Problem In Nigeria Research Articles

Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Tuberculosis Patients in a Rural Teaching Hospital in South-South Nigeria: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, distribution, and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) in a rural hospital in Nigeria.
 Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between 2013 and 2022. The data on all patients diagnosed with TB during the study period were collected from the hospital's registry. The data was then entered into SPSS for analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
 Results: The overall prevalence of TB among TB suspects was 41.3%. Pulmonary TB was the most common form of TB, accounting for 87.1% of the cases, while extrapulmonary TB accounted for 12.9%. Among extrapulmonary TB cases, TB lymphadenitis was the most common (27.2%). The mean age of the patients was 44.7±10.9 years, with the majority of cases in the 51-60 and 31-40-year age groups. Males were more affected than females (59.1% vs. 40.9%), and 5.6% of TB patients were HIV-positive. The frequency of rifampicin-resistant TB was 9.5%. The majority of patients (96.5%) had a successful treatment outcome, with 28.9% being cured and 67.6% completing their treatment. Treatment failure occurred in 0.4% of TB cases, while 0.9% defaulted, and 2.2% died. Patients with rifampicin-resistant TB had lower odds of treatment success than those without rifampicin-resistant TB (P = 0.03; OR: 0.5; CI: 0.26-0.96).
 Conclusions: The study revealed that TB remains a significant public health problem in Nigeria, especially in rural areas. Therefore, there is a need for increased collaboration and stronger measures to prevent and control TB, particularly in low-resource settings.

Nigeria’s marathon struggle against counterfeit medicines

Counterfeit and substandard medicines are not unusual in Africa. A concerted enforcement effort and reworked regulation have lessened the problem in Nigeria—but the roots remain, report <b>Oluwatosin Adeshokan</b> and <b>Christine...

Entrepreneurship, Public Policy and Economic Development in Nigeria

This study investigates the impact of public policy measures in entrepreneurship and economic development in Nigeria. Time series data covering the period from 1981 – 2021 was used. Data sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) provided by the World Bank 2021 and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin 2021 was use. The variables employed are Income per capita (IPC), Institutional (IQ) Quality, Research and Development (RD) and Capacity of SMEs (COS). Results showed that there is a positive relationship IPC and COS. IQ and RD are statistically insignificant, and IQ indicated a negative relationship. It was also observed that there is a positive relationship between the intercept and COS. This implies that the problem in Nigeria is not policy formulation but that of implementation. Thus, creating a gap or missing-link in the structure of public policy formulation and implementation in Nigeria. We recommend among others that all hands must be on deck at every level of government and amongst all social groups to achieve the goals of policy as it affects all. In addition, the government should create enabling environment for the local entrepreneurs to compete globally and create a level playing ground for entrepreneurship at the domestic level to thrive healthily. Additionally, entrepreneurs need to take advantage of the role of technology to improve their overall productivity

Major public health problems in Nigeria

Major public health problems in Nigeria

Onchocerciasis transmission status in some endemic communities of Cross River State, Nigeria after two decades of mass drug administration with ivermectin

Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by black flies. Human onchocerciasis is a public health and socioeconomic problem in Nigeria. Its prevalence and morbidity have reduced over the years because of control efforts especially, Mass Drug Administration with ivermectin. The current goal is to eliminate the disease transmission by 2030. Understanding the changes in transmission patterns in Cross River State is critical to elimination of onchocerciasis in Nigeria. This study was designed to determine the transmission dynamics of onchocerciasis in Cross River State after over two decades of mass ivermectin distribution in endemic communities. Agbokim, Aningeje, Ekong Anaku and Orimekpang are four endemic communities from three Local Government Areas of the State selected for this study. Transmission indices such as infectivity rates, biting rates and transmission potentials, parity rates and diurnal biting activities were determined. A total of 15,520 adult female flies were caught on human baits, Agbokim (2831), Aningeje (6209), Ekong Anaku (4364) and Orimekpang (2116). A total of 9488 and 5695 flies were collected during the rainy and dry seasons respectively in the four communities studied. The differences in relative abundance among the communities were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Monthly and seasonal fly numbers varied significantly (P < 0.008). There were differences in diurnal biting activities of flies in this study at different hours of the day and different months. The peak monthly biting rates were 5993 (Agbokim, October), 13,134 (Aningeje, October), 8680 (Ekong Anaku, October) and 6120 (Orimekpang, September) bites/person/month while the lowest monthly biting rates were 400 (Agbokim, November), 2862 (Aningeje, August), 1405 (Ekong Anaku, January) and 0.0 (Orimekpang, November and December) bites/person/month. Differences in biting rates among the study communities were significant (P < 0.001). The peak monthly transmission potential in Aningeje was 160 infective bites/person/month in the month of February while the lowest (except for months with no transmission) was 42 infective bites/person/month in the month of April. All other study sites had no ongoing transmission in this study. Transmission studies showed that there is progress toward transmission interruption especially in 3 out of the four studied areas. Molecular O-150 poolscreen studies is required to confirm the true transmission situation in the areas.

