Probiotic Microorganisms Research Articles

Co-Encapsulation of Coffee and Coffee By-Product Extracts with Probiotic Kluyveromyces lactis.

Coffee and coffee by-products contain several chemical compounds of great relevance, such as chlorogenic acid (CGA), trigonelline, and caffeine. Furthermore, yeasts have been the target of studies for their use as probiotics because of their interesting biochemical characteristics. The combined administration of probiotic microorganisms with components that provide health benefits mediated by alginate encapsulation is an alternative that ensures the stability of cells and chemical compounds. In this context, the aim of this work was to co-encapsulate the probiotic yeast Kluyveromyces lactis B10 and extracts of green coffee beans, coffee silverskin, and PVA (black, green or immature, and sour coffee beans). The bioactive composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts, microcapsule morphological characteristics and encapsulation efficiency, ability of the encapsulation to protect the yeast cells subjected to gastrointestinal conditions, and antioxidant activity of the microcapsules were evaluated. All the evaluated extracts showed antioxidant activity, of which PVA showed 75.7% and 77.0%, green coffee bean showed 66.4% and 45.7%, and coffee silverskin showed 67.7% and 37.4% inhibition of DPPH and ABTS•+ radicals, respectively, and antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus, with high activity for the PVA extract. The microcapsules presented diameters of between 1451.46 and 1581.12 μm. The encapsulation efficiencies referring to the yeast retention in the microcapsules were 98.05%, 96.51%, and 96.32% for green coffee bean, coffee silverskin, and PVA, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the microcapsules of the three extracts presented small deformations and irregularities on the surface. The K. lactis cells encapsulated in all treatments with the extracts showed viability higher than 8.59 log CFU/mL, as recommended for probiotic food products. The addition of green coffee bean, coffee silverskin, and PVA extracts did not reduce the encapsulation efficiency of the alginate microcapsules, enabling a safe interaction between the extracts and the K. lactis cells.

Yogurt as a fermented food for healthy and sustainable daily consumption. Recommendations to the population

Yogurt has been valued very positively for centuries, but the concern for food sustainability and the fact that it is a food of animal origin has raised doubts about the consumption that may be convenient. The objective of this work is to deepen the topic and establish recommendations for the population. From the nutritional point of view, yogurt is a valuable food, for its high content, quality and bioavailability of its nutrients, in a low energy content, its components together with probiotic microorganisms are provided in a matrix that helps achieve greater nutritional and health benefit. Regular consumption of yogurt has been linked to cardiovascular protection, against diabetes, excess weight, cancer, bone health. Thinking about environmental sustainability, yogurt production is not particularly dangerous, as the kg of CO2 eq (greenhouse gases) associated with their production are the lowest obtained compared to other animal foods and even lower than those associated with the production of some plant foods and the supply of nutrients per 1000 kcal, per 100 g, or per euro is one of the highest available. There is the possibility to further improve sustainability with improvements in animal feed, packaging, transport, etc. Considering this evidence, the daily consumption of yogurt / fermented milk should be included in the food guidelines, not only as one more milk option, but specifying a specific consumption such as a ration / day, this pattern can be useful from the nutritional point of view and for the improvement of public health.

Oxygen Transfer Effect on the Growth of Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 and on Its Metabolic Capacity

Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic microorganism used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The effect of oxygen transfer on cultures of L. reuteri ATCC 53608 at shake flask and stirred tank bioreactor scales was studied, using MRS and molasses-based media. At shake flask scale, in MRS medium, a maximum bacterial concentration of 2.01 ± 0.02 g L−1 was obtained; the oxygen transfer coefficient was 2.01 ± 0.04 h−1. Similarly, in a 7.5 L bioreactor, in MRS, a maximum bacterial concentration of 2.46 ± 0.16 g L−1 was achieved (kLa = 2.64 ± 0.06 h−1). In contrast, using a molasses-based medium, bacterial concentration reached 3.13 ± 0.17 g L−1 in the 7.5 L bioreactor. A progressive reduction in lactic acid concentration and yield was observed as the oxygen transfer coefficient increased, at shake flask scale. Also, the oxygen transfer coefficient strongly affected the growth of L. reuteri in shake flask and bioreactor and allowed us to successfully scale up L. reuteri culture, producing similar maximum bacterial concentrations in both scales (2.01 g L−1 and 2.46 g L−1 in MRS). This is the first study on oxygen transfer coefficients in L. reuteri, and it is a valuable contribution to the field as it provides important insights about how this organism tolerates oxygen and adapts its metabolism for larger biomass production.Graphical

