Disparate Problems Research Articles

Telemedicine Sebagai Media Konsultasi Layanan Kesehatan Bagi Masyarakat di Wilayah Pesisir

Telemedicine has emerged as an innovative solution for providing healthcare services, particularly in coastal areas that often face limitations in access and medical facilities. In coastal regions, the main challenges include the long distance from healthcare centers, limited infrastructure, and difficulties in accessing adequate medical care. Telemedicine, by utilizing communication technology to deliver remote medical services, offers an effective way to address these barriers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of telemedicine as a health consultation medium for communities in coastal regions. The method used is book reference (reference from books and research journals). The data collection techniques employed in this study include gathering literature, reading, sorting data, taking notes, identifying, and validating the accuracy of the data for subsequent use in analysis. The results of the study show that telemedicine has a very strong aspect related to communication. In terms of utility, telemedicine offers a significant solution to the problem of disparities in healthcare services by utilizing communication channels that transform how people interact in the context of healthcare. Through telemedicine, healthcare providers can reach patients located in distant or remote areas, thereby expanding access and improving the quality of care.

A Self-Determined Learning Approach: Enhancing Workplace Adaptability for Overcoming Inequality

A new era of student-centered learning, fueled by the power of digital tools and advanced teaching methods, means that classrooms are no longer entirely defined by four walls and a teacher at the leadership. At the same time, the educational landscape of African countries is very slowly adapting to these changes: the traditional face-to-face approach to learning dominates, student groups are overcrowded, and there is a significant gap in digital skills between students from urban and rural areas. Today, the development of online education becomes an important prerequisite for addressing the problem of educational disparity, a tool for meeting individual educational needs, increasing students’ motivation and responsibility for their learning outcomes. The Self-Determined Learning Approach allows for a personalized learning environment in which students can choose what, how and when they learn, work at their pace, choose or receive learning tasks in an order that makes sense to them, which allows for the individual interests of each student, learning style, cultural identity, life experience and personal challenges. The research is based on the results of in-depth interviews with students aged between 25 and 37 years with work (2‒5 years) and study experience, who fit the profile of self-determined learners, have part-time distance learning experience, are employed in different positions and are currently studying different programs, and are also registered with one of the three Distance Education Institutions. All participants are in their final year of study and have experienced digital transformation in distance education. This qualitative study is based on a constructivist paradigm employing a phenomenological strategy to explain the perceptions of students regarding how self-determined practices are applied at their institutions. The phenomenological approach aimed to capture the lived experiences of these students, focusing on their descriptions and interpretations of encountering self-determination practices in their educational environment. The results of the study confirmed the value of a self-determined approach to learning and its positive impact on enhancing students’ workplace adaptability. However, at the same time, the survey revealed that African higher education institutions are not ready for the effective implementation of self-determined learning technologies, the main reasons being the lack of technology and the unpreparedness of teachers.

Analyze the Optimal International Allocation of Vaccine to Maximize Benefit in Terms of Minimizing the Risk of Infection

The COVID-19 pandemic brought the problem of disparities in vaccine production and distribution among nations into sharp focus, as this problem may leave people in low-income countries more vulnerable to the virus. Based on this background, this paper introduces a model that helps donors determine their vaccine donation strategy, aiming to maximize donor benefit by minimizing the risk of infection for their domestic people. Meanwhile, by receiving donated vaccines, the lower-income countries would also benefit, leading to a win-win situation. This model is based on a simplified condition where there are only two countries, and each vaccine is used by domestic people or donated to the other country. By analyzing the effects of the risk of disease, the relative importance of vaccines, and the level of contact between countries, this essay provides an equation that enables the calculation of the optimal number of vaccines that should be consumed by domestic people given the values of parameters. It analyzes the relationship between each parameter and the optimal number. This simple model can be employed to inspire the allocation of resources for other infectious diseases or similar situations.

Disparity between statistical and clinical significance in published randomised controlled trials indexed in PubMed: a protocol for a cross-sectional methodological survey

IntroductionThe commonly used frequentist paradigm of null hypothesis statistics testing with its reliance on the p-value and the corresponding notion of ‘statistical significance’ has been under ongoing criticism. Misinterpretation and...