Comparison of Ocular Biomery in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Non-glaucoma in South West Nigeria.

Glaucoma is a public health problem in Nigeria. The number of individuals affected by glaucoma in Nigeria is much higher than the individuals known to have the disease. Ocular parameters such as intraocular pressure, central cornea thickness, axial length and refractive error have all been documented as risk factors of glaucoma especially among Caucasians and African Americans, with little documentation in Africa where there's an alarming rate of blindness. To compare central cornea thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL) and refractive state in participants with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and non-glaucoma in South-West Nigeria. This hospital-based case-control study was carried out among 184 newly diagnosed POAG and non-glaucoma adult participants attending the outpatient clinic of Eleta eye institute. The CCT, IOP, AL and refractive state were measured in each participant. Test of significance between proportions in categorical variables were assessed using chi square test (χ2) in both groups. The means were compared using independent t-test while correlation between parameters were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient. The mean age of the POAG participants was 57.16 + 13.3 years and the mean age of the non-glaucoma participants was 54.15 + 13.4 years. The mean IOP in the POAG group was 30.2 + 8.9mmHg while non- glaucoma group was 14.2 + 2.6mmHg (P < 0.001), other ocular parameters were not significantly different in both groups. In the POAG group, decreased spherical equivalent refractive error (i.e increasing myopia) was significantly associated with increased axial length (r= -0.252, P = 0.01), but not significant in the non- glaucoma group. However, in the non-glaucoma group, central cornea thickness increased with increasing intraocular pressure (r= 0.305, P = 0.003), which was not significant in the glaucoma group. Patients with POAG had much higher IOP and thus, IOP remains a significant risk factor in its development. There was a significant relationship between refractive state and axial length in the POAG group while a significant relationship was identified between central cornea thickness and intraocular pressure in the non- glaucoma group.

Biochemical effects of some preservatives on Glycine max in adult male albino rats

The food insecurity problem in Nigeria is largely due to the inability to preserve food surpluses after harvest. Post-harvest loss of grains account for between 5-25% forcing farmers’ use of some pesticides. This study examines the Biochemical effects of some preservatives on Glycine max in adult male albino rats. Glycine max (soya beans) sample was collected from Keffi Area of Nasarawa state, divided into five groups and preserved with Aluminum Phosphide, Dichlorvos (sniper), Wood-ash and Pepper while the fifth group was kept without preservative. A total of 36 adult male albino rats were obtained from the animal house of the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, and acclimatized for two weeks. They were separated into the group of six (6) each and fed with a dietary intervention for 8 weeks. Group 1 (normal control) was animals administered Feed+ Water, max without preservative, Group 2 animals administered Feed+Water+Feed+Glycine max preserved with Aluminium Phosphide, Group 3 animals administered Feed+Water+Glycine max preserved with Sniper, Group 4 animals administered Feed+ Water+ Glycine max preserved with Pepper, Group 5 animals administered Feed+ Water+ Glycine max preserved with Wood-ash and Group 6 animals administered Feed+ Water+ Glycine max. The liver, kidney functions, lipid profiles and presence of C-reactive proteins were evaluated according to standard methods. The results showed statistically significance at p ≤ 0.05 with group fed Glycine max with preservative having the highest (145.383±3.300b) serum sodium concentration. There were elevated urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, and C-reactive protein concentration amongst the test groups for most of the preservatives. The study concludes that common preservatives used in the preservation of Glycine max have significant effects on serum biochemical parameters. Hence, study recommends further research to determine residual content of preservatives after grains preservation.

