Burning Problem Research Articles

Changing concept in Burns Management- An Analytical study of Epidemiology, Morbidity, Mortality and Treatment in a period of forty years in the Indian state of Assam

There is an improvement in the morbidity and mortality in burns in the recent past due to better fluid resuscitation, use of better burn wound covers and early excision and skin grafting for full thickness burns. Burn care in the North Eastern Indian state of Assam was disorganized in the eighties, but individual efforts by some surgeons of the state, have improved outcome. This is a retrospective analysis of 8569 cases of burn injuries treated in three hospitals of Assam over a period of 40 years. The study intends to analyze the epidemiological pattern of burn injuries in order to plan preventive strategies and also to compare the results of treatment with and without an organized burn care unit. There were 7071 (82.3%) minor burns and 1518(17.7%) major burns in the series. The period of study was divided into three blocks - Block I- first 14 years of disorganized management, before establishment of Burns Unit, Block II -next 16 years of organized management after establishment of Burns Unit and Block III - last 10 years of advanced care with introduction of newer burn wound covers and early excision of burns. The data were analyzed and compared. The overall incidence of burns was more in males, but a greater number of females were the victims of major burns.77.2% of patients were below 40 years of age. The number of accidental burns remaining constant in the three blocks, there was a significant increase in the suicidal burns in the last two blocks. Flame burns (56.7%) constituted the majority of injuries, while scald (31.3%) and electrical burns (9.3%) followed. Domestic burns (73.1%) were of most common occurrence, followed by Industrial (10.8%), Diwali related (9.6%) and Traffic burns (6.4%). Though the overall mortality in the three blocks were almost same (Block I- 9.4%, Block II- 7.8% Block III-9.4%), mortality in major burns were reduced significantly after introduction of modern methods of management (Block I- 79.7%, Block II-52.0% Block III-38.4%). The quality of wound healing showed improvement in the subsequent years as evident by increase in number of patients with no scar (Block I -10%. Block II-20%, Block III- 37%) and decrease in number of patients with extensive scar (BlockI-18%, Block II- 15%, Block III-5%), measured by Vancouver Scar Scale. This analytical study has given us an understanding of the magnitude of the problem of burns in the region, which will help to plan treatment and preventive strategies. It also concludes that, dedicated individual care and introduction of newer methods of treatment have improved results of burn management. Key words: Epidemiology, treatment, morbidity and mortality

Fertilitet i ekonomski rast selektovanih tranzicionih zemalja

The paper investigates the impact of total fertility rate as one of the basic demographic variables on economic growth per capita concerning six selected transition countries (including the five countries of the Western Balkans: Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro, and Croatia as a member of the European Union), from 2000 to 2018. The fundamental idea of the research is the view discussed in the recent literature and it concerns the reduction of the total fertility rate as a burning problem of a large number of developed modern economies. Inspired by the question of whether such an attitude is relevant for a group of small European transition countries, an econometric model was constructed , as a framework for the application of statistical analysis of multiple regression. The results of empirical research showed that if the rate of total fertility increased by 0.1% in one of the analyzed countries, the GDP growth rate per capita for this country would fall by 0.53 percentage points in the same year of the period under review.

Burning Graphs Through Farthest-First Traversal

Graph burning is a process to determine the spreading of information in a graph. If a sequence of vertices burns all the vertices of a graph by following the graph burning process, then such a sequence is known as a burning sequence. The graph burning problem consists in finding a minimum length burning sequence for a given graph. The solution to this NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem helps quantify a graph&#x2019;s vulnerability to contagion. This paper introduces a simple farthest-first traversal-based approximation algorithm for this problem over arbitrary graphs. We refer to this proposal as the Burning Farthest-First (BFF) algorithm. BFF runs in <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(n^{3})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> steps and has a tight approximation factor of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3-2/b(G)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$b(G)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the size of an optimal solution. The main attribute of BFF is that it has a better approximation factor than the state-of-the-art approximation algorithms for arbitrary graphs, which report an approximation factor of 3. Despite being simple, BFF proved practical when tested over some benchmark datasets.

