Probiotics In Aquaculture Research Articles

Efficacy of Probiotic Bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) Supplementation in the Diet on Growth and Nutritional Composition of Cirrhinus mrigala Fingerlings

Background: The use of probiotics in aquaculture is increasingly acknowledged, thanks to rising demand for environment friendly aquaculture. However, there is an obvious need to improve our understanding of gut microbiology, as well as the effective preparation and safety assessment of probiotics. Methods: The experiment comprised of five treatments to evaluate the influence of probiotic on water quality, growth and body composition. L. plantarum probiotic was sprayed over test diets at various concentrations @ 106 to 109 CFU/g, (D0 to D4 respectively). Water quality parameters were analysed (APHA, 2012) and growth parameters formulae (Halver, 1957) whereas fish feed and fish flesh nutritional composition, were measured (AOAC, 2012). Result: All of the water quality parameters were within acceptable limits. Net weight gain (NWG), NWG %, specific growth rate, Condition factor and survival rate were significantly (P less than 0.05) highest in D4 and lowest in D0. Similarly, Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio also improved significantly (P less than 0.05). Moreover, there was a considerable rise in crude protein and lipid content in D4. In general, supplementation of L. plantarum @ 109cfu/g diet improved growth, survival and nutritional composition of Cirrhinus mrigala.

Pre-probiotic effects of different bacterial species in aquaculture: behavioral, hematological and oxidative stress responses

There is very limited aquaculture research on candidate probiotics and their effects on fish physiology. In this study, acute applications of four different molecularly identified bacterial species – Brevibacillus brevis FD-1 (A), Pseudomonas fluorescens FDG-37 (B), Bacillus sphaericus FD-48 (C), and B. amyloliquefaciens TV-17C (D), with potential in aquaculture, were tested in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under static conditions. Physiological changes in blood tissue [hematological indices: erythrocyte count (RBC), leukocyte count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), platelet count (PLT), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell volume (MCV)], oxidative stress responses in liver and gill tissues [malondialdehyde (MDA) level, antioxidant enzyme activities: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)] and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain tissue (as neurotoxic biomarker) were investigated. Additionally, behavioral differences were recorded by measuring swimming performance to support neurotoxic findings in all treatment groups. The LC5024 value of FDG-37 strain was determined through analysis as 1.0 × 108 CFU ml-1. Inhibition of enzyme activity, increase in the MDA level, as well as significant differences in hematological indices and swimming performance were determined in rainbow trout treated with B compared to control and other bacterial groups in gills. The potential for using group FD-48 and TV-17C bacterial strains as probiotics in aquaculture is more pertinent when considering the research findings and water quality parameters.

Interesting Probiotic Bacteria Other Than the More Widely Used Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bacilli in Finfish

Growing demands stimulate the intensification of production and create the need for practices that are both economically viable and environmentally sustainable. As European Union banned the use of antibiotics in production in 2003, several alternative treatments have been suggested, including probiotics. The first probiotic study in aquaculture was published in 1986, and since then probiotics have been considered as a beneficial tool in this industry. Today current evidence suggests that administration of certain probiotic strains might be able to enhance growth rate, improve the welfare of different fish species by modulating gut microbiota, improve physiological functions, such as metabolism, digestion, immunity, stress tolerance, intestinal histology, and disease resistance. Even though lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus spp. are the most frequently used probiotics in aquaculture, numerous studies have been published on other interesting probiotics. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to summarize, comment, and discuss the current knowledge related to the effects of Aeromonas, Aliivibrio, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Bifidobacterium, Brochothrix, Clostridium, Enterovibrio, Kocuria, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Paenibacillus, Phaeobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodosporidium, Roseobacter, Shewanella and Vibrio as probiotics in finfish aquaculture, and present general information on their presence in the gastrointestinal tract of finfish. Moreover, some considerations for future studies are also indicated.