Machine-Learning Metacomputing for Materials Science Data

Abstract Materials science requires the collection and analysis of great quantities of data. These data almost invariably require various post-acquisition computation to remove noise, classify observations, fit parametric models, or perform other operations. Recently developed machine-learning (ML) algorithms have demonstrated great capability for performing many of these operations, and often produce higher quality output than traditional methods. However, it has been widely observed that such algorithms often suffer from issues such as limited generalizability and the tendency to “over fit” to the input data. In order to address such issues, this work introduces a metacomputing framework capable of systematically selecting, tuning, and training the best available machine-learning model in order to process an input dataset. In addition, a unique “cross-training” methodology is used to incorporate underlying physics or multiphysics relationships into the structure of the resultant ML model. This metacomputing approach is demonstrated on four example problems: repairing “gaps” in a multiphysics dataset, improving the output of electron back-scatter detection crystallographic measurements, removing spurious artifacts from X-ray microtomography data, and identifying material constitutive relationships from tensile test data. The performance of the metacomputing framework on these disparate problems is discussed, as are future plans for further deploying metacomputing technologies in the context of materials science and mechanical engineering.

Research on the Interrelationship Between Urbanisation and Sustainable Development

The issue of how to balance between development and sustainability in the process of urbanisation has been an important research theme. With the acceleration of global urbanisation, people are increasingly concerned about how to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental protection in the process of urbanisation. This research aims to explore in depth the interrelationship between urbanisation and sustainable development through the method of literature research, to explore the solutions to the social inequality problems of income disparity and educational inequality due to accelerated urbanisation, and to provide practical guidelines for sustainable urban development. The significance of this research is twofold. Firstly, it helps to deepen the understanding of the relationship between urbanisation and sustainable development. This paper explores the problems and challenges of urbanisation and proposes solutions accordingly. This will provide theoretical support and guidance for achieving sustainable urban development. Secondly, this research argues that the negative environmental impacts of rapid urbanisation can be effectively mitigated by adopting a range of measures. This may include improving urban planning and design, enhancing resource utilisation efficiency, and promoting green technologies and innovative financing. By researching these approaches, theoretical support for sustainable development can be provided to policymakers, urban planners and the community to help them make informed decisions and take effective action in the process of urbanisation.

Research on the Interrelationship Between Urbanisation and Sustainable Development

The issue of how to balance between development and sustainability in the process of urbanisation has been an important research theme. With the acceleration of global urbanisation, people are increasingly concerned about how to achieve a balance between economic development and environmental protection in the process of urbanisation. This research aims to explore in depth the interrelationship between urbanisation and sustainable development through the method of literature research, to explore the solutions to the social inequality problems of income disparity and educational inequality due to accelerated urbanisation, and to provide practical guidelines for sustainable urban development. The significance of this research is twofold. Firstly, it helps to deepen the understanding of the relationship between urbanisation and sustainable development. This paper explores the problems and challenges of urbanisation and proposes solutions accordingly. This will provide theoretical support and guidance for achieving sustainable urban development. Secondly, this research argues that the negative environmental impacts of rapid urbanisation can be effectively mitigated by adopting a range of measures. This may include improving urban planning and design, enhancing resource utilisation efficiency, and promoting green technologies and innovative financing. By researching these approaches, theoretical support for sustainable development can be provided to policymakers, urban planners and the community to help them make informed decisions and take effective action in the process of urbanisation.

A disparity‐aware Siamese network for building change detection in bi‐temporal remote sensing images

AbstractBuilding change detection has various applications, such as urban management and disaster assessment. Along with the exponential growth of remote sensing data and computing power, an increasing number of deep‐learning‐based remote sensing building change detection methods have been proposed in recent years. Objectively, the overwhelming majority of existing methods can perfectly deal with the change detection of low‐rise buildings. By contrast, high‐rise buildings often present a large disparity in multitemporal high‐resolution remote sensing images, which degrades the performance of existing methods dramatically. To alleviate this problem, we propose a disparity‐aware Siamese network for detecting building changes in bi‐temporal high‐resolution remote sensing images. The proposed network utilises a cycle‐alignment module to address the disparity problem at both the image and feature levels. A multi‐task learning framework with joint semantic segmentation and change detection loss is used to train the entire deep network, including the cycle‐alignment module in an end‐to‐end manner. Extensive experiments on three publicly open building change detection datasets demonstrate that our method achieves significant improvements on datasets with severe building disparity and state‐of‐the‐art performance on datasets with minimal building disparity simultaneously.