МУЛЬТИМЕДІЙНИЙ КОНТЕНТ ТА ІНТЕРАКТИВНА НАВЧАЛЬНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК ШЛЯХИ ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЇ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

Article deals with the burning problems of omplementing of the multi-media content in to the edicational process withi the distant learning. There are given notions of the distant leaning. The autores presemted some practical educational tasks which were effectively realized during the educational process. It is underlined that within modern conditions of the global pandemic processes which caused the quarantine at different levels of educational system, the distant learning became one of the most appropriate ways of teaching due to its ability not to endanger the participants of the educational process. According to the fact of the popularity of various multimedia content among the layers of primary school’s pupils, secondary school’s pupils we state the goal of this research work as the determination of the importance of the multimedia content as the way of the intensification of the distant learning. Along with the development of modern technologies, the distance learning has gained new wide opportunities and distinct features. Some scientists (V. Kukharenko, V. Oliynik, V. Ribalko, P. Stefanenko) have underlined the main features of the distance learning: educational mobility, which provides the opportunity to study and to work in parallel; social equality, which provides the equal opportunities for the education regardless the place of living, the condition of the student’s health, the social status of the student; interactivity which provides the active communication of the participants of the educational process; module system, which gives opportunity to create the individual or group program of education which oriented on the mastering certain knowledge and skills according to the developed educational plan; flexibility, which gives the opportunity to study during the chosen and comfortable time and place for each of the students; effectiveness of work with great amount of students; technological component which is popular with modern applicants: Ukrainian scholars underline that the pedagogue’s role was transformed and expanded because the teacher must be able to become the coordinator, organizer. This transformation makes the teacher to work creatively, to coordinate the cognitive educational process, to improve educational courses, to increase the quality of the educational content, to cooperate with the student, to join the modern society. Actually, the multimedia content can be varied from a still screenshot which was taken from a film to the whole movie or Cartoons, TV show, Weather forecasts, advertisement, announcement, slogan, Vlogs, TV program, documentary or educational film. You just have to be student-oriented and take into account their preferences during the realization of your pedagogical purpose. We suggest you to organize the discussions, surveys which could be done with the help of Google tools. For example, during the work with the theme «English Folklore within modern reality» you are able to ask your students to watch at home some videos, films, based on English folklore. Suggest them to create and to discuss presentations which would be able to reveal and to underline the motives of English folklore which could be found in modern prose of film industry. The conducted work proved that that the implementation of distance forms of teaching provides individualization of the process of professional development of the future teacher. However we should determine the required and perfect balance of online and offline studies which would be useful and adequate for the realization of all educational goals within the modern global society. This aspect will be the prospect of our further scientific activity. Key words: multi-media content, distant learning, educational goals.

Is relaxation exercise therapy effective in the management of patients with severe arterial hypertension?

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a burning problem in the world. Antihypertensive pharmacological therapy combined by physical exercises is well-studied in patients with mild and moderate AH. However, studies that have investigated relaxation in patients with severe AH in addition to drug therapy are lacking. Optimization of a comprehensive treatment for patients with severe AH, by using a multicomponent rational antihypertensive pharmacotherapy (PT) with subsequent application of relaxation exercise therapy (RET). The study involved 32 male patients with severe AH. Initially, clinical-instrumental and laboratory examination, blood pressure registration and daily arterial blood pressure monitoring were carried out. Suitable PT was selected for all the patients. 3 months after starting PT the patients were divided in 2 groups. The patients of the 1st group were prescribed RET in addition to PT. The 2nd group of patients continued receiving PT alone. 3 months later, average daily blood pressure (ADBP)-syst and ADBP-diast were compared in both groups. Three months after PT both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in ADBP-syst and ADBP diast, but these indicators remained higher than normal and did not reach the target level. Three months after the inclusion of RET in the comprehensive treatment, the 1st group demonstrated a significant decrease in ADBP (systolic and diastolic), not only in comparison with the initial data, but also with the data observed three months after PT. After 6 months, ADBP-syst and ADBP-diast in the 1st group were significantly lower compared with those of patients in the 2nd group. The inclusion of RET in addition to a multicomponent antihypertensive PT is a promising treatment option for severe AH.