Effects of dietary Lactobacillus casei on the immune, growth, antioxidant, and reproductive performances in male zebrafish (Danio rerio)

In this study, the effect of different levels of Lactobacillus casei in the diet was examined on the expression of growth (IGF-1 and GH), immunity (TNF-a and Lyz), antioxidants (SOD and Cat), and reproduction-related genes (FSH-R, AR, and Activin). In this study, 600 juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) with an average weight of 0.15‌ ± 0.01 g in 4 treatments and three replications' groups were fed with a basal diet with three levels of probiotic Lactobacillus casei (105, 106, and 107 CFU/g) for six weeks. After sex determination, the males were fed with probiotic diets for two months. Our results showed that the probiotic fed groups significantly increased the total protein, total globulin, lysozyme in the group with 107 of L. casei with respect to the control group. The L. casei fed groups showed dose dependence significant differences regarding the weight gain (%) with respect to the control group (P < 0.05). Evaluation of gene expression of growth-related genes (IGF-1 and GH), immunity genes (TNF-a and Lyz), and reproduction genes (FSH-R, AR, and Activin) showed a significant increase in gene expression in probiotic-fed treatments compared to control treatment (P < 0.05). Evaluation of expression of genes related to the antioxidant activity (SOD and Cat) did not show a significant difference between probiotic-fed treatments compared to control treatment (P > 0.05). Our data represented the immunostimulants effect of from L. casei was regulated by induction of immune responses in zebrafish. Furthermore, L. casei probiotic strains can improve the development profile and reproductive performance in zebrafish, which confirmes the rationale of early administration of probiotics in aquaculture.

Chitosan coated alginate beads as probiotic delivery system for New Zealand black footed abalone (Haliotis iris)

AbstractThe potential benefits of probiotics for growth of black‐footed abalone (Haliotis iris) have been highlighted in previous studies. However, traditional methods of probiotic administration in aquaculture are inefficient due to environmental contamination and loss of bacterial viability. This study investigates a new delivery system for delivery of probiotics to H. iris. An extrusion technique coupled with ionotropic gelation was utilized to produce chitosan coated alginate beads (CCALG). Concentration of alginate, chitosan, and coating time were optimized to obtain beads with a desired morphology, stability, sinking time, and release profile. The results showed that increasing alginate concentration up to 1.5% w/w can improve the morphological characteristics of the beads while reducing the sinking time in seawater. Chitosan coating improved the stability of beads and reduced the release of the encapsulated probiotics in seawater. A higher probiotic load was found in the digestive tract of animals fed with CCALG beads ( compared to the control group (. High palatability and stability of CCALG beads in seawater combined with controlled release of viable probiotics show that encapsulation of probiotics in CCALG beads is an efficient method for delivery of probiotics in aquaculture.

Nitrogen Removal Performance of Novel Isolated Bacillus sp. Capable of Simultaneous Heterotrophic Nitrification and Aerobic Denitrification.

The control of nitrogenous pollutants is a key concern in aquaculture production. Bacillus spp. are commonly used as probiotics in aquaculture, but only a few reports have focused on the simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND) capacity of Bacillus sp. strains. In order to improve nitrogen biodegradation efficiency in the aquaculture industry, the SND capacity of Bacillus sp. strains was evaluated using both individual and mixed nitrogen sources and different sources of organic carbon. Twelve Bacillus sp. isolates were screened from aquaculture pond sediments and shrimp guts for nitrogen biodegradation. Six strains exhibited especially efficient inorganic nitrogen removal capacities in media with individual and mixed nitrogen sources. These strains comprise K8, N2, and N5 (B. subtilis), HYS (B. albus), H4 (B. amyloliquefaciens), and S1 (B. velezensis). The strains grew better when the sole nitrogen source was NH4+-N, but degraded nitrogen in the following order: nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N). There was no associated NO2--N accumulation, regardless of the nitrogen source. The optimal carbon source for nitrogen removal varied based on different nitrogen sources and associated metabolic pathways. The optimal carbon sources for the removal of NO3--N, NO2--N, and NH4+-N were sodium citrate, sodium acetate, and sucrose, respectively. The application of H4 in recirculating aquaculture water further demonstrated that NO2--N and NH4+-N could be effectively removed. This study thus provides valuable technical support for the bioremediation of aquaculture water.

