Problem-focused Strategies Research Articles

Causal Model Analysis of the Effect of Formalism, Fear of Infection, COVID-19 Stress on Firefighters' Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome and Insomnia.

As the front line of epidemic prevention, firefighters are responsible for the transportation of infected cases. Firefighters are under a lot of stress from the new COVID-19, especially the fear that they may contract the virus at work and spread the virus to their families. In particular, the framework of this study incorporates Riggs' formalism variables. When firefighters think that the epidemic prevention regulations are inconsistent with the actual epidemic prevention, it will increase their work pressure on COVID-19. In this study, firefighters from all over Taiwan were used as the respondents, and a total of 453 respondents were obtained. This study uses confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to test the established hypotheses. The findings confirm that formalism, fear of self and family infection are positively influencing COVID-19 stress. COVID-19 stress positively affects PTSD and insomnia. COVID-19 stress negatively affects problem-focused strategies. Problem-focused strategies negatively affect post-traumatic stress disorder.

War trauma and strategies for coping with stress among Ukrainian refugees staying in Poland

ObjectivesThe Russian military aggression against Ukraine resulted in a humanitarian crisis. There was a mass exodus of war refugees. More than 17 million people have left Ukraine since the war broke out. The refugees who came to Poland and other countries have experienced war trauma. The study aims to assess mental health of Ukrainian war refugees in Poland. Population and methodsAt the time of the study, that is, in April and May 2022, between 1,5 million and 2 million Ukrainian refugees were staying in Poland. They were mainly young women with their children. The CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) technique was used in the study. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling. The invitation to take part in the survey was posted on social media for Ukrainians in Poland, and also sent to the participants of a Polish as a Foreign Language course. The study utilizes the RHS-15 and a nominal scale measuring the strategies for coping with stress. ResultsThe research sample consists of 737 respondents. The results of the screening tests indicate that depression, anxiety disorders and PTSD may be observed among 73% of respondents, whereas 66% of the respondents display psychological distress. The analyses have shown that higher levels of mental health disorders were observed among women and refugees who do not speak Polish. Younger respondents experienced a higher psychological distress. The results of the study also indicate that the refugees more often implemented problem-focused strategies. The analysis has shown that the respondents who followed active strategies scored the lowest on RHS-15. The emotion-focused strategies, such as praying, diverting attention by becoming involved in different activities or taking sedatives were not effective. The highest levels of disorders were present among the refugees who indicated resignation. ConclusionsThe collected observations indicate that the main problem which might hinder their adaptation could be mental health issues, which in turn impact the general deterioration of health and the quality of life.

POVEZANOST STRATEGIJA PREVLADAVANJA STRESA SA PSIHOLOŠKIM BLAGOSTANJEM U KASNOJ ADOLESCENCIJI

The goal of this research was to examine possible connections between coping strategies and dimensions of psychological well-being in the period of adolescence. In transactional stress theories, coping is defined as all effort that a person undertakes to cope with the external and internal demands of a stressful situation. This research used the Endler and Parker classification of coping strategies: problem-focused, emotionfocused coping strategies, and avoidance. The dimensions of psychological well-being were included from the Carol Ryff model: autonomy, self-acceptance, purpose in life, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, and personal development. The sample of the research consisted of 216 participants, aged from 18 to 25 years, with the average age being 21.73 years. Most participants were female, 81.40%. The results of the canonical correlation analysis point to a positive relationship between problem-focused coping and all dimensions of well-being, as well as a negative relationship between emotion-focused coping and all dimensions. Avoidance was positively connected with positive relationships with others. These analyses suggest that experiences in which adolescents successfully face controllable developmental stressors via problem-focused coping are essential for a healthy sense of well-being. Adolescents build key developmental capacities such as positive relations with others, autonomy, feelings of meaning, and purpose exactly through facing problems and mastering new capabilities and experiences. Excessive use of emotion-focused coping may bring short-term relief, but at the price of long-term well-being and maturity. One area of possible interventions is preventive adviser work with young people for them to develop optimal problem-focused strategies, such as situation analysis, searching for possible alternatives, careful preparation of actions, etc. Keywords: coping strategies, psychological well-being, adolescence, developmental crises

Gender differences in GPs’ strategies for coping with the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic in Catalonia: A cross-sectional study