Current strategies on algae-based biopolymer production and scale-up

The craving for an alternative to the existing plastic products gives rise to the concept of algae-based bioplastic production, which appears to be excellently biodegradable and cost-effective. The significant assortment of algal biopolymers draws great attention to stop the surge of plastic waste and to mitigate the burning problems of environmental pollution. The polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are naturally-occurring biopolymers found in the form of esters accumulated within a number of microbes, which provides the pillar for several biomolecules. This review summarizes the global scenario as well as the precise technique of algae-based PHA extraction and bioplastic production. In addition, different techniques for valorisation of PHA production, its biodegradability and its commercial applications are also taken into consideration.

Improvement of the Voltage Profile and Loss Reduction in Distribution Network Using Moth Flame Algorithm: Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia

Voltage stability and line losses are inevitable issues even in modern power systems. There are several techniques that emerged to solve problems in the power system to provide quality and uninterrupted supply to customers. The algorithms used in this paper to determine the appropriate location and size of the Static Var Compensator (SVC) in the Distribution Network (DN) are Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The objective function is defined to minimize voltage deviation and power loss. The burning problem of voltage stability improvement current scenario is because of a rise in electricity demands in all sectors. Paramount duties of power engineers are to keep the system stable and maintain voltage magnitude constant even during peak hours. The results were checked with the aid of MATLAB on Wolaita Sodo radial distribution of 34 bus data networks. The potential use of SVC is key to solve distribution system power quality issues and estimating the advantage of the installation. The results obtained from the test system were compared with PSO results. This comparison was done to know the computational time of proposed techniques. The performance of the MFA based SVC was superior in distribution system and highlighted the importance of device.

CASE REPORT ON MANAGEMENT OF AMAVATA W.S.R RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Amavata is a second common joint disorder. Amavata is a disease of Rasavaha Strotas. It is mainly produced due to Ama and vitiation of Vata Dosha. According to the clinical features, Amavata is compared with Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive autoimmune arthropathy. This disease affects the mainly young population. Hence it is a most burning problem in society. Ayurveda has taken the foremost place in the management of many diseases one of them is Amavata. Here an effort was made to treat the male of age 47 years, using multiple ayurvedic treatments. A diagnosed patient is treated with Sin Hand Guggul, Mahasudarshan With, Eranda Tail, Valuka Pottali Sweda, Sanshmani Vati. The end of the 60th day of treatment resulted in the improve- ment of overall symptoms. Keywords: Amavata, Ama, Sinhanaad Guggul, Valuka Pottali sweda, case report

CASE REPORT ON MANAGEMENT OF AMAVATA W.S.R RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Amavata is a second common joint disorder. Amavata is a disease of Rasavaha Strotas. It is mainly produced due to Ama and vitiation of Vata Dosha. According to the clinical features, Amavata is compared with Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, progressive autoimmune arthropathy. This disease affects the mainly young population. Hence it is a most burning problem in society. Ayurveda has taken the foremost place in the management of many diseases one of them is Amavata. Here an effort was made to treat the male of age 47 years, using multiple ayurvedic treatments. A diagnosed patient is treated with Sin Hand Guggul, Mahasudarshan With, Eranda Tail, Valuka Pottali Sweda, Sanshmani Vati. The end of the 60th day of treatment resulted in the improve- ment of overall symptoms. Keywords: Amavata, Ama, Sinhanaad Guggul, Valuka Pottali sweda, case report

AYURVEDIC CONCEPT OF LEUCORRHOEA: SWETA PRADARA

Leucorrhoea is one of the most common and burning problems faced by women all around the globe. It may be physiological but when turning into a pathological condition, produce associated symptoms like itching vulva, backache, and anxiety to female suffering from the entity. Various factors like fungal, parasite, bacterial, and sex- ually transmitted diseases are responsible for the causation of this disease. In Ayurveda, it is termed as Sweta pra- dara. It can be a symptom of many diseases as well as an independent entity. No description of Sweta Pradara has been described by scholars of Brihatrayee. For abnormal white vaginal discharges, the word Sweta Pradara has been described in texts during and after the medieval period. The present study has been designed to substantiate the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of sweta pradara so that alternative better forms of therapy can be made available in those suffering from Sweta pradara. Keywords: Sweta Pradara, Leucorrhoea, Yonivyapad.

