Research Problem Research Articles

The Qualities of a Righteous Wife in Islamic Law

This research presents an in-depth study on the qualities of a righteous wife in Islamic jurisprudence, which are considered important foundations for ensuring family stability and happiness, and strengthening the bonds between spouses. The research problem was identified in the extent of the importance of the wife's commitment to these qualities according to Islamic law to achieve marital happiness. The research aims to identify and clarify the qualities that a righteous wife should possess, such as obedience in what is known, keeping money and secrets, good morals and manners, and the skill of raising children. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach by reviewing the legal texts in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet, and analyzing the opinions of jurists from the four schools of thought to highlight the importance of these qualities. The results showed that the aforementioned qualities play a fundamental role in achieving psychological and social security within the family, and contribute to building a relationship based on mutual respect and trust, and are also a major factor in preparing a cohesive generation that carries Islamic values. The research concluded that the qualities of a good wife according to Islamic jurisprudence are not merely moral qualities, but are necessary criteria for establishing a stable marital life and a cohesive society. Thus, the importance of enhancing these qualities in wives to achieve the objectives of marriage in Islam of affection, mercy, and stability is highlighted.

Functional Requirements in Designing Children’s Toy Stores

Objectives: This study aimed at revealing the functional requirements for designing the interior spaces of children’s toy stores. The research problem can be formulated with the following question: What are the design requirements to take into account when designing children’s toy stores from a functional standpoint? Methodology: The researcher used the descriptive method in analyzing the description and analysis of the research models, as the aforementioned method is characterized by optimal mechanisms to achieve the research objectives, relying thus on collecting information and data related to the research, as the research was determined by studying two samples that were chosen intentionally in the city of Baghdad for both sides of the river (Al-Karkh and Rusafa provinces) for the period limited to 2020-2023. Results: The study showed that the absence of modern and innovative display techniques made children’s toy stores lose their ability to keep pace with the development and technological progress of the era in making the act of shopping successful and looking at what is on display to promote it and saving space. Conclusion: The study concluded that non-employment of modern display techniques does not give shoppers the opportunity to be informed of the largest possible amount of what is on offer and learn more details about it in an interactive manner via (visual display devices) in order to market it without the need to display it inside the space and to save space).

Global perspectives on environmental policy innovations: Driving green tourism and consumer behavior in circular economy.

The tourism industry plays a pivotal role in both economic growth and environmental stewardship, making it essential to adopt practices that ensure long-term sustainability. This research aims at relating to the global concern of sustainable management in the tourism industry which is significant in eradicating the effects of environmental degradation as well as promoting economic development. The research problem focuses on exploring sustainable solutions for encouraging green tourism and implementing circular economy concepts. To address this, this study uses the Pythagorean Fuzzy Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (PF-SWARA) and Pythagorean Fuzzy Complex Proportional Assessment (PF-COPRAS) method to assess and rank the appropriate factors and strategies. From literature research and a consultation with the expert's panel, six factors and twenty-four significant factors have been uncovered. The PF-SWARA outcomes reveal that the most important factors are sustainable resource use (A2), ecosystem restoration (A4), and environmental regulations (A5), signifying that they play a critical role in the attainment of environmental sustainability. Subsequently, the PF-COPRAS analysis was conducted for seven strategic solutions to determine the most important strategy for furthering green tourism. Technological innovations promotion (S3) is the most crucial strategic approach for implementing circular economy concept in the tourism industry. While sustainable infrastructures (S5) and promoting green financing and investments (S2) are next key solutions for sustainable development of the tourism sector. The findings help policymakers and industry players to promote sustainable tourism in changing socio-environmental conditions.