Background The Covid-19 pandemic has increased stress levels in GPs, who have resorted to different coping strategies to deal with this crisis. Gender differences in coping styles may be contributing factors in the development of psychological distress. Objectives To identify differences by gender and by stress level in coping strategies of GPs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional, web-based survey conducted with GPs in Catalonia (Spain), in June–July 2021. via the institution’s email distribution list, all GPs members of the Catalan Society of Family and Community Medicine were invited to complete a survey assessing sociodemographic, health and work-related characteristics, experienced stress (Stress scale of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-DASS 21) and the frequency of use of a range of coping strategies (Brief-COPE) classified as problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidant strategies, some of which are adaptive and others maladaptive. We compared the scores of each strategy by gender and stress level using Student’s t-test. Results Of 4739 members, 522 GPs participated in the study (response rate 11%; 79.1% women; mean age = 46.9 years, SD = 10.5). Of these, 41.9% reported moderate-severe stress levels. The most common coping strategies were acceptance, active coping, planning, positive reframing and venting. More frequently than men, women resorted to emotional and instrumental support, venting, distraction and self-blame, whereas men used acceptance and humour more commonly than women. Moderate-severe stress levels were associated with non-adaptive coping, with increased use of avoidance strategies, self-blame, religion and venting, and decreased use of positive reframing and acceptance. Conclusion The most common coping strategies were adaptive and differed by gender. However, highly stressful situations caused maladaptive strategies to emerge.

Analysis of Strategies for Managing Stress by Polish Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is having a negative impact on the mental health of nurses around the world. The aim of the study was to assess the sense of fear and the degree of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection and to estimate the influence of various factors on the fear of SARS-CoV-2. We analysed methods and strategies for coping with stress used by Polish nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study was conducted using a diagnostic survey, which included a self-constructed questionnaire and a standardized psychological questionnaire: Brief-Cope. Results: A total of 361 nurses confirmed their participation in the study. Most of the nurses were ages 31 to 50 (48.2%), lived in a city (83.7%), and had a master’s degree in nursing (45.7%). Nurses ≥ 51 years of age, with ≥ 21 years of work experience and with secondary education in nursing and master of nursing were more likely than other nurses to agree with the statement, I am afraid of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 (appropriately p = 0.009, p = 0.007, p = 0.014). During the outbreak of COVID-19, nurses most often took action to improve the situation, reflecting on and planning what to do. The most frequent means of coping with stress by Polish nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak were problem-focused strategies. The least frequent strategy was the use of substances (taking substances to alleviate unpleasant emotions), considered to be the least effective, but useful in some situations. Conclusions: Most nurses were afraid of being infected with COVID-19. The most frequently used strategies for coping with stress by Polish nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic were problem-focused strategies. Nurses should receive psychological support and assistance from the employer in improving their working conditions.

Beating Around the Bush – Swedish Schoolgirls’ Coping Strategies and Impact Processes of Sexual Harassment

The aim of this study is to contribute knowledge about Swedish school girls’ perspectives of sexual harassment and their relations to peers when exposed to violence in terms of sexual harassment, both online and offline. The empirical data was collected through pair interviews where 28 girls participated. The theoretical framework was based on coping strategies that people use when facing stressful situations. The transcribed empirical data was read and interpreted based on what appeared to be important and decisive related to the theoretical framework. The found strategies are divided into three main categories, namely, problem-focused behavioural strategies, emotion-focused cognitive strategies, and emotion-focused behavioural strategies. The results show that the girls use different strategies depending on if the harassment occurs online or offline and if the perpetrator is known or unknown. Problem-focused cognitive strategies are used due to the specific context. Emotion-focused cognitive strategies are foremost used if the perpetrator is a known friend.

The relationship between mental health and perceived social support with the post traumatic growth model through the mediating role of coping strategies in COVID-19 recovered patients

Background and aims: Post-traumatic growth refers to the positive psychological changes experienced after an incident. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is seen as a traumatic incident that impacts many aspects of a person's life. The present study aimed to investigate the association between perceived social support and mental health with the post-traumatic growth model through the mediating role of coping strategies in COVID-19 recovered patients. Methods: This study was conducted using a path analysis method from the correlation matrix. The research population included all COVID-19 recovered patients in Golestan Province. Using the convenience sampling method, 300 patients who recovered from COVID-19 were selected. The research instruments included the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, the General Health Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The data was analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) using SPSS and AMOS software version 25. Results: The findings revealed that the suggested model fit the data. The relationship between post-traumatic growth, perceived social support, and mental health with problem-focused coping strategies were positive and significant (P<0.01). The relations between mental health and perceived social support with post-traumatic growth were positive and significant. Post-traumatic growth and perceived social support had a negative and significant relationship with emotion-focused strategies (P<0.01). Furthermore, the relationship between mental health and emotion-focused strategies was not significant. Conclusion: Mental health, perceived social support, and problem-focused strategies play an essential role in COVID-19 patients' post-traumatic growth. As a result, they might be helpful in minimizing the psychological impact of COVID-19.