Strikes of the Academic Staff Union of Universities: An Avenue to Guarantee Quality Architectural and Other Education in Nigeria

Regular strikes by the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) is a problem in Nigeria. Therefore, it became very necessary to conduct a research work with the aim of overviewing the previous cases of ASUU strike, in order to generate guidelines that can guarantee quality architectural and other education in Nigeria. The research focused on desktop study as the instrument for data collection. Hence, the data were analyzed and checked with the use of contents analysis technique, so as to validate the results. The result of the analysis was accepted via normality test. Among the findings are: insufficient drawing boards in the architecture studios and failure of the government to implement its agreements with ASUU. Among the recommended guidelines are: there should be a provision for sufficient drawing boards with respected to the number of admitted architecture students in each class, in order to ensure the possibility of all the students to work at the same time in the studios during the free lectures time as an avenue by which students can learn from one another; a bill to force a particular government to honour agreements it entered with ASUU before the expiration of the time of ruling of such government must be enacted by the National Assembly in Nigeria, in order to prohibit the transfer of agreements from one administration to another; ASUU should be bound by the same bill in such a way to also prohibit ASUU from bringing the agreements it entered with the past government to any new government.

Plastic Pollution in Nigeria: The Need for Legislation to Tackle the Menace

Collection, disposal and management of plastic waste and polythene bags is a growing problem in Nigeria. The use of plastic/polythene bags made of thin plastic film has increased significantly in recent years. The manner of disposal of these items has resulted in the degradation of the natural environment. In Nigeria, lots of plastics are used on daily basis, of which most, if not all of them, are not properly disposed of. Some of these items end up in landfills, littering the environment, harming wildlife or blocking drainages, therefore, increasing the risk of flood. This paper examines the existing laws in relation to waste management in Nigeria and the inadequacies of the existing legislation in combating this phenomenon. The doctrinal method of research was used and it is recommended that there is a need for new legislation to be enacted for Nigeria to surmount the menace of plastic pollution.

Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis Cases and HIV Co-infected Patients. A Retrospective Study at a Federal Medical Centre of North Central Nigeria

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. Despite the availability of highly effective treatment for decades, Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in Nigeria due to the increasing association between HIV and TB observed over the past three decades when HIV was discovered. However, the proportion of TB and or TB/HIV co-infected patients who have successful TB treatment outcome is not well known. This study determined the treatment outcome of TB/HIV co-infected patients with HIV negative patients at Federal Medical Centre Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective study that used secondary data from Directly Observed Treatment Short (DOTS) course center (APIN Unit). 268 cases were considered and the period under review covers from January, 2019 to December, 2021. Results: Out of the total 268 TB cases reviewed, the HIV prevalence rate was 28.7 %. More than two-third (78.4%) of HIV-negative patients had successful treatment compared to 68.9% of HIV positive patients that were treated successful. Out of the 77 HIV co-infected patients, 10.4% defaulted, 14.2% had died, and 6.5% failed treatment compared to HIV-negative patients amongst whom 15.2% defaulted, 4.8% died and 1.6% failed treatment. TB/HIV co-infection was significantly associated with poor treatment outcome (AOR: 1.158; 95 % CI 0.617-2.173; p = 0.648).Conclusion: The favorable treatment outcome of HIV-negative patients is more than that of HIV-positive patients and the most probable predictable factor responsible is the CD4 count of patient; indicating that TB/HIV co-infection has remained a major public health problem in Benue state. Therefore, there is the need for sustained strengthening and expansion of the national TB/HIV programmes.

