically analyzed over the period from 2010 to 2022. The results show that (1) the climatic-environmental, socio-economic, and ecological subsystems of cities in Zhejiang Province generally show an upward trend, despite fluctuations over different periods. (2) The climatic-environmental-social-ecological system resilience of the cities in Zhejiang Province increased as a whole, and six cities (Hangzhou: 0.805, Quzhou: 0.811, Huzhou: 0.827, Taizhou: 0.829, Wenzhou: 0.856, and Jinhua: 0.857) reached the “well-coordinated” level by 2022; however, the coupling coordination of Jiaxing City and Lishui City decreased from good to intermediate coordination. (3) The coupled coordination degree of climatic-environmental-social-ecological system resilience generally stagnated in each city during 2020–2022. Thus, the climate change adaptation strategy proposed in this study aims to enhance urban adaptive capacity to climate change impacts by controlling pollutant emissions, restoring ecosystems, optimizing industrial structures, and designing urban green spaces.

Performance research on multi-energy complementary heating systems in rural areas of China: A mini review

Abstract Winter heating in rural areas has always been an issue of great concern to the State. In China, traditional heating methods mainly use coal-fired boilers or heating stoves, however, coal burning has caused serious environmental pollution and air quality problems. In order to improve heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution, some rural areas have begun to try multi-energy complementary heating (MECH) system, which improves heating efficiency by comprehensively utilizing solar energy, biomass energy, ground source heat pump, air source heat pump (ASHP). However, due to poor economic conditions, the actual operation faces various factors and challenges. In order to solve these problems, this paper provides a systematic review of the research on MECH systems in rural areas in China in recent years. First, it summarizes the existing MECH systems, including various technologies such as solar-ASHP heating, solar-biogas heating, and ground source heat pump-solar heating, and lists their advantages and disadvantages in detail. Secondly, the effects of MECH systems in practical applications are discussed through case studies. Finally, recommendations for promoting MECH technologies are presented to facilitate the development of MECH systems in rural areas. The study contributes to the development of MECH system, which helps to improve rural heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution.

Design and characteristic analysis of flame cutting nozzles for ultralarge-thickness steel ingots

The cutting thickness of the flame cutting nozzle mainly depends on the characteristics of the cutting oxygen jet, and in the process of designing and manufacturing a flame cutting nozzle with an ultralarge thickness, it is impossible to carry out multiple experiments to optimize the design due to the difficulty in testing, safety, manufacturing cost, environmental pollution, and other problems. In this paper, the Laval-type cutting oxygen orifice channel was first designed by theoretical calculation, the pressure, velocity, Mach number, and density distribution characteristics of the cutting oxygen jet were investigated by numerical simulation, and the reliability and adaptability of the numerical simulation results were verified by experiments. Then, the numerical simulation comparison and estimation method of jet characteristics with the general-purpose G301-7# nozzle was used to study the cutting oxygen orifice channel of the ultralarge thickness flame cutting nozzle. The results show that under the condition of a 19 mm throat diameter and 10 atm inlet pressure, it was estimated that the length of cutting oxygen flow from the design nozzle can reach 1800 mm and the cutting thickness can reach 2500 mm based on the density value; the length of cutting oxygen flow can reach 2000 mm and the cutting thickness can reach 3800 mm based on the velocity value; the length of cutting oxygen flow can reach 1600 mm according to the value of the oxygen quality fraction; and the cutting thickness can reach 2800 mm based on the oxygen mass fraction content. Finally, trial production of the nozzle design, verification of the cutting test, the nozzle with a cutting thickness of 2500 mm at an oxygen pressure of 7 atm, and the cutting quality were all good.

Electronic-Structure-Modulated Cu,Co-Coanchored N-Doped Nanocarbon as a Difunctional Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions.

To alleviate the problems of environmental pollution and energy crisis, aggressive development of clean and alternative energy technologies, in particular, water splitting, metal-air batteries, and fuel cells involving two key half reactions comprising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen reduction (ORR), is crucial. In this work, an innovative hybrid comprising heterogeneous Cu/Co bimetallic nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed on a nitrogen-doped carbon layer (Cu/Co/NC) was constructed as a bifunctional electrocatalyst toward HER and ORR via a hydrothermal reaction along with post-solid-phase sintering technique. Thanks to the interfacial coupling and electronic synergism between the Cu and Co bimetallic nanoparticles, the Cu/Co/NC catalyst showed improved catalytic ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.865 V and an excellent stability of more than 30 h, even compared to 20 wt% Pt/C. The Cu/Co/NC catalyst also exhibited excellent HER catalytic performance with an overpotential of below 149 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and long-term operation for over 30 h.