فعالية التسويق عبر المؤثرين ومستوي العلاقة مع الجمهور في مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي بحث ميداني

The research problem focuses on examining the relationship between the effectiveness of influencer marketing and the level of audience engagement on social media. It addresses the observed variation in the impact of influencer marketing campaigns and their ability to establish sustainable relationships with the target audience. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of influencer marketing in building connections with the target audience, identify factors influencing purchasing decisions for advertised products, and explore the nature of audience interaction with content presented by influencers. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed, utilizing an electronic questionnaire to collect data from a stratified random sample of 100 social media users in Iraq, aged 18–45. Key findings include: The age group 20–30 years constituted the largest proportion of users at 42%. Instagram emerged as the most used platform (38.1%), followed by TikTok (30%). Entertainment and leisure were identified as the primary motives for following influencers, with a mean score of 3.86. 86% of participants reported making purchases based on influencer recommendations, with 62.7% describing their experiences as positive. Analysis revealed a strong correlation between trust levels and repeat purchases, with independent variables explaining 48.2% of the variance in purchasing behavior. Credibility and honesty were highlighted as the most important audience expectations (38.8%). The study recommends enhancing credibility and transparency in influencer marketing, developing balanced content that combines entertainment with useful information, and establishing mechanisms to document user experiences and measure satisfaction with advertised products.

Pharmacotherapy of Psychological Disorders Using Psychedelic Drugs: A Treatise for Psychiatrists

: Psychedelics are currently being examined once more as potential remedies for untreatable biological illnesses after decades of research problems. They are frequently regarded to be physically safe and do not frequently lead to dependency or addiction. The use of psychedelic substances in the treatment of mental illness and the adoption of the Substance Act of 1970 has classified psychedelic drugs as Schedule I. The major objective of this review is to highlight the prospective use of specific psychedelic medicines, such as psilocybin, LSD, MDMA, and ayahuasca, in the treatment of various psychiatric conditions, such as treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic traumatic stress, end-of-life anxiety, and substance misuse disorders. As documented from both animal and human studies, in addition, there will be a study of the effectiveness and safety. The body of research suggests that psychedelics may one day offer revolutionary treatments for mental diseases, contrary to conventional therapy. However, given their distinctive histories and a high potential for abuse with widespread distribution, more care and effort must be given to protect their use as efficient medical treatments instead of drugs of abuse.

Global Aging Workforce: A Micro-Meso-Macro Approach

ABSTRACT By 2050, one in six people worldwide and one in four in developed countries will be over the age of 65. This demographic shift poses critical challenges to workforce sustainability and economic development. This paper addresses the research problem of how aging populations impact the employability and labor force participation of the globally senior workforce. The study aims to systematically explore these challenges and opportunities through the lens of the micro – meso – macro framework. Many existing studies focus only on a single level of analysis, often neglecting the interconnected dynamics of individual, organizational, and societal factors, which overlook the holistic nature of the aging workforce issue. Utilizing a comprehensive review methodology, the research examines individual-level attributes, organizational dynamics, and societal factors that shape the labor market experiences of senior employees. Key findings reveal that age-related stereotypes, limited access to upskilling opportunities, and inadequate organizational policies significantly hinder the employability of senior workers. At the macro level, global economic trends and technological disruptions further exacerbate these challenges. The study also identifies untapped opportunities for leveraging the expertise of senior workers through targeted interventions at all three levels. This paper provides actionable recommendations to address labor shortages and offers a foundation for future research on workforce dynamics in aging societies. An illustrative framework and propositions are presented to support the practical application of the findings.

Visual Branding Design of “Jamu Sehatin” To Introduce Indonesian Herbal Medicine

Jamu Sehatin is a traditional drink packaged in a modern way that helps maintain public health. The research problem in this study is how to conceptualize and visualize the visual branding design of Jamu Sehatin along with its supporting media as promotional tools to introduce jamu to the public. This study aims to create visual branding for Jamu Sehatin to promote traditional medicine. The study emphasizes that a simple yet premium packaging design can significantly enhance the perception of Jamu Sehatin, allowing it to stand out in the market and resonate with younger generations who are less familiar with traditional herbal remedies. Through thoughtful and creative branding, Jamu Sehatin aims to bridge the gap between tradition and modernity, making herbal medicine more accessible and appealing to the public.