Coping strategies to predict the psychological well-being of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has forced college students to undergo online learning. Various problems that arise due to this pandemic, especially those related to academic achievement, can disrupt the students' psychological well-being. This study investigated coping strategies' role in predicting college students' psychological well-being during the pandemic's first wave. Two hundred eleven students participated online in this quantitative study and completed the shortened version of the Psychological Well-Being Scale and the Brief Cope Inventory. The regression analysis results show that problem-focused coping strategies, such as planning and the use of instrumental support, significantly predict the increase in female students' psychological well-being. In contrast, only active coping positively predicts psychological well-being in male students. Dysfunctional coping strategies, such as behavioral disengagement and denial, significantly predict the decline in female students' psychological well-being. On the other hand, venting showed a significant role in predicting the increased psychological well-being of female students. Emotion-focused coping strategies do not significantly predict psychological well-being in female and male students. Therefore, regarding the psychological well-being of college students during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, coping strategies, especially problem-focused and dysfunctional strategies, contribute differently to female and male students.

A Path Analysis Model of Self- vs. Educational-Context- Regulation as Combined Predictors of Well-Being in Spanish College Students.

Previous literature has established the importance of personal and contextual factors in college students’ trajectories. Following the Self- vs. External-Regulation Behavior Theory (2021) and the 3P Biggs Model, the present study aimed at analyzing a structural linear model that validates the joint effect of self-regulation, educational context, age, and gender (as personal and contextual presage variables) with other meta-abilities, such as coping strategies, resilience, and positivity (process variables), and specific well-being outcomes, such as flourishing and health (product variables). A sample of 1310 Spanish college students was analyzed, aged 17 to 25, and a cross-sectional study with an ex post facto design was performed. Association and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using SPSS software (v.26) and AMOS (v.23). Results show that individual and contextual factors have an important role in the acquisition of psychological competencies in young adults. Self-regulation was proven to be an important meta-ability that predicts personal well-being and behavioral health outcomes. Complementarily, educational context was shown to be an external predictor of other skills, such as problem-focused strategies, and positive outcomes such as flourishing and behavioral health. Practical implications and limitations are discussed.

Resilience And Coping: The Chicken and The Egg Paradox

IntroductionSince the outbreak of the 2019 coronavirus, healthcare workers found themselves on the front lines of an unprecedented battle. Being characterized by adversity, this experience represents a fertile ground for the study of resilience.ObjectivesOur study aims to clarify the phenomenon of resilience through its influence on perceived stress level and its connection with coping strategies.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted involving 254 healthcare professionals in the region of Sousse during the pandemic. In addition to socio-demographic and professional characteristics, Resilience, perceived stress, and coping strategies were assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the PSS10 scale, and the Brief Cope questionnaire, respectively.ResultsThe overall mean [±standard deviation (SD)] age of the participants was 32.9 ± 8.76 years with a sex ratio (M / F) of 0.51. The assessment of resilience among participants revealed a mean score of 64.99 ± 14.72. The majority of participants evinced a score> 50 (82.68%) and 39.76% had a score >70. Our results revealed that, on the one hand, problem-focused coping strategies were positive predictors of resilience (p<10-3), accounting for 3.6% of its variance. On the other hand, coping strategies (problem-focused strategies and avoidance strategies) are also an integral part of the process by which resilience significantly influences the level of perceived stress (mediating factor).ConclusionsDespite its complexity, the relationship between resilience and coping strategies is undeniable and it is a part of an important line of intervention opening the way to better identifications and care.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Using self-compassion to grow in the face of trauma: The role of positive reframing and problem-focused coping strategies.