Highly efficient photocatalyst fabricated from the recycling of heavy metal ions in wastewater for dye degradation

Water pollution and energy crisis are becoming global and strategic issues that people are closely concerned about. Green and energy-saving photocatalytic technology is developing rapidly in solving global energy crises and environmental pollution problems. Therefore, we propose the “kill two birds with one stone” strategy to design efficient photocatalysts for dye wastewater treatment by utilizing heavy metal ions in wastewater. The adsorption properties of Mordenite (MOR) were utilized to removal heavy metal ions (Cd2+ and Zn2+) from waste water, and the adsorbed heavy metal ions were dried and sulfurized to obtain CdS/ZnS/MOR(ZnCdM). Then, g-C3N4 was ultrasonically dispersed and composited with ZnCdM by self-assembly, 25 wt% ZnCdCM photocatalytic material was obtained with a degradation rate of 99.8% in 1.5 h for Rhodamine B(RhB). It was found that MOR can provid adequate support for active substances, and the surface of MOR with smaller sizes of CdS nanoparticles, ZnS nanoparticles and g-C3N4 nanosheets, which increased the specific surface area of the materials and improved the reactivity. The porous structure of MOR is favorable for the enrichment of RhB, and the electric field effect of MOR leads to the decrease of the photogenerated carrier complex rate in the semiconductor, which increases the catalytic efficiency. In addition, the double Z charge transfer mechanism formed by CdS, ZnS, g-C3N4 is favorable for separating photogenerated carriers. These synergistic effects improved the photocatalytic efficiency. This strategy will be a green and promising solution to water pollution and energy crisis.

Microplastics Uptake by Four Filter Feeders

Microplastics (MPs) are insidious plastic particles with sizes ranging from 1 to 5000 µm. Their presence has been reported all over the world. Recently, bioremediation to remove MPs from water columns using filter feeders as biofilters has been proposed. In a previous lab experiment, the MP bioremediation potential of four fouling organisms from a mariculture facility (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Sabella spallanzanii, Phallusia mammillata, Paraleucilla magna) was separately assessed in single-species experiment. Herein, a follow-up of the work is presented using a multi-species approach. The four organisms were placed together in the same 5 L beaker and fed with a concentration of 250 p/L 6 µm red polystyrene discernible particles. After digesting the organisms and counting the MPs in both the water and the organisms, the results of the two experiments were compared. In the previous experiment, S. spallanzanii had the highest particle retention (PR) value (PR = 88.01%), while in this experiment, P. mammillata has the lowest PR value (PR = 31%). The multi-species approach resulted in a higher number of plastics being removed from the water (88%) compared to the single-species experiments. These fouling organisms naturally exist as a community, acting as an efficient filter with complex morphologies and hydrodynamic features. Here, this simple marine animal forest is re-evaluated by exploiting the ecosystem services provided by these organisms as a solution to MP pollution problem in a mariculture environment.

Simultaneously degradation of various phthalate esters by Rhodococcus sp. AH-ZY2: Strain, omics and enzymatic study

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers and cause serious complex pollution problem in environment. Thus, strains with efficient ability to simultaneously degrade various PAEs are required. In this study, a newly isolated strain Rhodococcus sp. AH-ZY2 can degrade 500 mg/L Di-n-octyl phthalate completely within 16 h and other 500 mg/L PAEs almost completely within 48 h at 37 °C, 180 rpm, and 2 % (v/v) inoculum size of cultures with a OD600 of 0.8. OD600 = 0.8, 2 % (v/v). Twenty genes in its genome were annotated as potential esterase and four of them (3963, 4547, 5294 and 5359) were heterogeneously expressed and characterized. Esterase 3963 and 4547 is a type I PAEs esterase that hydrolyzes PAEs to phthalate monoesters. Esterase 5294 is a type II PAEs esterase that hydrolyzes phthalate monoesters to phthalate acid (PA). Esterase 5359 is a type III PAEs esterase that simultaneously degrades various PAEs to PA. Molecular docking results of 5359 suggested that the size and indiscriminate binding feature of spacious substrate binding pocket may contribute to its substrate versatility. AH-ZY2 is a potential strain for efficient remediation of PAEs complex pollution in environment. It is first to report an esterase that can efficiently degrade mixed various PAEs.

Laboratory Studies on Strength Properties of Concrete using Fly Ash and GGBS

Abstract: Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water are the basic raw materials used in the manufacture of concrete. The naturally available aggregates are very precious and need to be conserved. Waste materials such as fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) which cause disposal problems, and environmental problems can be economically used as a partial replacement for both fine and coarse aggregate. The present research focuses on conducting laboratory studies on the properties of M30 grade concrete by replacing fine and coarse aggregate with fly ash and GGBS. The results show that the optimum percentage of partial replacement of fly ash and GGBS is 30% for both fine and coarse aggregate. The compressive strength of concrete increased by 15% and 24%, respectively, and the tensile strength of concrete nearly increased by 20% in both cases. In addition, the use of waste material helps to reduce the cost of construction while simultaneously solving the disposal and environmental pollution problems.