Plant probiotic microbes – trending microbes for plant growth and value addition of compost- a review

New agricultural approaches, including natural and organic farming, have developed organic and microbiological goods. Beneficial microbes known as plant probiotic microorganisms (PPM) are primarily found in soil and have coevolved with plants in a symbiotic or free-living relationship. By encouraging plant growth and health, these bacteria lessen the need for artificial fertilizers, support environmentally friendly agricultural practices, and improve plant health. Agroecosystem vigour, biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity are all enhanced by using plant probiotic bacteria in biologically based agriculture. By using beneficial bacteria to support the health and function of the host organism, plant probiotics aim to lessen the demand for toxic pesticides and fertilizers. Using these probiotic microorganisms will have a synergistic and advantageous effect on crop production. Plant probiotic microorganisms improve the overall quality of compost throughout the composting process by accelerating the breakdown of organic materials and introducing helpful bacteria. This rich compost adds beneficial bacteria to the soil, creating a healthy and productive environment. This review looks at the common plant probiotic bacteria, how they work, how they complement each other to improve compost quality and plant growth, how they might be used in agriculture, and how they could change how composting is done.

LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AS INGREDIENTS OF PROBIOTIC PREPARATIONS

Lactic acid bacteria have a long and extensive application record as probiotic strains. Lately, due to wide-spread use of molecular-genetic, transcirptomic, proteomic, metabolomic etc. studies and the massive accumulation of data on the structure and functions of symbiotic intestinal microbiota, the interest in probiotic microorganisms tends to expand year-by-year. Lactic acid bacteria were the first used probiotic species, are still of sharp market demand and have been recognized as the most thoroughly studied microbes among functional relatives. However, characteristics inherent to probiotic bacteria are strain-specific, as a rule, and for preparations with defined purpose it is essential to select special strains showing a complex of appropriate properties. It accentuates the top relevance of research aimed at selection of lactic acid bacterial strains suitable for diverse probiotic preparations. For several decades we curried out investigations to isolate strains of lactic acid bacteria from various natural sources, to characterize their properties and to derive technologies of producing pro- and prebiotic preparations for farm stock, poultry, veterinary practice, food processing, cosmetic formulas, etc. Enrichment, in addition to bifidobacteria, of probiotic product Poultrybac with lactic acid bacteria showing high antagonistic activity toward pathogen Salmonella typhimurium and producing enzymes capable to hydrolyze feed oligo- and polysaccharides, promotes prevention of salmonellosis cases, normalizes gut microbiocenosis, contributes to assimilation of fodder, accelerates growth of broilers. Bacteria of genera Lacticaseibacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Lactococcus constitute bacterial preparation Bilametrit designed for prophylaxis and complex therapy of endometrites in cows, actively suppress growth of pathogenic microorganisms of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia, including isolates from uterus exudate from animals with post-partum endometritis. Owing to the pronounced adhesive ability to protein ligands the selected lactic acid bacteria recover microbiocenosis in reproductive system, especially after antibiotic therapy, facilitate regeneration of endometrium, produce organic acids, antimicrobial peptides, amino acids, enzymes of carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Inclusion, in addition to bifidobacteria, of microorganisms of genus Lactiplantibacillus with a high antagonistic activity against pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms responsible for inflammation of the mammary gland in animals as component of dry probiotic preparation Bactomast shifts the bias of the mammary gland biocenosis towards lactic acid bacteria, curtails general insemination level 2.4–4.8 times, provides a shield protecting from penetration of pathogenic agents, decreases the ratio of somatic cells in milk. The constituent bacterial strains raise non-specific macro host resistance, display tolerance to a series of antimicrobial compounds (antibiotics of aminoglycoside and cephalosporin groups), allowing to recommend it for comprehensive therapy of mastites in cows. Bactomast is not inferior to veterinary drug iodomastin in therapeutic efficacy (83.3%). A crucial characteristic of the above-mentioned preparations, as well as probiotics Lactimet, Bilavet (liquid form), Bilavet-C (dry product), complex probiotic Synvet, probiotic ingredient Lyobact in whole milk substitutes, dry bacterial concentrate IM-pro fortifying dairy products with probiotics is that they are safe and eco-friendly, i.e. they will not cause adverse effects on the body and reproductive functions of humans, animals, poultry, are not accompanied by health complications, do not deteriorate quality of milk and meat products. Farm products may be consumed without restraints following treatment with biopreparations.