Recent research has shown a link between self-compassion, posttraumatic growth (PTG), and emotion-focused coping strategies (i.e., positive reframing and acceptance). Studies have also found evidence for the use of problem-focused strategies (i.e., active coping, planning, and instrumental support) as mediators between self-compassion and stress, and the use of these strategies has been found to predict PTG. However, no studies have directly examined the relationship between self-compassion, PTG, and the use of problem-focused coping strategies. This study investigated the association between self-compassion, emotion- and problem-focused coping, and PTG in trauma survivors. Participants were 111 emerging adults aged 18 to 29, from Canada and the United States, who completed an online survey that included measures of coping, PTG, and self-compassion. Self-compassion and PTG were both correlated with three coping styles, active coping, instrumental support, and positive reframing. All three coping styles predicted PTG over and above self-compassion and played multiple mediating roles between self-compassion and PTG, with no differences between the three coping styles in their mediating effects. These findings indicate that problem-focused coping strategies are also influential in mediating the development of PTG from self-compassion. Self-compassion reduces one's tendency to overidentify with negative emotions through positive reframing. The use of active coping and instrumental support also allows individuals to feel more capable in dealing with their traumatic events. Incorporating problem-focused self-compassion-based practices in cognitive behavioral and exposure-based therapies may offer additional benefits by reducing self-criticism to better promote active recovery from traumatic events. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Coping Strategies and Job Satisfaction among Rehabilitation Medical and Paramedical Staff in a COVID-19 Referral Center: A Cross-sectional Study

Objectives. The objective of this study was to determine the coping strategies and job satisfaction among rehabilitation medical and paramedical staff deployed to different areas at the University of the Philippines Manila Philippine General Hospital, a designated COVID-19 referral center.
 Method. This was a cross-sectional study that utilized total population sampling of the medical and paramedical staff of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine deployed to other areas in PGH and who carried out non-rehabilitation-related clinical work responsibilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic informed consent was obtained from each participant. Two sets of validated and reliable self-administered online questionnaires, namely, the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) Inventory Tool and Satisfaction of Employee in Health Care (SEHC) Survey, were used to determine coping strategies and work satisfaction, respectively. Descriptive statistics (such as frequencies, percentages, ranges, means) were used to present the data.
 Results. A total of 50 medical and paramedical staff participated in the study. The participants’ age ranged from 22 to 60 years (mean: 30.2 ± 8.7). The majority were single (84%), women (64%), and with a Bachelor of Science degree. Most of the participants were assigned in the orange zone, which included the COVID ward nurses’ station and donning/doffing areas; with 30% who rotated in the COVID wards. There were three types of coping strategies utilized by the department staff: (1) emotion-focused coping, (2) problem-focused coping, and (3) dysfunctional coping. Problem-focused coping was the most common general strategy (mean COPE score for all problem-focused strategies, 3.1 ± 0.9). Acceptance was the most common specific coping strategy, followed by active coping and a tie among positive reframing, planning, and self-distraction. The work satisfaction rate was at 76.9% ± 13.2. Three out of 4 participants would recommend their workplace to other healthcare workers.
 Conclusion. The medical and paramedical staff of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine in a COVID referral center had relatively high job satisfaction despite their health risks and changes in responsibilities among others. The majority utilized functional coping strategies to help them adapt to the work demands. The sources of motivation and values of the staff are areas for future research to help explain their positive outlook about their jobs and generally high recommendation about their workplace in the middle of the COVID-19 crisis.

Analysis of the Coping Strategies of Primary Health Care Professionals: Cross-Sectional Study in a Large Brazilian Municipality.

Objective: To analyze the coping strategies used by primary healthcare (PHC) professionals. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study realized with professionals working in primary healthcare units in São José do Rio Preto, a large city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. For data collection, we used an instrument developed by the researchers containing sociodemographic and professional variables, as well as the Problem Coping Modes Scale (EMEP). Results: We evaluated 333 PHC professionals. A difference was observed between the scores of the four coping strategies (p < 0.001), with the highest score for the problem-focused strategy (3.8) and the lowest score for the emotion-focused strategy (2.4). Physicians had the lowest scores in coping strategies focused on religious practices/fantastical thinking (p < 0.001) and pursuit of social support (p = 0.045), while community health agents had the highest scores in these coping strategies. Conclusions: Professionals working in PHC have different coping strategies for the problems and stressful situations experienced in the work environment. These strategies can involve more positive attitudes focused on confrontation and problem solving, and on emotional responses that involve attitudes of avoidance and denial of the problem.