Glass-Blowing-Inspired Upcycling of Thermosetting Polymer to Neuron-Like Hierarchical Carbon for Microwave Absorption and Conversion.

Upgrading thermosetting polymer waste and harvesting unwanted electromagnetic energy are of great significance in solving environmental pollution and energy shortage problems. Herein, inspired by the glass-blowing art, a spontaneous, controllable, and scalable strategy is proposed to prepare hollow carbon materials by inner blowing and outside blocking. Specifically, hierarchically neuron-like hollow carbon materials (HCMSs) with various sizes are fabricated from melamine-formaldehyde sponge (MS) waste. Benefiting from the synergistic of the hollow "cell body" and the connected "protrusions" networks, HCMSs reveal superior electromagnetic absorption performance with a strong reflection loss of -54.9dB, electromagnetic-heat conversion ability with a high conversion efficiency of 34.4%, and efficient energy storage performance in supercapacitor. Furthermore, a multifunctional device integrating electromagnetic-heat-electrical energy conversion is designed, and its feasibility is proved by experiments and theoretical calculations. The integrated device reveals an output voltage of 34.5mV and a maximum output power of 0.89 µW with electromagnetic radiation for 60s. This work provides a novel solution to recycle polymer waste, electromagnetic energy, and unwanted thermal energy.

Enhancing glucaric acid production from myo-inositol in Escherichia coli by eliminating cell-to-cell variation.

Glucaric acid (GA) is a value-added chemical and can be used to manufacture food additives, anticancer drugs, and polymers. The non-genetic cell-to-cell variations in GA biosynthesis are naturally inherent, indicating the presence of both high- and low-performance cells in culture. Low-performance cells can lead to nutrient waste and inefficient production. Furthermore, myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is a key rate-limiting enzyme with the problem of low stability and activity in GA production. Therefore, eliminating cell-to-cell variations and increasing MIOX stability can select high-performance cells and improve GA production. In this study, an in vivo GA bioselector was constructed based on GA biosensor and tetracycline efflux pump protein TetA to continuously select GA-efficient production strains. Additionally, the upper limit of the GA biosensor was improved to 40 g/L based on ribosome-binding site optimization, achieving efficient enrichment of GA high-performance cells. A small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) enhanced MIOX stability and activity. Overall, we used the GA bioselector and SUMO-MIOX fusion in fed-batch GA production and achieved a 5.52-g/L titer in Escherichia coli, which was 17-fold higher than that of the original strain.IMPORTANCEGlucaric acid is a non-toxic valuable product that was mainly synthesized by chemical methods. Due to the problems of non-selectivity, inefficiency, and environmental pollution, GA biosynthesis has attracted significant attention. The non-genetic cell-to-cell variations and MIOX stability were both critical factors for GA production. In addition, the high detection limit of the GA biosensor was a key condition for performing high-throughput screening of GA-efficient production strains. To increase GA titer, this work eliminated the cell-to-cell variations by GA bioselector constructed based on GA biosensor and TetA, and improved the stability and activity of MIOX in the GA biosynthetic pathway through fusing the SUMO to MIOX. Finally, these approaches improved the GA production by 17-fold to 5.52 g/L at 65 h. This study represents a significant step toward the industrial application of GA biosynthetic pathways in E. coli.

Ruminal microbiome and productive response of lambs fed shrimp shell meal

The fishing industry produces byproducts that accumulate and cause environmental pollution problems; however, could be used as an alternative source of nutrients in ruminants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the response over ruminal microbiome, apparent digestibility and productivity of Katahdin lambs fed different levels of shrimp shell meal (HCC). Four male lambs with live weight of 22 ± 2.5 kg were assigned in a repeated Latin square design (4 animals x 4 treatments). The animals were assigned for 16 days per period to diets with 0, 5, 10 and 20 g 100 g DM of HCC, the treatments were: HCC0, HCC5, HCC10 and HCC20, respectively. The greatest daily weight gain was found in the HCC5 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). However, the highest dry matter intake was observed in animals with the HCC20 diet (P ≤ 0.05). In the apparent digestibility of the dry matter there was no difference between treatments (P > 0.05), neither in the concentration of total bacteria (P > 0.05), while the concentration of cellulolytic bacteria and chitin-degrading bacteria was higher in the animals from HCC20 treatment (P ≤ 0.05). The results indicate an adaptation of the ruminal microbiome to high doses of HCC, therefore, HCC can be used in diets for sheep without effect on rumen metabolism and microbial, nutrient digestibility and animal performance.