An Assessment of Multi-dimensional Factors Influencing Patronage of E-Commerce Channels in Beijing, China: Inputs for Loyalty Program

Cognizant of the growing Chinese e-commerce as one of the fundamental elements of the modern world because of technological advancements, this empirical study investigated e-businesses that utilize a variety of digital channels, such as social media, websites, and specialized applications, to market their products. Through a quantitative-descriptive research method, this study assessed the factors influencing e-commerce patronage, including product type, product quality, pricing competitiveness, user experience, and information security. The respondents were 300 customers of Tiktok, TaoBao, and JingDong in Beijing, China, chosen through quota sampling, who completed a survey questionnaire as the primary instrument for gathering data to answer research problems and test the hypothesis. The results revealed that user experience is highly influential in e-commerce patronage. The impact of these elements on patronage may vary depending on user preferences, platform design, and the overall shopping journey. The availability of a wide range of products on e-commerce platforms attracts customers looking for diverse options, influencing their patronage decisions. Competitive pricing strategies, including discounts, promotions, and price comparisons, significantly influence customers' choice of e-commerce channels. Trustworthiness and security of payment methods, data protection, and overall transaction security play a crucial role in attracting and retaining customers. The factors influencing e-commerce patronage are not significantly affected by demographic characteristics such as age, sex, educational attainment, and income.

Methods of Activating Cash Endowment and Their Expected Impact on Social Groups in Libya

Endowment has a high status in Islam because of its importance in the life of Islamic societies due to the great services it provides in various fields. It enjoys flexibility in provisions, which enables it to keep pace with new developments, especially with the contemporary application of monetary products according to the needs of social groups. Hence the problem of research is rested in revealing the stagnation and decline that the waqf is witnessing in the Libyan environment. Another problem is to determine how much social groups of Libya need the activation of cash waqf, like the experiences of other countries of the Islamic world that have adopted the cash waqf in their institutions. The research follows the inductive approach for extrapolating the provisions and objectives of endowment, opinions of jurists regarding its issues, and contemporary methods of its application. It also uses the descriptive analytical method to collect and analyze opinions, identify the shortcomings and deficiencies, and provide appropriate solutions to them in accordance with the jurisprudential origins. The research concludes that the cash endowment is permissible, and that the Libyan environment is in need of the activation of cash endowment to address its stagnation, the weakness of its revenues, and the disruption and destruction of some of its properties. The research also suggests activating cash products that meet the needs of social groups and enable the renewal of Libyan endowments and thereof, transferring them from the dependence on the government’s expenses to the reliance on their own revenues and products.

Analisis Dampak Kurangnya Faktor Komunikasi terhadap Terjadinya Temuan Berulang pada Inspektorat Daerah XYZ

The occurrence of recurring findings indicates that the audit conducted by the Inspectorate in the previous period did not produce results. Quality audit results can encourage Auditee to improve their weaknesses. There are several factors that cause repeated findings and one of them is from communication factor. This study aims to reveal how communication factors can cause repeated findings in the Inspectorate XYZ. This study uses communication theory to answer the research problem. This study uses several instruments to collect data which are survey, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study is thematic analysis. The results of the study indicate that there is a weakness that result in recurring findings in the Inspectorate XYZ, which is in the follow-up monitoring process. The implications of this study is a useful information for the Inspectorate and the Local Government to take preventive actions that can prevent the occurrence of recurring findings from year to year. Thus, it will enhance the audits quality and provide benefits to the Local government. Keywords: Regional Inspectorate; Repeated Findngs; Communication; Communication Theory

Payment of an Additional Amount on a Loan by a Third Party: Its Ruling and Contemporary Applications in Financing Services