Coping Strategies for Stress Used by People Working in Managerial Positions in Schools and Educational Establishments during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Although the ability to deal with stress is one of the key competences of people working in managerial positions in schools and educational establishments, principals in this area are very poorly diagnosed. The aim of this study was to consider the coping strategies used by headmasters and deputy headmasters of schools and educational establishments during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, Mini-COPE was used. The respondents (N = 159) obtained a higher mean for “active coping”, “planning”, “positive reframing”, “acceptance”, “use of instrumental support”, “venting”, and “problem-focused strategies” than the normative value. Compared to deputy headmasters, headmasters obtained higher mean results for “planning” and “religion”, and lower results for “behavioral disengagement”. Respondents with longer job seniority in a managerial position, obtained a higher mean for “use of instrumental support” and lower for “religion”. Compared to respondents employed in private schools, people in the public education sector are more likely to use “behavioral disengagement” and less their “sense of humor”. The respondents working in primary schools scored higher on average for “use of instrumental support” and “problem-focused strategies”. It would be advisable to compare the results with the teachers and the persons holding managerial positions in institutions and organizations not related to education.

Leaders’ Emotion Regulation and the Influence of Respect and Entitlement on Employee Silence

Although numerous researchers have examined leaders’ behavior in promoting employee voice, so far, there have been limited empirical studies in interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) and employee silence literature. This study aims to investigate how leaders’ IER can break the barrier of employee silence through examining the mediating roles of perceived mutual recognition respect and psychological entitlement. To enhance sustainable organization practices, this may be the first study that identifies leaders’ IER strategies as an effective communication tool for diminishing employee silence. By collecting data from 315 management employees in Pakistan, the hypothesized relationships were tested using path analysis and bootstrapping technique with AMOS. Our findings support the mediating role of mutual recognition respect and psychological entitlement in leaders’ IER and employee silence relationship. More specifically, while mutual recognition respect mediates the relationship between leaders’ problem-focused strategies and employee silence, psychological entitlement mediates the association of both problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies with employee silence. In line with the research findings, we have highlighted some notable theoretical contributions and managerial implications. Further, we present limitations and future research directions.

Correlations of resilience with coping strategies, and the underlying factors in the nurses working in COVID-19 hospitals.

As the core of a health-care team, nurses play a key role in promoting community health, and their job involves witnessing human suffering and pain in health-care settings. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlations between resilience coping strategies, and the underlying factors in the nurses working in COVID-19 hospitals. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 nurses working in COVID-19 wards for a minimum of 6 months in 2021. The participants were selected via multistage sampling. Data were collected using demographic, resilience, and coping strategy instruments. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20. The mean resilience score was 76.94 ± 11.33. The mean scores of emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies were 59.65 ± 4.40 and 96.08 ± 5.38, respectively. The assessment of the correlation between resilience with the emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies showed a positive significant correlation (r = 0.25; P < 0.001 and r = 0.33; P < 0.001, respectively). According to the results, the nurses working in COVID-19 wards mostly adopted problem-focused strategies in difficult work conditions depending on the required care provision. Both coping strategies significantly affected the subscales of resilience in the nurses. Therefore, it is recommended that special attention be paid to teaching strategies to cope with anxiety and resilience and develop problem-solving skills in nursing personnel during the emergence and outbreak of new diseases in order to reduce their anxiety.

Transtornos mentais e estratégias de enfrentamento entre estudantes de medicina durante a pandemia da covid-19 no Brasil

Abstract: Introduction: Medical students are commonly considered a vulnerable public to the emergence of mental disorders. In the COVID-19 pandemic context, recent evidence suggests that the COVID-19 crisis may have affected the medical student’s mental health. Objective: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in undergraduate medical students, the associated factors, and the relationship between coping strategies and psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Method: This is a cross-section study with 141 undergraduate medical students from a public medical school in Brazil. The student’s mental health was assessed with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the coping strategies were assessed with the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced inventory (Brief COPE). Data were collected from December 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021, through the Google Form platform. Descriptive analysis, chi-square, multivariate Poisson regression, and Spearman’s correlation were performed. Result: Regarding the students’ mental health, 78 (55.3%; 95%CI: 47.1-63.3) were categorized as having depression symptoms, 71 (50.4%, 95%CI: 42.2-58.5) as having anxiety symptoms, and 86 (61%; 95%CI: 52.8-68.7) as having stress symptoms. About the associated factors, skin color/race had an association with depression and stress, year of the course had an association with stress only, history of psychological/psychiatry treatment had an association with anxiety and stress and self-rated mental health had an association with depression, anxiety, and stress. In relation to the coping strategies, problem-focused strategies had no significant correlations with depression, anxiety, and stress. Emotion-focused strategies had a weak negative correlation with depression only. Avoidance strategies had a moderate positive correlation with depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: Overall, our results show high prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress in Brazilian undergraduate medical students and the significant relationship between coping strategies and the presence of psychological impairment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Coping strategy with coronavirus disease-2019 health anxiety in nursing students.