STUDY OF STEVIA ECAPSULATION FOR USING IN PROBIOTIC DELIVERY SYSTEMS

At the moment, incoming products, beverages, raw materials on the market must comply with the requirements of State standards and safety requirements. The question of nutritional value is growing every day, based on the fact that the constant use of healthy foods develops the body's resistance to various diseases. Such products are called useful or functional products. An equally urgent task for today's specialists is the development of a functional fermented milk product that contains a pleasant sweet taste from natural Stevia plant extract. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a natural sweetener, which has many useful properties. For example, one of the first benefits in low-calorie content does not include fast carbohydrates. So, Stevia has less effect on blood sugar levels and does not increase insulin and is suitable for diabetics. In addition, Stevia extract can be used as prebiotic for co-encapsulation with probiotic microorganisms to enrich functional beverages. Purpose of this study is investigation of formulation parameters for reсeiving саpsules whiсh сreаte а strong bаrrier to penetrаtion of the encapsulated substаnсe to the externаl environment; the саpsules providing more effiсient mаnifestаtion of а сomplex of biologiсаl, phаrmасologiсаl, preventive or mediсinаl properties of bаgged substаnсe. Development of cаpsules of the long term of storаge in whiсh the асtive loaded mаteriаl is proteсted by аn envelope аnd саn preserve activity in vаrious pH environments became the most perspective. Ionic gelation method through extrusion represents a simple encapsulation technique that does not require organic solvents, making it suitable for both hydrophobic or hydrophilic compounds. Stevia extract -loaded Alginate-Chitosan particles with improved physicochemical properties with a process yield of 88-89% were obtained. The release kinetics of active agent was monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy and showed a slow release within 24 hours. Thus, the slow kinetics of the release of the agent demonstrates the effectiveness of the methodology of encapsulation based on the ionic gelation and hardening of shell. Сreаtion of саpsules with the ingredients enсаpsulаted inside, hаving thermostаble properties, resistаnсe to influenсe of асidiс environments аnd enzymes, meсhаniсаl аnd osmotiс resistаnсe to influenсe of externаl physiсаl аnd сhemiсаl fасtors, suсh аs meсhаniсаl effeсt, temperаture inсreаse, сhаnge of pressure, аnd аlso inсreаse in proteсtion of bаgged substаnсes remains as an actual problem at present time. The morphology, average diameters of wet and dry microcapsule were determined by optical microscopy using Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, version E_LCmicro_09Okt2009. Twenty microparticles were randomly selected from triplicate batches to determine size distribution. The compositions of microcapsules for analysis on a scanning electron microscope were applied to a highly conductive graphite tape. SEM equipment was used to determine the pore size on the surface of the microparticles. Studies results showed that sizes of microcapsules were 720-830 µm, and color was determined by color of loaded agent. Microencapsulation allows not only protect active agent from aggressive environment, prolong activity, but also can be used for development product with useful properties for human health. Funding: This research is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP19679879).

Novel Insights in the Application of Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii in Dairy Products and Health Promotion.

Probiotic organisms are increasingly being incorporated into foods in order to develop products to prevent and reduce many diseases. Saccharomyces boulardii, a probiotic yeast with unique properties, such as viability over a wide pH range, antibiotic resistance, and the ability to reach a steady state, has an advantage over bacterial probiotics. The present review highlights the potential application of S. boulardii in functional fermented dairy products and the genetic engineering of this probiotic microorganism as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of various infectious diseases. It was found that probiotic yeast stimulates the growth of lactic acid bacteria in dairy products, creating favorable conditions and positively affecting the product's sensory characteristics. Moreover, its viability of more than 106 cfu/mL at the end of the yogurt shelf life confirms its probiotic effect. On the other hand, there is a growing interest in the design of probiotic strains to improve their characteristics and fill existing gaps in their spectrum of action such as the inhibition of some bacterial toxins, as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The strengthening of immune functions and effective therapies against various diseases by S. boulardii was confirmed. However, considering this yeast species' potential, further research is necessary to accurately determine the functional properties in terms of incorporation into food matrices and from the aspect of health and well-being claims.