The research strives to answer the questions: is it permissible for a third party to bear the increase on a loan in financing services; is the increase a forbidden usurious interest? The research clarifies the concept of increasing on a loan by a third party, the concept of usury, its types, and the reason for its prohibition. Then it touches on the opinions of scholars regarding the ruling on bearing the increase on a loan by a third party. It also touches on contemporary applications of increase on a loan by a third party in financing services, such as financing educational, medical, and tourism services. The research problem lies in the fact that many researches that deal with the subject of increase on a loan by a third party treat it as a loan, and apply the provisions of the loan to it, though it is not a pure loan, but rather a composite contract of several contracts mixed to form a new contract with its own characteristics and advantages. The research relies on the inductive approach to trace the opinions of scholars and uses the descriptive analytical approach to study and analyze those opinions, in order to arrive at the most correct opinion. One of the most important findings of the research is that what the financial intermediary obtains is not a usurious increase, but rather a permissible profit in exchange for entering a sale, lease, or brokerage contract with the supplier of goods or services. And in the event that what the financial intermediary obtains is considered to be an increase in exchange for a loan, the research suggests that this increase is permissible and not considered a usurious interest, because the one who bears this increase is a third party.

මුරගල: සංඥා නිරූපණය පිළිබඳ විමර්ශනාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක්

Arhat Mihidu and Sanghamitta Maharhat Theraniya came to Sri Lanka and created artworks.Sadakadapahana, Koravakgala, Muragala, architecture etc. are created. Just like patterns and animal figures were used to decorate Sadakadapahana, the Muragala is also decorated with animal figures. Decorative patterns and animals are used in these designs to convey an idea in symbolic form. The watchtower has several symbols and decorations. Among them, one can see Punkalasa, Dishapalaka figures, dwarf figures, lotus flowers, branches and leaves of trees, lion, cow, horse, elephant, dragon pantheon etc. The aim of the research is to find out what idea the creator has symbolized with these symbols. Research has taken it as a basis that the watchtower's decorations and symbolic images give instructions for success in worldly and transcendental life. The observational study method was specially used to collect the information. Also, primary source study and secondary source study were used. The descriptive analysis method, qualitative and meaningful analysis method were used to investigate the information. The research problem became whether the decoration and symbols of the watchtower conveyed an important idea. To inquire. The designer has presented Buddhist concepts with the decorations used on the watchtower. In addition to this, it was revealed that the watchtower was created for the purpose of protection, luck, blessing and welcoming guests.

The Quantum Information Science Challenge for Chemistry.

We discuss the goals and the need for quantum information science (QIS) in chemistry. It is important to identify concretely how QIS matters to chemistry, and we articulate some of the most pressing and interesting research questions at the interface between chemistry and QIS, that is, "chemistry-centric" research questions relevant to QIS. We propose in what ways and in what new directions the field should innovate, in particular where a chemical perspective is essential. Examples of recent research in chemistry that inspire scrutiny from a QIS perspective are provided, and we conclude with a wish list of open research problems.

Comparative Study on Customer Experience in Digital Banking and Physical Banking in Sri Lanka: A Special Reference to Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

With the increasing adoption of digital banking in Sri Lanka, the convenience and accessibility of online platforms have transformed how customers manage their financial activities. However, customer experiences across digital banking channels may vary considerably from those in traditional, physical bank branches. This study aims to explore the customer experience within Sri Lankan commercial banks, focusing on both digital and physical banking channels. The key research problem involves understanding customer performances and expectations while evaluating the effectiveness of these banking channels. This research seeks to provide actionable insights for the improvement of service delivery. The study specifically investigates customer experiences in terms of perceived ease of use, efficiency, control, and security, while considering the consistency of service quality and the emotional responses of the customers. The primary objectives are to compare the customer experience in digital verses physical banking channels, and to assess the influence of demographic factors, such as age, gender, income, marital status, province, and employment sector, on the choice of banking channels. A comparative quantitative analysis was conducted, utilizing demographic factors and customer variables drawn from existing literature. Two models were developed to analyse customer preferences: one for digital banking and one for physical branch banking, with outcomes categorized as ‘indifferent’, ‘prefer digital’, or ‘prefer both’. The hypotheses were tested using probit regression analysis. The findings revealed that level of education significantly affects the performance for digital banking, with perceived control and security being critical factors influencing digital banking experiences. For physical bank branches, customer age, education level, and income were found to be significant predictors of preference. Based on the analysis, this study provides policy recommendations aimed at enhancing customer experience and satisfaction in Sri Lanka commercial banks by aligning service delivery with customer expectations across both banking platforms.