The high prevalence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has a lot of stress on medical students. This study was conducted to investigating the adaptation strategy with COVID-19 health anxiety in nursing students. This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Participants of the study were 431 students of the Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Inclusion criteria were studying at the time of the outbreak of COVID-19 and willingness to participate in the study. Data collection tools included participated in the study. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, Health Anxiety and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (Short Form). Reliability of tools was assessed and confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of health anxiety was 0.76 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations was 0.79. Data were collected between July 2020 and September 2020. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the data. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26. Findings indicated that most of the participants were female, single, 22-28 years old, and undergraduate students. The mean of COVID-19 health anxiety was 5.59 ± 17.04. Results showed that 19.58 ± 5.05 of the participants used avoidance-focused adaptation strategies, 25.12 ± 3.88 problem-focused adaptation strategies, and 19.32 ± 5.13 emotion-focused adaptation strategies. The COVID-19 health anxiety was higher in female, young, and married students. The problem-focused adaptation strategy should be further taught so that students can better coping with COVID-19 health anxiety.

Stress Levels and High School Adolescents Coping Mechanism during the Covid-19 Pandemic

Background: Adolescents are prone to psychological disorders due to theirpersonal nature that they cannot accept changes. It is further exacerbatedby the Covid-19 pandemic situation which requires all activities to be carriedout online from home.Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between stresslevels and coping mechanism in high school adolescents during the Covid-19pandemic in Halim Jakarta.Methods: Research design is a cross sectional used for adolescents aged15-19 years at SMA Negeri 67 Jakarta and SMA Angkasa 1. 342 sampleswere selected by using the quota sampling method. The measurementof stress levels is done by distributing the Perceived Stress Scale(PSS) questionnaire, while the coping mechanism uses the Brief Copequestionnaire. The research results include the results of univariate analysisand bivariate analysis with the Chi Square test.Results: The results of this study showed that there was a relationshipbetween stress levels and coping mechanism (p value 0.017), dysfunctionalcoping strategies (p value 0.000) in high school adolescents during theCovid-19 pandemic. Furthermore, there is no relationship between stresslevels and Emotion Focused Strategies (p value 0.703), and ProblemFocused Strategies (p value 0.816) in high school adolescents during theCovid-19 pandemic. The female adolescents are more dominant than maleadolescents. More respondents from class XII majoring in science are fromSMA Negeri 67 Jakarta. There are still teenagers with severe stress duringthe Covid-19 pandemic. There is a relationhip between stress levels withcoping mechanism and dysfunctional coping strategies. But the stress levelhas no relationship with Emotion Focused Strategies and Problem FocusedStrategies.Conclusion: The results of this study are expected to improve mentalhealth services through routine mental health screening and providingcounselling related to stress management in adolescents. Adolescents arealso expected to solve problems by optimizing the use of coping mechanism(Emotion Focused Strategies, Problem Focused Strategies) appropriatelyand avoiding the use of dysfunctional coping strategies.

Exploring the “New Normal”: Older Adults’ Coping Strategies During COVID-19 Pandemic

Older adults (OA) experience psychosocial distress from the COVID-19 pandemic mitigations. While their participation in leisure and recreation activities (LRA) would be ameliorating, we do not know how LRA OA engages for their mental health (MH) well-being with COVID-19 mitigation. This scoping review aimed to trend the evidence on the types of LRA OA engage for their MH well-being across the young-old continuum (60-69 years) through to older-old (80 years and above) in the COVID-19 pandemic. We searched the following electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, JBI-ES, and Epistemonicos for LRA studies by OA with COVID-19 mitigation. To be included, we considered empirical articles published in English on LRA of OA 55+ years-old. Another criterion required articles describing those activities' qualities and the impact of LRA on MH and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. We resulted in seven empirical studies, two of which implemented in the USA and one from the USA and Canada, Spain, Israel, and Japan. Findings following narrative synthesis revealed trending evidence on OA to engage in online LRA for social, cognitive /intellectual, and emotional health. Leisure-time physical activity reduced negative MH symptoms as anxiety and depression in OA under COVID-19 threat. In conclusion, the present review's trending evidence suggests that OA engagement in social, physical, mental, and cognitive LRA enhanced their MH and overall well-being. Activities delivered by way of the Internet and television provided a cluster of beneficial opportunities for the OA mental health needs under the COVID-19 pandemic.