In Vitro evaluation of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from juçara fruit native to the Atlantic Forest

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the microorganisms most commonly used as probiotics. Since probiotic benefits are strain-dependent, there is a continuous need for research into new cultures with probiotic properties. Fruits such as juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius), a palm species from the Atlantic Forest threatened with extinction, are rich niches for microorganisms, including LAB. This study investigated the probiotic properties of Lactococcus lactis J7 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides JF17 strains isolated from juçara fruits native to the Atlantic Forest. Probiotic characteristics, such as tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal fluids or juices, hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, coaggregation properties, inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, and technological properties were evaluated. The survival rate of L. lactis J7 and L. pseudomesenteroides JF17 decreased after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions; however, L. lactis J7 was more resistant, maintaining viability at the end of the enteric phase of 6.07 ± 0.16 log CFU mL-1. The J7 strain also exhibited the highest values in hydrophobicity (12.55 ± 0.52%), autoaggregation (25.63 ± 0.75%), and coaggregation capacity with E. coli ATCC 25922 (21.52 ± 0.98%) and S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 (22.68 ± 1.01%). Both J7 and JF17 strains demonstrated antimicrobial activity, confirmed by the multilayer agar plate system. Additionally, the growth of the strains was temperature-dependent, and they were able to thrive in high concentrations of sodium chloride (6%). Thus, L. lactis J7 is a promising probiotic candidate for the development of functional products. Nevertheless, further studies using animal models are necessary to explore the properties of these probiotic bacteria. Novel strains isolated from fruits should be studied to broaden the application of probiotic microorganisms in the development of foods and medicines.

Antimicrobial activities of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract on Candida albican and some selected Probiotics

The quest for novel and effective antimicrobial agents has become increasingly urgent because of the increasing threat of drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Alchornea cordifolia, a plant species widely used in traditional medicine, has been reported to possess antimicrobial properties. However, its antifungal activity and interactions with beneficial probiotic microorganisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia extracts and their bioactive components against Candida albicans and explore their interactions with probiotic microorganisms, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Sacchromyces bourdii, which are often used for control. By elucidating the antimicrobial potential and probiotic interactions of Alchornea cordifolia, this study aims to contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable solutions for the prevention and treatment of Candida albicans infections while also promoting a balanced microbiota. The crude extract was subjected to phytochemical screening. The bioactive components were isolated and purified via column chromatography and thin layer chromatography, whereas FTIR was used to analyse the functional groups present in the extract and isolated components. The extract and isolated components were further subjected to antimicrobial, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal/bactericidal concentration (MFC/MBC) assays against C. albicans, S. bourdii and L. acidophilus via the agar diffusion and broth macrodilution technique. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive components, including tannins, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, anthocyanins, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, oxalates, carotene and sterols. Four spots with Rf values between 0.73 and 0.75, 0.83 and 0.73, 0.87 and 0.98 and 0.32 and 0.23 assigned as components A, B, C and D, respectively, were isolated after elution with a gradient of solvents. The FTIR results of the crude extract revealed functional groups consistent with those of secondary metabolites, such as hydroxyl groups (O-H, peaks at 3812–3500 cm-1), amines (N–H stretching peaks at 3431 cm-1), alkenes (C-H stretching CH3 CH2, CH peaks at 3175–2800 cm-1), and C=C peaks at 1623 cm-1. These functional groups were identified during preliminary tests. The crude extract and components A, B, and C exhibited similar activities against Candida albicans, with inhibition zones ranging from 21 mm to 32 mm. Component C had the highest activity, with an inhibition zone of 32 mm. Component D showed moderate activity, with an inhibition zone of 26 mm. Antimicrobial activity against Sacromyces boulardii and Lactobacillus acidophilus varied among the components, with Component C showing the highest activity against Sacromyces boulardii. There was some selectivity for the pathogen rated as the crude extract ˃C ˃B = A ˃D. The crude extract and components A, B, and C had MICs of 100 µg/ml against Candida albicans. Component C had an MIC of 1000 µg/ml against Sacromyces boulardii. Component D had an MIC of 10 µg/ml against Candida albicans. The methanol crude extract and its components have shown promising antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, making it a potential natural solution for candidiasis management. Further research will be crucial to unlock its full potential and explore its use in combination with probiotics. Keywords: Alchornea cordifolia, candidiasis, probiotics and antimicrobial

The Influence of Flavonoids with -Br, -Cl Atoms and -NO2, -CH3 Groups on the Growth Kinetics and the Number of Pathogenic and Probiotic Microorganisms.