Fabrication of Hypoxia-Mimicking Supramolecular Hydrogels for Cartilage Repair.

Despite advancements in chronic arthritis treatment, there remains a significant demand for advanced nanotechnologies capable of efficiently delivering a wide range of therapeutic agents to provide symptomatic relief and facilitate the healing of inflamed cartilage tissue. Considering the significant impact of hypoxia on the development and maintenance of chondral tissue, replicating its effects on stem cells could be a potential approach for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Cobalt is a prominent hypoxia-inducing agent, owing to its ability to activate the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway regardless of cellular oxygen levels. The intra-articular (IA) injection of dexamethasone (Dex) is often used to alleviate inflammation and pain associated with OA. Nevertheless, several obstacles impede the drug's efficacy, including its short duration of action and rapid elimination from the joint space. Considering these research problems, the study brings an advanced strategy for the development of a three-dimensional (3D) bioprintable hypoxia-mimicking supramolecular hydrogel (HMSG) through the self-assembly of Dex-loaded poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) guest polymers with acryloyl β-cyclodextrin (AβCD) host monomers, in combination with cobalt nanowires (Co NWs). Through the process of photo-cross-linking, HMSG can generate multivalent host-guest nanoclusters, making it an excellent candidate for 3D bioprinting, showcasing remarkable mechanical properties. By effectively delivering Dex and Co2+ in a sustained manner, the HMSG affords a suitable microenvironment for the encapsulated umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs), thereby promoting the synthesis of matrix components and decreasing the release of catabolic factors. Moreover, the HMSG ameliorates OA severity by increasing the M2 macrophage polarization, which can ultimately contribute to immunomodulatory effects. In conclusion, the results propose potential approaches for utilizing HMSG as efficient carriers to transport various therapeutic molecules to the injury site, thereby assimilating into nearby tissues and promoting successful tissue repair without the need for external growth factors.

La escritura borrada de las mujeres. Itinerarios lectores inclusivos y (re)construcción del canon poético / The erased writing of women. Inclusive reading itineraries and (re)construction of the poetic canon

This article deals with the way in which patriarchal structures have silenced women's poetic discourse in spanish’s 20th century, perpetuating the secular models of tradition. The theoretical starting point shows how the literary canon has been constructed on the basis of history and the dominant ideology in order to promote its dissemination through the school canon reproduced in the didactic materials used in literary education. Once the research problem has been defined, the new situation is addressed as a result of the legal implementation of the LOMLOE in Andalucía, suggesting strategies to create original, relevant and innovative reading itineraries in order to work on the reality of 20th century poetry in a meaningful way, also favouring education in values such as respect for gender equality. The aim is to integrate into the baccalaureate curriculum significant female authors who, despite their quality and value, have been overshadowed even though they should legitimately be included in order to compose a valid textual corpus that responds to the truth of the historical-literary, seeking exclusively to improve the training of readers.

Upper quantile-based CUSUM-type control chart for detecting small changes in image data

Image monitoring is an important research problem that has wide applications in various fields, including manufacturing industries, satellite imaging, medical diagnostics, and so forth. Traditional image monitoring control charts perform rather poorly when the changes occur at very small regions of the image, and when the changes of image intensity values are small in those regions. Their performances get worse if the images contain noise, and the changes occur near the edges of image objects. In applications such as manufacturing industries, the changes in the images are often too small to be detected by human eyes. In this article, we propose a CUSUM-type control chart for online monitoring of grayscale images. Depending on what kind of changes we wish to detect, big or small, we propose to use a certain upper quantile of the local CUSUM statistics. We incorporate a state-of-the-art jump preserving image smoothing technique in the proposed chart that ensures good performance even in presence of low to moderate noise. Theoretical justifications, and superior performance in numerical comparisons ensure that the proposed control chart can be useful to many researchers and practitioners.