Collaborative Operation Optimization Scheduling Strategy of Electric Vehicle and Steel Plant Considering V2G

With the shortage of fossil fuels and the increasingly serious problem of environmental pollution, low-carbon industrial production technology has become an effective way to reduce industrial carbon emissions. Electrified steel plants based on electronic arc furnaces (EAF) can reduce most carbon emissions compared with traditional steel production methods, but the production steps have fixed electricity consumption behavior, and impact loads are easily generated in the production process, which has an impact on the stability of the power system. EV has the characteristics of a mobile energy storage unit. When a large number of EVs are connected to the power grid, they can be regarded as distributed energy storage units with scheduling flexibility. Through the orderly scheduling of EVs, the spatial–temporal transfer of EV charging and discharging load can be realized. Therefore, the EV situated in the steel plant’s distribution network node has the capacity to be utilized by providing peak shaving and valley filling services for the steel production load. This study proposes an operation optimization scheduling method for EVs and steel plants. Taking the lowest overall operating cost as the objective, an optimal scheduling model considering EVs operation, steel plant, and distributed generator is established. Based on the IEEE-33 node distribution network model considering distributed generators, the proposed model is simulated and analyzed, and the effectiveness of the EV steel plant operation optimization scheduling strategy is investigated.

Comparative Analysis of the Predictive Performance of an ANN and Logistic Regression for the Acceptability of Eco-Mobility Using the Belgrade Data Set

To solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by road traffic, alternatives to vehicles with internal combustion engines are often proposed. As such, eco-mobility microvehicles have significant potential in the fight against environmental pollution, but only on the condition that they are widely accepted and that they replace the vehicles that predominantly pollute the environment. With this in mind, this study aims to elucidate the main variables that influence the acceptability of these vehicles, using prediction models based on binary logistic regression and a multilayer artificial neural network—a multilayer perceptron (ANN). The data of a random sample obtained via an online questionnaire, answered by 503 inhabitants of Belgrade (Serbia), were used for training and testing the model. A multilayer perceptron with 9 and 7 neurons in two hidden layers, a hyperbolic tangent activation function in the hidden layer, and an identity function in the output layer performed slightly better than the binary logistic regression model. With an accuracy of 85%, a precision of 79%, a recall of 81%, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.9, the multilayer perceptron model recognized the influential variables in predicting acceptability. The results of the model indicate that a respondent’s relationship to their current environmental pollution, the frequency of their use of modes of transport such as bicycles and motorcycles, their mileage for commuting, and their personal income have the greatest influence on the acceptability of using eco-mobility vehicles.

Dynamic Bayesian game optimization method for multi-energy hub systems with incomplete load information

The interconnection of Energy Hub can enhance the energy efficiency and reliability associated with the independent operation of energy systems. However, the traditional optimal scheduling methods are hard to tackle the situation with the incomplete load information and competitive constraints of a multi-Energy Hub. This paper proposes a dynamic Bayesian game optimization scheduling strategy considering incomplete information on users’ load-side demand. First, a load forecast error coefficient is introduced to handle the conditional probability problem caused by incomplete information through the Bayesian rule. The constraint relationship among multi-Energy Hub under the dynamic price mechanism is analyzed to meet the economic and environmental coordination goals under load uncertainty. Second, extending from Nash equilibrium to Bayes Nash equilibrium proves the existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium solutions in Bayesian game models. The decision game algorithm is used to optimize the scheduling of the multi-Energy Hub and subsequently ensure the autonomous scheduling of the system and solve the information barriers. Finally, an Integrated Energy System composed of three Energy Hubs was used to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed optimization method. Results show that under the Bayesian game decision, the multi-Energy Hub game model has reduced the total cost of the Integrated Energy System by 0.78 %, which can improve the economic benefit and address the environmental pollution problem.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN IRAQ (AN APPLIED STUDY ON THE REALITY OF THE IRAQI ECONOMY)

The research aims to study the environmental impacts resulting from the practice of various economic activities, which have serious repercussions on the environment, which represents the comprehensive container for the elements of natural wealth, and on society and life in general. The problem of environmental pollution is represented by the transformation of many environmental resources, represented by rivers, water bodies, air, and soil, from being free commodities to being economic commodities whose supply is characterized by relative commodities. This problem is expected to worsen if the volume of economic activity continues to increase. It is clear that economic progress is accompanied by an increase in the costs that must be borne to keep the environment clean, and economists distinguish between private costs and social costs. It is possible, in principle, to control or limit pollution resulting from economic activity through multiple means and policies, the most important of which is the policy of state intervention, directly or indirectly, through the use of its economic tools such as taxes and subsidies. The problem of environmental pollution is a global problem that no country can get rid of, and Iraq is one of the countries that has suffered greatly from this problem over the past three decades as a result of the scourges of wars, neglect, poverty, destruction, etc., all of which have had a negative impact on the Iraqi environment, in addition to the fact that Agricultural and industrial economic activities in particular and the methods used in them have also been reflected in the exacerbation of this problem.