Isolation of Lactobacillus spp. in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus as probable probiotics in aquaculture

This research sought to isolate probiotic bacteria from cultured African Catfish Clarias gariepinus to be used against bacterial fish pathogens. Lactobacillus spp. were successfully isolated from the intestine of C. gariepinus, identified using biochemical characters. Pathogenic bacteria were also isolated from the same species such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila. The isolated Lactobacillus spp. was assessed in vitro for its antagonistic activity against isolated bacterial pathogens using disc diffusion method. Two impregnated paper discs of Lactobacillus spp., one antibiotic (Amoxicillin), and one blank disc were placed in each plate of cultured pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp. is comparable to the antibiotic (Amoxicillin) on their antagonistic activity, quantified by measuring the zone of inhibition against E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus and A. hydrophila. The highest zone of inhibition of Lactobacillus spp. was shown against A. hydrophilla (8.5 mm) and lowest zone (7.25 mm) against E. coli. Antagonistic activity of antibiotic (Amoxicillin) showed highest zone of inhibition against E. coli 14 mm and the lowest was V. parahaemolyticus 7 mm. Based on the results of the study, Lactobacillus spp. was successfully isolated from the intestine of catfish. The present work highlights the isolated candidate can be a promising probiotic to be used in aquaculture feeding, because of its high potential activity against aquatic pathogenic bacteria in vitro.

Corrective effect of probiotics on the work of the fish body in industrial aquaculture

Abstract. The world community associates the solution of the problem of food security with the development of aquaculture. The search for means of intensifying the production of a complete and easily digestible food protein in aquaculture is an important and urgent problem. Recently, probiotics, which have long been in demand in medicine, have been used in aquaculture to improve health, accelerate growth and improve the quality of fish in aquaculture. However, the correct choice of a probiotic for aquaculture is not an easy task, since in the modern world a wide range of probiotic preparations is produced in various forms, the dosage of which for aquaculture needs has not been developed, as well as the dosage and duration of their use have not been developed. Meanwhile, the use of probiotics in aquaculture can be expected to increase the production of marketable fish of improved quality. Probiotics for aquaculture should be resistant to gastric juice, able to colonize the intestines of fish, interact with the normobiota of the intestine and suppress pathogens. These properties are possessed by the probiotic "Sporotermin". It consists of freeze-dried spores of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. The content of viable spores in the preparation is not less than 3x10/9 CFU/g. The research results showed that the use of the probiotic "Sportermin" in aquaculture has a healing effect on fish, normalizes the structure of intestinal and liver tissues, affects the leukogram, activates the immune response system, reduces the level of oxidative stress, activating antioxidant defense enzymes and reducing the level of malondialdehyde. The research was carried out on the instructions of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as probiotics in aquaculture

Probiotics (originated from the Greek words pro and bios, which means for life) are beneficial microorganisms and their products, having the beneficial effects on the host. It is being recently used in aquaculture to control diseases and also treated as supplements for improving growth and in some cases as a means of replacing antimicrobial compounds. Besides, enhancing growth performance and improving haematological parameters of fishes, it also improves water quality which is considered as most important for freshwater fish habitat as fishes are extremely sensitive to changes in environmental factors viz., temperature, water salinity, oxygen level etc. Thus, this review summarizes current studies regarding the effects of probiotics on growth performance, haematological parameters of various fishes and water quality.

Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics in sustainable development of aquaculture

Industrial aquaculture is a dynamic area capable of solving problems of healthy nutrition and food security. Increase of organic pollution, number of opportunistic microorganisms in the aquatic environment of fish farms and the global contamination of feed by mycotoxigenic fungi are serious problems of industrial fish cultivation. The results are weakening of the general condition of fish, immunosuppression, the occurrence of various diseases complicated by drug resistance, the accumulation of antibiotics and chemical compounds in tissues. Probiotics can be an alternative to antibiotics. The use of probiotics is also one of the biological methods for maintaining and restoring the normal physiological state of fish and increasing their productivity. The aim of this review is the scientific justification of the use of lactic acid bacteria as the safest microorganisms in the development of probiotics for aquaculture. The review presented provides criteria for selecting candidate strains for effective probiotics development. The advantages of lactic acid bacteria for the prevention or control of infectious diseases in cultured fish are considered. Lactic acid bacteria are representatives of the fish microbiota, they have antagonistic activity against opportunistic pathogens, fungi and viruses that cause microbiological spoilage of feed, pollute water bodies, and cause diseases of aquatic animals. The review provides information on various researches in which lactic acid bacteria or products derived from them have been used to assess their potential in aquaculture. Numerous scientific studies prove the value of this vast group of microorganisms for the prevention and treatment of fish diseases, for increasing the resistance of aquatic animals to infectious diseases and various stresses, for improving their survival and productivity, and for improving water sanitation in fish reservoirs. Increased use of effective probiotic lactic acid bacteria in aquaculture can make the fish sector safer, more productive and friendly to the environment and human well-being, and will contribute to the sustainable development of aquaculture.

IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES NEW STRAINS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA VALUABLE FOR AQUACULTURE

One of the key points of new paradigm in addressing aquaculture biosafety risks is to enhance disease prevention through responsible fish farming, including reducing antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture and the use of suitable alternatives to antimicrobials, such as probiotics. In this regard, research aimed at the development and implementation of new, effective probiotics for aquaculture based on safe microorganisms capable of preventing and treating fish diseases becomes relevant. The purpose of this scientific investigation was to search and study in vitro the properties of new active strains of lactic acid bacteria for the development of domestic probiotic preparation that increases the resistance and productivity of valuable fish species in aquaculture. The scientific and practical significance of the work is associated with obtaining new knowledge about the tolerance of various species and strains of lactic acid bacteria to adverse environmental factors that model some conditions of the gastrointestinal tract of valuable fish species. In result of this study, a collection of new active strains of lactic acid bacteria resistant to bile, phenol, salt, low pH values ​ ​ and capable of surviving in the gastrointestinal tract of fish, as well as strong antagonists capable of restraining the growth of pathogens causing fish diseases was created. This collection will serve as the basis for the development of a new effective domestic probiotic for aquaculture.

Metabolomic profiles in zebrafish larvae following probiotic and perfluorobutanesulfonate coexposure

Probiotic supplements are able to attenuate the developmental toxicity of perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) pollutant. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. To this end, the present study acutely exposed zebrafish larvae for 4 days to 0 and 10 mg/L of PFBS, with or without the addition of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the rearing water. The metabolomics approach was used to reveal the combined effects of PFBS and probiotics on metabolic dynamics, based on which gene transcriptions, enzymatic activities, and behavioral endpoints were further examined. The results showed that probiotic supplements were the major driver of the metabolomic fingerprints in coexposed zebrafish larvae. The addition of probiotic bacteria significantly decreased the methylation potential whilst up-regulating the demethylation process of genomic DNA, which may globally stimulate the gene expression to improve somatic growth. Acute exposure to PFBS significantly increased the cortisol concentration in zebrafish larvae, subsequently inducing stress response and hyperactive behavior. In contrast, probiotic supplementation promoted the degradation of cortisol, thus alleviating the stressful state. Antagonistic action of probiotics against PFBS developmental toxicity was also noted regarding the locomotor behavior. In addition, gut microbiota-mediated production of secondary bile acids was remarkably enhanced by probiotic supplements regardless of PFBS exposure. Overall, the present study underlines the efficacy of probiotic bacteria to protect zebrafish larvae from the metabolic disturbances of PFBS, thereby providing more evidence to support the application of probiotics in aquaculture and fishery as an environmentally-friendly choice.

Prevalence of virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility of Bacillus used in commercial aquaculture probiotics in China

Disease is a significant constraint faced by aquaculture, and its prevention and control bring together a hub of recent research. Several resources and resorts have been applied to prevent diseases in aquaculture. Probiotics are known to be beneficial natural derivatives that have several benefits in aquaculture. Currently, several commercial probiotics are used in the aquaculture industry that contains one or more live microorganisms. In the aquaculture industry, Bacillus species is one of the most widely used probiotic organisms. They are considered distinctive and are found to be natural members of the gut microbiota of some fish species. The safety of beneficial microorganisms is essential since some of these organisms are reported to harbor traits that might be transferable to their hosts. In this study, the safety of some Bacillus-based commercial probiotics used in aquaculture in terms of virulence and drug resistance were assessed. Commercial Bacillus species after isolation were screened for the presence of virulence genes (nheA, nheB, nheC, hblA, hblC, hblD, cytK, and entFM) and one emetic gene (ces), as well as their resistance to some antibiotics. Most isolates did not possess any of the virulence genes assessed. Nonetheless, three isolates harbored the nheABC and entFM enterotoxin genes, while two had the hblA, hblC, hblD, cytK genes. None of the isolates possessed the ces emetic gene. Antibiotic resistance assessment revealed most of the isolates to be resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, cefuroxime, and ceftriaxone, and also to minocycline.