Burning Numbers of t-unicyclic Graphs

Given a graph G, the burning number of G is the smallest integer k for which there are vertices \(x_1, x_2,\ldots ,x_k\) such that \((x_1,x_2,\ldots ,x_k)\) is a burning sequence of G. It has been shown that the graph burning problem is NP-complete, even for trees with maximum degree three, or linear forests. A t-unicyclic graph is a unicycle graph in which the unique vertex in the graph with degree greater than two has degree \( t + 2 \). In this paper, we first present the bounds for the burning number of t-unicyclic graphs, and then use the burning numbers of linear forests with at most three components to determine the burning number of all t-unicyclic graphs for \(t\le 2\).

Solid Waste Management in Local Governments in Sri Lanka with reference to the Boralesgamuwa Urban Council

Local authorities are responsible for the provision of an extensive range of public services for the citizens in that residential area which encompassing different fields including the social, economic, environmental, recreational, and community development. This study has been narrowed down to examine the difficulties facing by local government when providing Environmental and sanitation services. When it refers to the environmental services provided by local governments, Solid-waste management can be regarded as a burning problem especially in Colombo district. Based on this situation, this research has been conducted to study about the Solid-waste management in local governments in Sri Lanka with special reference to Boralesgamuwa Urban Council. Main purpose of this study is to identify the challenges of local government institutions in solid waste management and to provide recommendations to enhance the solid waste management practices in local government institutions in Sri Lanka. This study is mainly based on the primary data which has been collected through in-depth interviews followed a semi structured questionnaire. Sample size is 50 including ten officers, ten waste collecting servants and twenty citizens in Boralesgamuwa area. Data has been collected using random sampling methods and analyzed descriptively. As the main findings of the study it was recognized the problem of proper implementation of the waste collecting plan of Boralesagmuwa urban council. There were several servant related problems such as servants’ demotivation, deficiency of labors, lack of facilities, lack of attendance, health problems and bad behaviors of labors etc. Deficiency of vehicles and maintenance problems identified under the category of transport relater problems. The matter of not collecting the waste properly by waste collecting servants was the main problem identified related to the people. Further, recommendations for solid waste management problems in local authorities, have also been provided in this study.&#x0D; Keywords: local government, solid waste, management

Improved Manta Ray Foraging Optimization for Parameters Identification of Magnetorheological Dampers

Magnetorheological (MR) dampers play a crucial role in various engineering systems, and how to identify the control parameters of MR damper models without any prior knowledge has become a burning problem. In this study, to identify the control parameters of MR damper models more accurately, an improved manta ray foraging optimization (IMRFO) is proposed. The new algorithm designs a searching control factor according to a weak exploration ability of MRFO, which can effectively increase the global exploration of the algorithm. To prevent the premature convergence of the local optima, an adaptive weight coefficient based on the Levy flight is designed. Moreover, by introducing the Morlet wavelet mutation strategy to the algorithm, the mutation space is adaptively adjusted to enhance the ability of the algorithm to step out of stagnation and the convergence rate. The performance of the IMRFO is evaluated on two sets of benchmark functions and the results confirm the competitiveness of the proposed algorithm. Additionally, the IMRFO is applied in identifying the control parameters of MR dampers, the simulation results reveal the effectiveness and practicality of the IMRFO in the engineering applications.

KIF18b-dependent hypomethylation of PARPBP gene promoter enhances oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer

As the new platinum drug oxaliplatin has been widely used in clinical treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), oxaliplatin resistance has become a burning problem. In this study, higher expression of PARP-1 binding protein (PARPBP) was detected in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC (OR-CRC) cells than in non-resistant cells. Further research showed that kinesin family member 18 b (KIF18b) induced the overexpression of PARPBP, sustaining oxaliplatin resistance in OR-CRC cells. Through exploring the PARPBP gene promoter, we found that SP1-recruited DNMT3b methylated PARPBP promoter to suppress transcription in CRC cells, and increased KIF18b attenuated the recruitment of DNMT3b to PARPBP promoter by directly interacting with SP1 in OR-CRC cells. Clinical analysis suggested a positive relationship between KIF18b and PARPBP in CRC tissues and indicated poor prognosis in CRC patients with high level of KIF18b or PARPBP. In summary, KIF18b-induced PARPBP contributes to the resistant phenotype of OR-CRC.