Independent Campus Student Exchange Sentiment Analysis Using SVM

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a machine learning method that is widely used for regression and classification problems, especially application review classification. Student exchange is one of the programs that universities must prepare. The student exchange program is intended to reduce the problem of disparities in educational facilities and infrastructure in Indonesia. The advantage of student exchange is that they can manage their time, have high awareness in communicating, are able to admit when they experience problems and need help, independent student exchange offers study options of up to 20 credits, both covering Higher Education Recipients courses and activities in the form of the Nusantara Module. Additionally, students are offered the option to register for a maximum of 6 credits of higher education online. The method used in this research is the SVM algorithm, the dataset used consists of 1000 comment reviews with a ratio of 70;30. This research was implemented in a web system using the Python programming language. Of the 300 test data implemented with 700 training data. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm in classifying review data obtained the highest accuracy in dividing training data & test data 70:30 at 85.00% then precision 28.33%, recall 33.33%

Heterogeneous impacts of the high-speed railway network on urban–rural income disparity: Spatiotemporal evidence from Yangtze River Delta of China

The socioeconomic effects of China’s fast-growing high-speed railways (HSRs) have become a popular issue in recent decades. However, few studies have examined how HSRs alleviate the urban–rural income disparity temporally and spatially; the current research addresses this gap in the literature from novel network accessibility and connectivity perspectives. Using different spatiotemporal models to analyze the Yangtze River Delta in China, the main findings are as follows: (1) there is evidence that the HSR network alleviates the urban–rural income disparity and exhibits a stronger positive impact on rural residents’ income; (2) compared with HSR accessibility, HSR connectivity affects the income disparity in a more significant manner; (3) due to its advantage in capturing the spatiotemporal heterogeneities of HSR’s impact, the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model demonstrates a higher accuracy than other models; (4) the GTWR model results show that the HSR network affects the income disparity both negatively and insignificantly in Northern Jiangsu or Southwestern Zhejiang, while this effect is significant in other regions; and (5) further empirical evidence indicates that this varying effect is in light of differences in tertiary industry development and economic growth. These findings provide a novel opinion of HSR’s socioeconomic effects and present useful empirical support for solving the serious urban–rural income disparity problem in China.

Mask-Homo: Pseudo Plane Mask-Guided Unsupervised Multi-Homography Estimation

Homography estimation is a fundamental problem in computer vision. Previous works mainly focus on estimating either a single homography, or multiple homographies based on mesh grid division of the image. In practical scenarios, single homography is inadequate and often leads to a compromised result for multiple planes; while mesh grid multi-homography damages the plane distribution of the scene, and does not fully address the restriction to use homography. In this work, we propose a novel semantics guided multi-homography estimation framework, Mask-Homo, to provide an explicit solution to the multi-plane depth disparity problem. First, a pseudo plane mask generation module is designed to obtain multiple correlated regions that follow the plane distribution of the scene. Then, multiple local homography transformations, each of which aligns a correlated region precisely, are predicted and corresponding warped images are fused to obtain the final result. Furthermore, a new metric, Mask-PSNR, is proposed for more comprehensive evaluation of alignment. Extensive experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Our code is available at https://github.com/SAITPublic/MaskHomo.

PL‐Pose: robust camera localisation based on combined point and line features using control images

AbstractCamera localisation is an essential task in the field of computer vision. The objective is to determine the precise position and orientation of one newly introduced camera station based on a collection of control images that are geographically referenced. Traditional feature‐based approaches have been found to face difficulties when confronted with the task of localising images that exhibit significant disparities in viewpoint. Modern deep learning approaches, on the contrary, aim to directly regress camera poses from input image content, being holistic to remedy the problem of viewpoint disparities. This paper posits that although deep networks possess the ability to learn robust and invariant visual features, the incorporation of geometry models can provide rigorous constraints in the process of pose estimation. Following the classic structure‐from‐motion (SfM) pipeline, we propose a PL‐Pose framework to perform camera localisation. First, to improve feature correlations for images with large viewpoint disparities, we perform the combination of point and line features based on a deep learning framework and geometric relation of wireframes. Then, a cost function is constructed using the combined point and line features in order to impose constraints on the bundle adjustment process. Finally, the camera pose parameters and 3D points are estimated through an iterative optimisation process. We verify the accuracy of the PL‐Pose approach through the utilisation of two datasets, that is, the publicly available S3DIS dataset and the self‐collected dataset CUMTB_Campus. The experimental results demonstrate that in both indoor and outdoor scenes, our PL‐Pose method can achieve localisation errors of less than 1 m for 82% of the test points. In contrast, the other four comparison methods yield a best result of merely 72%. Meanwhile, the PL‐Pose method can successfully obtain the camera pose parameters in all the scenes with small or large viewpoint disparities, indicating its good stability and adaptability.