Review on probiotics as a functional feed additive in aquaculture

Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises in providing nutritional and food security to humans. Intensification of the aquaculture practices has led to the increase in the stress level in the animal as well as in the environment. This has led to the outbreak of disease, causing huge loss in the aquaculture sector every year. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. However, the abuse of antimicrobial drugs, pesticides and disinfectants in aquaculture disease prevention and growth promotion has led to the evolution of resistant strains of bacteria. Hence the use of probiotics might be a good option to reduce the risk of disease and enhance the productivity. Probiotics thus are opening a new era in the health management strategy from human to aquatic species including fish and shellfish. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that help in maintaining the well-being of the host animal. They directly or indirectly protect the host animal against harmful bacterial pathogens. This review summarizes and evaluates brief information regarding the use of probiotics in aquaculture.

Застосування пробіотиків у аквакультурі (огляд)

Purpose. To analyze data of available specialized literature and summarize the information obtained on the use of probiotics in modern aquaculture. To review basic principles of classification of existing probiotics, methods of their introduction into the aquatic organisms and mechanisms of action of different probiotic groups. Findings. The analysis of scientific publications on the use of probiotics in aquaculture for efficient farming in order to reduce fish and shrimp mortality and, accordingly, increase the efficiency of farms has been provided. The literature data on the classification of probiotics depending on the composition and purpose are summarized. Modern and general ideas about the microbiota of aquaculture species are described. The actual ways of probiotic administration into the aquatic organisms are given. The main concepts of mechanisms and results of probiotics action on the host (suppression of pathogenic microflora, improving the quality of the aquatic environment, competition for localization and nutrients, providing the animal with immunostimulants, digestive enzymes and other biologically active substances). The prospects of using probiotics as an alternative to antimicrobial drugs and chemical remedies in aquaculture are shown. Practical value. The review may be useful for scientists investigating alternative treatments of aquaculture objects and the interaction of aquatic organisms with probiotics. Key words: probiotics, aquaculture, control and prevention of fish diseases, aquatic organisms, alternatives to antibiotics.

Evaluation of the probiotic potential of Streptomyces antibioticus and Bacillus cereus on growth performance of freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis

Application of probiotics in aquaculture helps to improve the survivability, growth and immunity of aquatic organism in sustainable aquaculture practices. This study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic potentiality of Streptomyces antibioticus EW1 and Bacillus cereus EW5 isolated from the digestive tract of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and also determine their effects as probiotic in juvenile catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). The bio safety assay confirmed that the isolates were not pathogenic to the host fish. These strains were able to survive in acidic as well as alkaline conditions, higher tolerance to bile salt as well as gastric juice and high surface hydrophobicity to solvents and displayed extracellular enzyme activity and moreover susceptibility to various antibiotics. Their antimicrobial activity was assessed against two fish pathogens: Aeromonas veronii (MN602971) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MN602972). Among two isolates, the EW1 confirmed good antimicrobial activity against fish pathogens. The isolated bacterial strains were identified and established on the basis of their colony morphology, biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequencing which revealed that the isolates exhibited 99 % sequence homology with Streptomyces antibioticus EW1 (MH301104) and Bacillus cereus EW5 (MH301102). A 45-day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of probiotic inoculated fish diet for the freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Among three isonitrogenous (30 % CP) diets: RD (reference diet), T1 (diet with Streptomyces antibioticus) and T2 (diet with Bacillus cereus), fish fed T1 diet showed significantly higher growth, digestibility and higher values of crude protein and lipid than fishes reared with T2 and RD. The result of present study suggest that diet supplemented with Streptomyces antibioticus (T1) can be perform as safe probiotic and alternative protein source in the formulation of diet for H. fossilis.