Effect of renewable energy development on sustainable development of small and medium enterprises potentials in Nigeria

The effect of renewable energy (RE) development on the sustainable development of SMEs' potential in Nigeria was empirically done to unlock the possibility of deciphering the perennial energy problem in Nigeria. The development of renewable energy (RE) resources and utilization can greatly benefit Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria by providing a reliable, sustainable and cost-effective power supply. This is especially important, as many sectors of Nigeria's economy, including SMEs, are highly dependent on the poor power supply that is currently available. Thus, this study specifically examines the effect of RE resources availability, generation, system efficiency and effectiveness, and utilization on SMEs’ sustainable development potential in Nigeria. A survey research design was adopted and a population of 73,081 SMEs across Nigeria was utilized with a sample of 398 SMEs selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. A validated questionnaire was administered to the owners/managers of the selected SMEs, information obtained from the questionnaire was collated, scrutinized, and analyzed using Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the aid of SMART PLS 4 software through the structural model. The findings revealed that RE resources availability, generation, system efficiency and effectiveness, and utilization potentials of SMEs have a positive and significant effect on the potential development of SMEs in Nigeria. The study concluded that RE resources availability, generation, system efficiency and effectiveness, and utilization have significant influence on SMEs’ sustainable development potential in Nigeria. Thus, government, private sectors, and international development partners should focus on providing more resources, knowledge, and support to enable SMEs to access, generate and effectively use renewable energy resources more efficiently.

Nigeria’s Bloated Recurrent Expenditure: Interrogating the National Assembly’s Proposed Additional Constituencies for Women

Women representative in Nigeria executive and parliament has since 1999 continuously beaten a spiral downward trend from 35/7% in 2014 to 19/6% in 2021. This has generated debates on the need for mechanisms to engender gender inclusiveness in Nigeria. Therefore, the stride of the National Assembly to proffer a modus Vivendi to this political malaise is a welcome development. However, there are already two contending debates which the National Assembly’s additional constituencies will compound in Nigeria: over bloated recurrent expenditure and National Assembly budget. This paper examines the problems and prospects of the National Assembly’s proposed additional constituencies for women in an era of bloated recurrent expenditure in Nigeria. Using the post-colonial state and women’s empowerment framework of analysis and qualitative method of research, the paper argues that rather that filling the gap of women participation in Nigeria politics, additional constituencies for women shall aggravate two already existing problems in Nigeria: bloated recurrent expenditure, National Assembly budget and two other new ones. This paper concludes that Nigeria’s First Past the Post Electoral System has never engendered inclusive participation anywhere in the world and recommend that the National Assembly should rather change the electoral system to the Proportional Representative System.

An Exploration of Father’s Influence on Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children in Kebbi State

Background: Malnutrition among preschool children is still a serious public health problem in Nigeria and other developing countries. The critical role fathers play in providing support in improving infant, young child and maternal nutrition cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, the current study seeks to explore the level of male involvement in infant and young child nutrition and its association with nutritional status. Methodology: A cross sectional study among 190 households, 5 focus group discussions, and 5 key informant interviews were conducted in Birnin Kebbi metropolis of Kebbi State in Nigeria. Anthropometric measurement, biochemical and physical evaluation were used to assess nutritional status of preschool children of the respondents. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews conducted and summarized into themes. Results: The study revealed that higher percentage of the males provided money to buy food for the children (93.6%), and only 9.8% have ever accompanied mothers to young child clinics. Conclusion: In this study, most males were involved in buying food for their children, and providing money for transport to young child clinics was associated with normal nutritional status of children less than 5 years in the study area.