SQUARE-IT: a proposed approach to square the identified research problem in the literature with the objectives, the appropriate clinical research question, and the research hypothesis

The purpose of this article is to design and introduce the SQUARE-IT approach to help scientists and clinicians in research to align important research problems with the objectives, the appropriate clinical research questions to be answered, and the research hypotheses to be investigated in medical and therapeutic specialties. Research ideas can be generated primarily through simple methods such as brainstorming and mind mapping. However, transforming ideas into a valid research question is not as easy as it may seem, as the mere presence of an idea does not guarantee that the researcher has already uncovered existing knowledge on a particular topic or identified the actual research problem. Therefore, the SQUARE-IT items are developed, described, and critically discussed with reference to the scientific literature. They ask whether the identified research problem is ‘Specific’, ‘Quantifiable’, ‘Usable’, ‘Accurate’, ‘Restricted’, ‘Eligible’, ‘Investigable’, and ‘Timely’. Before formulating the focused clinical question, SQUARE-IT can be used as a preparatory step to enable researchers to organize the relevant information that has been explored to date and to assess whether additional information is needed, thereby identifying current research gaps. In addition, it should facilitate the effectiveness and efficiency of evidence-based practice to ensure high quality patient care. Using SQUARE-IT as a framework, further elaboration of the approach and addition of other aspects are warranted to advance the discussion and improve methods of evidence-based practice in medical and therapeutic specialties for quality improvement of patient care.

Histone Modifications and DNA Methylation in Psoriasis: A Cellular Perspective.

In recent years, epigenetic modifications have attracted significant attention due to their unique regulatory mechanisms and profound biological implications. Acting as a bridge between environmental stimuli and changes in gene activity, they reshape gene expression patterns, providing organisms with regulatory mechanisms to respond to environmental changes. A growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic regulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of psoriasis. A deeper understanding of these epigenetic mechanisms not only helps unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of psoriasis but may also provide new insights into diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Given the unique roles and significant contributions of various cell types involved in the process of psoriasis, a thorough analysis of specific epigenetic patterns in different cell types becomes a key entry point for elucidating the mechanisms of disease development. Although epigenetic modifications encompass multiple complex layers, this review will focus on histone modifications and DNA methylation, describinghow they function in different cell types and subsequently impact the pathophysiological processes of psoriasis. Finally, we will summarize the current problems in research concerning histone modifications and DNA methylation in psoriasis and discussthe clinical application prospects and challenges of targeting epigenetic modifications as therapeutic strategies for psoriasis.

Legal Trends in the Analysis of Air Cooperation Contracts

Since it impacts airlines' capacity to sustain their capacities in the aircraft sector market, air cooperation and its different processes are regarded as significant issues at the level of air transport firms. Furthermore, the legal aspect of these alliances is given a lot of attention due to the various legal interferences of the countries whose airlines are part of the alliance. This adds a legal complexity to the contracts that are concluded, especially since these alliances deal with companies that are nationals of different countries. These international commercial contracts are unique in two ways: first, they are connected to the transportation sector market and the significant changes that always take place in it because of their relationship with governments and international agreements; second, they are connected to businesses that have strong economic capabilities that set them apart from others. Importance of the research: The research's significance lies in creating a concept for these air alliances for the Iraqi transport industry, determining how closely they relate to the financial aspects of transport companies, examining the key mechanisms used in this collaboration, and thoroughly identifying the most significant of these alliances. Research Problem: The lack of organizational plans and internal instructions for the transportation sector and Iraqi Airways to reach organizational mechanisms that would contribute to their entry into these air cooperations.