Intention of veterinary doctors towards antimicrobial usage and resistance: applying ‘theory of planned behaviour’ for scaling

With the rise in standard of living, animal protein rich diet for human consumption is rising rapidly in India. Antimicrobials are regularly used in livestock production systems for therapeutic, sub-therapeutic and prophylactic purpose which increase selection pressure on microbes to become resistant. Research is needed to understand veterinary doctor’s psychological factors that influence decision-making on antimicrobial use for treating diseased animals in dairy farms empirically. To understand the intentions of veterinary doctors towards antimicrobial use in dairy farming, the research was carried out in purposively selected Punjab state and data was collected from 60 veterinary doctors and 180 dairy farmers. Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB) based Likert type behavioural intention scale was developed in the context of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance issues in dairy sector. The three components of the TPB i.e. outcome attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control; based on which the behavioural intention scale was prepared. The final behavioural scale administered to the veterinary doctors in the study area constituted of 20 statements. Disagreement was seen in case of 48 percent veterinarians whose opinion was against the ban of antimicrobial use for sub-therapeutic purpose. Almost 58 percent of the veterinary doctors disapproved that they feel pressure from pharmaceutical company, moral, peers etc. while prescribing antimicrobials. Majority (83 %) of the veterinary doctors were in agreement that following best practices while administering antimicrobials is generally difficult. The veterinary doctors drivers and barriers that points towards intention of antimicrobials use is the crux which can help the policy makers to gain some insight to tackle this burning problem of antimicrobial resistance.

UNDERSTANDING LOW ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT BASED ON PASS AND ERICKSONIAN HUMANISTIC THERAPY

Academic underachievement is a burning problem far from being solved. This study evaluated the efficacy of a humanistic psychotherapy intervention program based on planning, attention, successive and simultaneous (PASS) inductive learning, and indirect metaphorical Ericksonian communication grounded in the neuroscientific knowledge of human behavior. The rational neuroscientific foundations are explained throughout the discussion, highlighting the interaction cognition-emotion. The sample was 600 subjects classified as low achievers, very low achievers, and behavioral-psychosomatic dysfunctional low achievers. The mean age was 13.93 (SD = 1.56; range 12-17), 29.5% women. A normal control group of 172 subjects was selected (mean age, 13.88; SD = 1.75;range 12-17; 49.4% women). ANOVA and stepwise regression analysis were performed. No PASS deficit explains the low achievers. A dysfunctional emotional reason is suggested. A lower simultaneous PASS appears related to very low achievers. A lower planning PASS and the "N" pattern appear related to behavioral-psychosomatic low achievers. The "N" pattern is a suggestive marker of emotional dysfunction. After 6 months of intervention, 55% of very low achievers, 85% of low achievers, and 80% of behavioral-psychosomatic participants did not satisfy the criterion of an underachiever. More studies are required to contribute to the accumulative understanding of scientific phenomena, and so investigate replication.

CYBERCRIME: THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN INFORMATION SPACE

The burning problem of modern society - cybercrime, was considered in the article. In the process of studying cybercrimes and the mechanisms of protection against information security threats, the concept of cybercrime classification was carried out. The comparative analysis between the number of registered cyberattacks and losses from them was performed. The analysis of factual data was carried out, on the basis of which the table of cyberattacks quantity indicators, general losses was developed, and the cost of cyberattacks was calculated. The study provides recommendations for improving the reliability of information protection.&#x0D;