Attitude, Knowledge, Perception, Behavioural, Cultural and Religious Practices Influencing Transmission of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Owena, Kajola and Baiken Communities Bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

Background: Human urogenital schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem in Nigeria, especially in three communities, Owena, Kajola and Baiken bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. Unfortunately, scientific-based facts about attitude, knowledge, perception, behavioural, cultural and religious practices influencing the transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis are grossly scanty and without which sustainable control strategies cannot be planned. The aim of the study was to identify the roles played by the aforementioned variables in the transmission of the disease with a view to fashioning out sustainable control strategies of the disease. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to collect basic information on personal biodata, perception, health history, etc from the subjects. Data obtained were analyzed using Chi-square test, Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis. Results: Summary of significant associations between knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics of the three communities combined showed the following: gender status (p&lt;0.000), distribution of latrine facilities in the communities (p&lt;0.000), ignorance of how urogenital schistosomiasis is transmitted (p&lt;0.002), self-medication urogenital schistosomiasis treatment (p&lt;0.000), frequency of visits to the reservoir (p&lt;0.001) (see Table I). Further results of this study revealed that participants’ perception, behavioural, cultural, religious practices were not significantly associated with the danger of urogenital schistosomiasis (p&lt;0.110), snails seen around reservoir (p&lt;0.259), reservoir ever visited before (p&lt;0.24), household having toilet facilities (p&lt;0.32), blood passed in urine (p&lt;0.86), treatment ever received for urogenital schistosomiasis infection (p&lt;0.86) (see Table III). Conclusion: The overall findings of this twenty-four-month (August 2013 – July 2015) study showed that people orientations such as attitude, knowledge, perception, behavioural, cultural, religious practices about the causal factors, transmission cycles, negative impacts of urogenital schistosomiasis are grossly scanty and these could pose a threat to sound intervention strategies of the control of the disease. Control strategies should involve mass sensitization focused on health education, and on transmission to emphasise the role commonly played by water contact activities. Frequency of occurrence of snails’ host and urination habits should be looked into, as well. Enlightening teachers, parents to control the water contact behaviour of their wards especially the age group 5-15 years which accounts for 52% of total index of exposure. Adequate provision of modern alternative sources of water supply (e.g. pipe-borne water) with a view to reducing the population index of exposure, should be encouraged.

The Ethics of Care for “Others”: A Template for Addressing Security Problems in Nigeria

Generally, insecurity in Nigeria is no longer news. This insecurity finds expression socially, politically, economically and physically. This paper, however, focuses on the threat to life and property that has become recurrent in recent times; especially earmarked by the recent cases of kidnapping, robbery, terrorism and genocide. Using the analytic and expository methods, findings show that an economic distributive injustice is a major factor contributing to the high rate of poverty and insecurity in the country today. The consciousness that everyone ought to fend for himself has left the vulnerable, the weak and the natural environment abandoned for decades. The result is what we are witnessing today– banditry, kidnapping for ransom, etc. However, the situation inadvertently reveals our interconnectedness in the society. The paper argues that the existential ethics of acknowledging and appreciating our interconnectedness with the ‘other ’is a moral sensitivity that can engender care for others, and reduce security challenges in Nigeria.

Exploring the Role of Social Support in Mitigating Domestic Violence in Old-Age Marriages in Nigeria

Domestic violence is a pervasive problem in Nigeria, affecting individuals of all ages and backgrounds. However, research has shown that older adults may be particularly vulnerable to abuse, as they are often socially isolated and dependent on their partners for care and support. In this context, social support has been identified as a potential protective factor against domestic violence. This paper explores the role of social support in mitigating domestic violence in old age marriages in Nigeria. Drawing on a review of existing literature, the paper examines the various forms of social support that are available to older adults, including emotional, instrumental, and informational support. It also considers the ways in which social support can be mobilized to prevent and respond to domestic violence, such as through community-based interventions and support groups for survivors. The paper highlights several key findings. First, it notes that social support is a critical resource for older adults in preventing and coping with domestic violence. Second, it emphasizes the need for more research on the specific types of social support that are most effective in preventing and mitigating abuse in old age marriages. Third, it highlights the importance of community-based interventions that prioritize social support and address the unique needs of older adults. Overall, this paper underscores the critical role that social support can play in mitigating domestic violence in old age marriages in Nigeria. It suggests that greater attention should be paid to developing and implementing interventions that promote social support and address the unique needs of older adults in the context of domestic violence.