DISPARITY ANALYSIS OF THE LEARNING PROCESS OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN BANGKA BELITUNG PROVINCE: APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC)

The problem of disparity in the learning process between Madrasahs is one of the contributors to the low quality of Madrasahs. To get the quality of learning, variability in the learning process needs to be suppressed to a minimum. Variability in the learning process can be in the form of differences in teacher competence, availability of learning facilities or facilities, financial capabilities of Madrasah, and socio-cultural factors of the Madrasah environment. Using a quantitative approach, this study aims to analyze the disparity in the learning process between Madrasah Aliyah (MA) in Bangka Belitung Province based on the achievement of UAMBN scores. Data analysis using the Statistical Processes Control (SPC) method with statistical techniques T2. The SPC method generates a control chart that will be used to determine if there is a disparity among Madrasah. The results of data analysis show that there is a disparity in the learning and teaching process at MA in Bangka Belitung Islands Province based on UAMBN's achievements in three subjects (Qur'an Hadith, Fiqh, and Islamic Cultural History). Some things that can be done by related parties to reduce disparities are, 1) coaching all human resources (teachers and education staff) gradually, 2) equitable distribution of the number and quality of teachers, both in public and private, 3) controlling the admission of prospective students so that there is no inequality of interest, and 4) striving for proportional distribution of financial aid for each MA.

Two problems or one? Climate engineering and conceptual disaggregation

The term “climate engineering” is an ambiguous label for two categories of technologies for mediating global warming, Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Solar Radiation Modification (SRM). Whether CDR and SRM should be grouped together under a common umbrella term, or whether they should be treated as two disparate problems in need of disparate solutions, has long been a matter of debate. This paper first provides an empirical analysis of disaggregation. Topic modelling the scientific literature on climate engineering, I highlight a trend towards disaggregation driven by growth in the specialized literature on CDR. Second, I explore inconsistencies in the theoretical rationale for disaggregation and challenges in its practical implications. Third, I elaborate on the theoretical and practical utility of maintaining an integrated concept of climate engineering for highlighting the challenges of governing large-scale, hypothetical technological interventions into the climate system subject to deep uncertainties and mitigation deterrence.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЕ НЕРАВЕНСТВО В ЕВРОПЕ: ПРИЧИНЫ И ТЕКУЩЕЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ

Nowadays the issue of economic inequality has become extremely important after a series of socio-economic upheavals in the XNUMXst century. Such inequality affects a variety of aspects of life: from differentiation of income and wealth to the availability of goods and services, education, etc. In our case we are considering that these factors are an integral part of regional disparity, the basis of which lies in different levels of socio-economic development. This article examines the problem of regional disparity in the European Union. The methods used by the EU to measure and overcome it can also be useful for our country, because this problem is very relevant for the Russian Federation, which regions also suffer from socio-economic differentiation and disproportion.

Evaluasi Penerapan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pedoman Pemidanaan Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi: Disparitas Putusan dalam Pengadilan Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Pengadilan Negeri Medan

The disparity of decisions in corruption trials has become a significant issue in the Medan District Court. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the factors that cause disparities in decisions in cases of corruption in that court. The research method used is a qualitative approach by collecting data through interviews with judges, prosecutors and lawyers involved in corruption cases. The results of the study indicate that there are several factors that contribute to the disparity of decisions in the Medan District Court. These factors include subjective interpretation of facts and law, judges' knowledge and awareness of existing guidelines, limited resources, and the quality of evidence and various investigative processes. The disparity of decisions in trials of corruption can threaten justice and public trust in the justice system. Therefore, efforts are needed to overcome this disparity. Recommendations resulting from this research include more intensive training and education for judges, increased coordination and collaboration between stakeholders, allocation of adequate resources, and regular evaluation of the implementation of existing guidelines. This research is expected to provide a more in-depth understanding of the problem of decision disparity in corruption trials at the Medan District Court. Through this understanding, it is hoped that corrective steps can be taken to achieve harmonization of decisions and ensure justice that is in line with legal objectives and the interests of society.