LAJU PERTUMBUHAN IKAN NILA (Oreocromis niloticus) YANG DIPELIHARA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFLOK DI KABUPATEN SUMBA TIMUR

Biofloc technology is a fish culture technology based on the principle of assimilation of inorganic nitrogen (ammonia, nitrite and nitrate) by the microbial community (heterotrophic bacteria) in culture media which can then be used by the cultivated organism as a food source. The use of probiotics in aquaculture is used to control microbes in the water, in the digestive tract of the host, improve the quality of the aquatic environment through the process of biodegradation. Biofloc technology is expected to minimize the cost of feed most spent during tilapia cultivation. The purpose of this activity is to evaluate the growth of tilapia (Oreocromis niloticus) using the biofloc system. The method used is an experimental method. All parameters measured were analyzed descriptively. The results of the growth rate of tilapia maintained for 32 days using the biofloc system are a life-passing rate of 100%, and a specific growth rate of 5.23% with a body weight of 35 grams and a body length of 9.6 cm. Based on this, the biofloc system can provide a maximum fish growth rate.

Evaluation of Bacillus albus SMG-1 and B. safensis SMG-2 isolated from Saemangeum Lake as probiotics for aquaculture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Because of the wide variety of commercially available probiotics for aquaculture and the uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of some of the products, shrimp farmers are becoming increasingly unsure of what probiotics to trust. The purpose of this study was to develop microbial strains that can improve the productivity of white shrimp and the quality of probiotic products available to farmers. The value of Bacillus albus SMG-1 and B. safensis SMG-2 as probiotics effective for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming was verified. A control group was cultured without probiotics, and three experimental groups were reared in water treated with B. subtilis, B. albus SMG-1, or B. safensis SMG-2. B. albus SMG-1 and B. safensis SMG-2 were isolated from water of Saemangeum Lake (35°52'07.3"N, 126°30'29.8"E) located in Jeollabuk-do of the Republic of Korea. In total, 240 white shrimp of 0.53 ± 0.01 g (average ± SD) were randomly distributed in 12 acrylic tanks (50 L) (20 shrimp per tank) for triplicate experiments performed over 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, weight gain, feed efficiency, and specific growth rates of the groups inoculated with microorganisms were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, total nitrogen and total phosphotus were found to be significantly lower in all groups inoculated with microorganisms than the control group, thus B. albus SMG-1 and B. safensis SMG-2 were found to improve water quality. In this study, we gathered the first evidence that microorganisms of Saemangeum Lake can be utilized as probiotics. Our finidings show B. albus SMG-1 and B.safensis SMG-2 can be used as new aquaculture probiotics that can promote the productivity of white shrimp.

REVIEWING ISOLATION AND PRODUCTION OF PROBIOTICS

This article is an examination of the isolation of probiotics The scientific development and subsequent “production of probiotics'' continues to influence the researchers all over the globe today. This article examines the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries and demonstrates further aspects of isolation of microbes and probiotics. Additionally, this article explores options for microencapsulation, Bacteriocin production, Aquaculture Probiotics, Yeast production, Antioxidant Probiotic from squid production.&#x0D; Keywords: Microencapsulation, Probiotics, Aquaculture Probiotics, Yeast Production, Isolation Probiotic

Probiotics in Fish Nutrition—Long-Standing Household Remedy or Native Nutraceuticals?

Over the last decades, aquaculture production increased rapidly. The future development of the industry highly relies on the sustainable utilization of natural resources. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, food conversion, and product safety for human consumption has stimulated the application of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics increase growth and feed conversion, improve health status, raise disease resistance, decrease stress susceptibility, and improve general vigor. Currently, most probiotics still originate from terrestrial sources rather than fish. However, host-associated (autochthonous) probiotics are likely more persistent in the gastrointestinal tract of fish and may, therefore, exhibit longer-lasting effects on the host. Probiotic candidates are commonly screened in in vitro assays, but the transfer to in vivo assessment is often problematic. In conclusion, modulation of the host-associated microbiome by the use of complex probiotics is promising, but a solid understanding of the interactions involved is only in its infancy and requires further research. Probiotics could be used to explore novel ingredients such as chitin-rich insect meal, which cannot be digested by the fish host alone. Most importantly, probiotics offer the opportunity to improve stress and disease resistance, which is among the most pressing problems in aquaculture.