Malaria eradication in Nigeria: State of the nation and priorities for action

This paper discusses the National Malaria Strategic Plan (NMSP), the Nigeria End Malaria Council (NEMC), and the National Malaria Elimination Program (NMEP) in Nigeria and their relationship towards achieving the NMSP goal of eradicating malaria by 2025. Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Despite implementing the NMSP in times past, the country still has sub-Saharan Africa's highest malaria mortality rate. The NMSP 2021–2025 aims to reduce malaria deaths to less than 50 per 1000 births and achieve a parasite prevalence of less than 10% by 2025. The NEMC was established in 2022 to support the NMEP in achieving the malaria eradication goal by 2030. The paper also identifies challenges to malaria elimination, such as poor accessibility to antimalarials, socio-cultural and behavioral approaches by community members, and data collection by community health workers, nurses, and doctors. The paper suggests a multidisciplinary approach involving social and behavioral scientists to incorporate community members' belief systems into account and encourages data collection and supervisory visits to ensure quality data. The sustainability of interventions and follow-up on interventions and progress reports is also highlighted as a barrier to be overcome. The paper concludes that the successful implementation of the NMSP by the NMEP will require the commitment of the NEMC, relevant stakeholders and a coordinated effort toward eliminating malaria as a public health problem in Nigeria.

Education as a Tool for Women Empowerment in Zaynab Alkali and Abubakar Gimba’s Selected Novels

The dominance of patriarchy as a cultural mainstay of the people and Islam as a religious philosophy and practice in northern Nigeria did not prioritise the education of the girl child until recently. The result of these is the diminished contribution of the woman to the welfare of northern Nigerian. This paper examines the plight of northern Nigerian woman and how education as a tool brings social development, empowers the woman to be an agent of change. The feminist critical approach to literature and Marxist literary theory are used as a tool for the textual assessment of Zaynab Alkali’s The Descendants and Abubakar Gimba’s Sacred Apples in this paper. Besides, many females do not have access to education in their community; this lack of access to educate the woman is the result of cultural, religious and economic factors. Furthermore, the paper reveals the importance of education to the woman, since no society progresses by the efforts of a segment of its population. The paper concludes that the emancipator power of education is a tool for social liberation, self-actualisation and development for the individual in particular and the society in general. It is the most important tool in addressing women problem in Nigeria, especially in the northern part.

REMOTE SURVEILLANCE: A MEANS OF INTELLIGENCE GATHERING FOR MINIMIZING SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA

Nowadays, national security issues are increasing day by day in most countries. A multitude of measures to reduce the challenges have been presented and even implemented by many authors, but without exhaustive results. The use of computers and sophisticated IT tools by the terrorist group, increasing number of citizens, lack of social amenities and other factors have made some of them inadequate enough to control the problems in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to highlight national security challenges in Nigeria and how security oversight is operated. To achieve this, the authors analyze available secondary data, investigating national security modus operandi and presenting the general concept of surveillance. Related works were also investigated for discussion. Remote surveillance, wiretapping, geospatial intelligence and a consolidated national database are proposed to achieve digital intelligence collection for insecurity management.

Comparison of Public Mental Health in Nigeria During the Pandemic and the New Normal

Public mental health in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic and the “new normal” that followed after the pandemic. We will analyze the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of the Nigerian people and how society has responded. In addition, we will also evaluate policies that have been implemented by the government and health institutions to address mental health problems caused by the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread anxiety and depression around the world, including in Nigeria. Some of the factors causing mental health problems in Nigeria during the pandemic include social isolation, economic uncertainty and fear of infection. However, after the pandemic, there have been some changes in Nigerian society that have made the mental health situation better compared to the pandemic, such as better access to mental health services, and stronger social support. Meanwhile, the Nigerian government has issued policies aimed at addressing mental health problems resulting from the pandemic, such as free counseling services and mental health support programs. However, there are still several obstacles that impede the effectiveness of this policy, such as a lack of adequate medical personnel, lack of access to mental health services in rural areas, and lack of financial support from the government. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected the mental health of the Nigerian people. However, with the positive changes in society and the policies implemented by the government, it is hoped that the current mental health situation in Nigeria will be better than during the pandemic. However, there is still a need for stronger efforts from the government and health institutions to tackle mental health problems in Nigeria.