PEER SUPPORT FOR CAREGIVERS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS LIVING WITH DEMENTIA: A PHASE 1 BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION PROTOCOL

Abstract African American caregivers of older adults living with Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia are at high risk for physical, spiritual, and psychosocial challenges. Peer mentorship, a relationship-centered person-to-person approach may reduce healthcare decision-making burden among African American caregivers through cultural tailoring by promoting oral traditions, personal contact, and storytelling. The purpose of this Stage 1 intervention study is to use a stakeholder-informed approach in further developing and pilot testing the co-created Peer Support for Caregivers of African Americans Living with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (Pair2Care), a culturally sensitive caregiver peer support program. Pair2Care feasibility and acceptability will be evaluated in current (n=15) and trained former (n=15) African American Alzheimer’s and related dementia caregivers. Pair2Care will be deemed feasible and acceptable by evaluating eligibility criteria, recruitment and retention data, protocol adherence, satisfaction, and feedback on program appropriateness for broader dissemination. Preliminary intervention outcomes of caregiver anxiety, depression, quality-of-life, social support, self-efficacy for surrogate decision-making, and intent to use palliative care or hospice services will be assessed to evaluate intervention effectiveness. At 6 months as compared to baseline, current caregivers will report less anxiety and depression, improved quality-of-life, social support, and self-efficacy for surrogate decision-making, as well as intent to use palliative care or hospice services as part of healthcare and advance care planning decision- making. Pair2Care poses an innovative strategy with the potential to address advance care planning and healthcare decision-making, a significant health disparity problem and thereby promote health equity.

Access and quality of healthcare in China: Rural and urban disparities

While China is nearing its goal of universal coverage, with its large population and the history of urban and rural distinction, disparities in access and quality of healthcare between cities and countries still exist, becoming the underlying problems in the current Chinese healthcare system. Disparities are mainly rooted in the different statutory insurance schemes provided by the government, which have been improving for years of effort, and the household registration -- Hukou system. Access to better-quality hospitals is limited in rural areas because of the lack of secondary and tertiary hospitals that can provide more comprehensive and specialist services to patients. Physician resources are also outflowing into bigger cities as rural areas have significant shortages in physician density and fall short in physician training. Of countries with similar problems, Norway has a high index of quality and healthcare with a maldistribution of healthcare resources and has decreased the inequality or disparity gap by implementing educational programs for medical students and emphasizing primary care. Brazil has the same problems of urban-rural disparities but is better at implementing initiatives to change the situation, such as the use of family health teams and community health workers. In this review, the author analyses the possible causes of healthcare disparity between rural and urban areas in China, compares the policies of other countries with similar conditions, and provides some solutions to decrease the gaps between rural and urban medical insurance services.

Impact of the introduction of high-speed rail on the income gap between urban and rural residents.

The unprecedented expansion and development of high-speed rail (HSR) in China provides a unique opportunity and a new way of thinking for addressing the problem of urban-rural wealth disparities. In this paper, I examine the impact of the introduction of HSRs on the income disparity between urban and rural residents in China. Using panel data from 285 prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2018, in this paper I employ the double-difference method to assess the impact of HSR on the income gap between urban and rural populations and the mechanism of its action; furthermore, I explore the influence of HSR on urban residents' per capita disposable income and rural residents' per capita net income, as well as the impact of HSR on the flow of elements such as labor and capital. My research findings reveal that the introduction of HSR has greatly widened the income gap between urban and rural residents; however, there is heterogeneity between different East, Central, and West regions, as well as between different levels of cities. A further mechanism study finds that HSR lowers farmers' per capita net income, raises urban residents' per capita disposable income, and widens the urban/rural income gap via mechanisms such as facilitating the interregional mobility of labor and capital factors. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively assess the economic effects brought about by HSR, strengthen the construction of urban-rural transport networks, and improve support for rural areas, so as to promote the coordinated development of inter-regional and urban-rural areas.

FILANTROPI MENURUT PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR’AN: ANALISIS DALAM MENYIKAPI PERMASALAHAN KESENJANGAN EKONOMI UMAT

Philanthropy is a voluntary behavior that aims to benefit the community, whether done independently or institutionally. However, even so, philanthropy that comes with its new transformation from classical to modern (social purposes) which is able to have a positive impact on the economic gap of the people, there is a need to revitalize the meaning of philanthropy not just karitas, which actually must be the basis for the attitude of behavior of all kinds of philanthropic activities, namely presenting philanthropy based on the Qur'anic perspective. Therefore, this study aims to explore the concept of philanthropy in the Qur'anic perspective in addressing the problem of people's economic disparities. The method used is a qualitative research method using library research. The results of this study indicate that philanthropy in the Qur'anic perspective can be used as a reference in addressing all aspects of life, one of which is the problem of economic inequality. The Qur'an has a significant role in the development of Islam and human civilization. The configuration of Qur'an-based philanthropy is through zakat, infaq, sadaqah and waqf which are seen as charitable movements that provide support to help others fairly (sportive), which are able to empower in the long term. Thus, if this philanthropy is implemented properly according to Qur'anic principles, it will reduce the economic gap between the rich and the poor and create a balance in the living standards of a prosperous society.