Wildfires pose a burning problem for wines and winemakers

On a pleasant evening in October 2017, winemaker Alisa Jacobson and her friends picked the last of the Cabernet grapes at her friends’ winery in southern Napa. They were taking advantage of the cool evening temperatures, which help reduce damage to the fruit. Later that night, the pleasant evening air turned acrid—Jacobson was surprised to smell smoke wafting through her bedroom window despite only seeing wildfires on her radar to the far north, in Santa Rosa, CA. Smoke from wildfires can make the skies an eerie yellow, as seen here over a Napa Valley, CA, vineyard in September 2020. The smoke’s effects on winery grapes continue to perplex growers, winemakers, and researchers. Image credit: Science Source/Peter Menzel. A new fire had flared up—the largest in California’s history. Dubbed the Tubbs fire, it spread from Napa County to Santa Rosa, jumped across US Highway 101 in the middle of the night, and burned nearly 37,000 acres before it could be contained, killing 22 people and destroying more than 5,000 buildings, half of them homes. Winemakers like Jacobson, who is vice president for winemaking at Joel Gott Wines, felt the fire’s impact not only in the looming threat to their homes but to their livelihoods as well. Months after evacuation orders were lifted, the region inched back to normalcy. Then winemakers began to detect smoke in their wine. Grapes exposed to smoke absorb chemicals that can alter—and sometimes ruin—the taste and smell of resultant wines. This so-called “smoke taint” has become a growing concern for the industry. Chemicals in smoke obscure wine’s flavor and fragrance, Jacobson says. “You can smell the taint on the aroma, like a campfire, and when you taste it it’s like an ashtray,” she says. “It lingers for minutes after you spit or swallow.” But not all wines …

Spatial-temporal Patterns of MODIS Active Fire/Hotspots in Chiang Rai, Upper Northern Thailand and the Greater Mekong Subregion Countries During 2003-2015

For the past decade, smoke-haze pollution from forest fires and open burning has been a yearly recurring problem over Chiang Rai and other provinces in Upper Northern Thailand, along with other countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Remote-sensing active fire/ hotspot data are currently used for monitoring the forest fires and open burning in the sub-region. This study aimed to extend the current monitoring work by performing spatial and temporal analysis to examine the patterns, either globally or locally, of MODIS active fires/hotspots during the critical smoke-haze pollution periods from January to April in 2003-2015. Fire radiative power was used as a weight attribute for each active fire/hotspot. Administrative unit maps were used for aggregating data and creating spatial weight matrices. Results indicated that for all the years over the investigated period and based on detected locations, active fires/hotspots were overall clustered spatially across provincial, interprovincial, and international scales. Their density patterns were locally variable for each year, but the high concentrated zones, in terms of both fire counts and fire radiative powers, were consistently bounded in the hilly and mountainous areas, confirming that the forest fires and open burning problem keeps recurring in certain areas. When aggregated by administrative unit, the administrative boundaries with high active fires/hotspots, in terms of both fire counts and fire radiative powers, were spatially clustered, either globally or locally, but there was only an increasing trend of the clustering intensity in fire radiative powers, implying that the forest fires and open burning problem have become more severe in particular areas. These findings could be useful for further reviewing and strengthening current measures and plans of fire and smoke haze pollution management.

​Mathematical Modeling and Optimization for Emission Parameter SO2 of Dual Fuel CI Engine using Mustard Stalk

Background: Punjab (India) an agricultural state with twelve major crops sown round the year, produces 14.53 MT as crop residue. This huge quantity of crop residue poses a serious problem of stubble burning in the fields, leading to an alarming level of air pollution across the state, along with a potential loss of fuel usable for power generation. About 1000 MW of electricity can be generated from this crop residue by the proper utilization (Singh et al. 2015). Methods: Characteristics of various crop residues were evaluated experimentally and further investigations have been carried out to study the performance of producer gas derived from mustard stalk using a downdraft gasifier in combination with diesel oil in dual fuel diesel engine, where effect of various input parameters such as type of fuel, equivalence ratio and load on engine were studied on emission component SO2. Results were modeled and optimized through central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) using design of experiments technique to determine the most desirable mode of utilization. Result: It has been found that fixed carbon (40.55%), sulphur (0.367%), moisture contents (6.88%) and nitrogen contents (1.314%) in mustard stalk is almost same as in coal, where as hydrogen (6.124%), oxygen (43.965%), volatile matter (68.93%), gross calorific values (3933 kcal/kg) of mustard stalk are more and ash content (6.65%) is less as compared to corresponding values for coal. In all the three modes of operations, SO2 increases with increase in load on the engine. ER has no effect in diesel alone mode but in dual modes with increase in ER further increases SO2 as high temperature producer gas and air along with sulphur enters the engine which further increases the value of SO2.