The pursuit of novel or modified substances based on a natural origin, like flavonoids, is essential in addressing the increasing number of diseases and bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as well as in maintaining intestinal balance and enhancing overall gut health. The primary goal of this research was to evaluate the impact of specific flavonoid compounds-chalcones, flavanones, and flavones-substituted with -Br, -Cl, -CH3, and -NO2 on both pathogenic and probiotic microorganisms. Additionally, this study aimed to understand these compounds' influence on standardized normal and pathologically altered intestinal microbiomes. 8-Bromo-6-chloroflavone 4'-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside and 8-bromo-6-chloroflavanone showed the most promising results as bactericidal agents. They significantly limited or inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria without adversely affecting the probiotic's growth. Digestion in vitro studies indicated that 6-methyl-8-nitroflavone and 8-bromo-6-chloroflavone positively modulated the gut microbiome by increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing potentially pathogenic microbes. This effect was most notable in microbiomes characteristic of older individuals and those recovering from chemotherapy or antibiotic treatments. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of flavonoid compounds, particularly those with specific halogen and nitro substitutions, in enhancing gut health.

First Phase of the Clinical trial of the AS-Probionorm Probiotic Medication for the treatment of Human Intestinal Infections

The effectiveness of probiotic medications in the treatment of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract has been proven in many clinical studies. Despite this, currently, some preparations do not have the appropriate quality and activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The reason for this is the lack of a stage for the selection of antagonists to specific pathogens at the stage of research and medication development. Given the high prevalence of intestinal infections among the population of Kazakhstan and the lack of made-in-Kazakhstan probiotic medications in the pharmaceutical market, there is a need to introduce an effective preparation based on probiotic microorganisms for the treatment of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the methodology and results of the first phase of clinical trials of this preparation. The study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration, the Order of the Acting Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Order of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 20 healthy volunteers of both sexes aged 18 to 50 years with a verified state of health, who had given informed consent, were examined before the start of the study, and the results of clinical measurement of the initial condition were also obtained, which was then compared with daily measurements during the use of the preparation under study and a week after the last administration. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the preparation was well-tolerated without noticeable side effects, which indicates the safety of the medication.

A comprehensive review of the characterization, host interactions, and stabilization advancements on probiotics: Addressing the challenges in functional food diversification.

The demand for functional food is rising in tandem with the prevalence of chronic diseases. Probiotics play a crucial role in functional food development, yet their ability to confer health benefits to the host remains a topic of debate according to Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization requirements. The application of culturomics, innovative isolation techniques, within the realm of probiotics is increasingly deemed essential for fully harnessing the latent potential of microbial reservoirs. Nevertheless, its application remains confined predominantly to human fecal sources. Following the integration of probiogenomics, significant advancements have been made in the safety assessment of probiotics. However, the adoption of novel probiotic microorganisms has yet to match the requisite pace. Progress in research concerning host-probiotic interactions by employing omics technologies, particularly in animal models, is notable. Nonetheless, the comprehensive elucidation of mechanisms of action and human trial studies are lagging behind. Additionally, the viability of probiotics, spanning from their production as functional foods to their transit to the human colon, has markedly improved through encapsulation techniques. Nevertheless, opportunities for exploration persist regarding alternative coating materials and diverse encapsulation methodologies. Furthermore, there is a discernible transition in the domain of probiotic-based functional foods, shifting away from a primarily dairy-centric focus toward inclusion in a broader array of food categories. This comprehensive review addresses critical issues ranging from isolation sources and novel techniques to the final functional food developments. while doing so, it explores probiogenomics applications for probiotic characterization, investigations into host-probiotic interactions, and strategies for probiotic stabilization under harsh environmental conditions.

Development of probiotic functional food and evaluation of its functional properties

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that enhance human health by improving intestinal microbial balance. It helps in improving digestive health, enhances immunity, and improves psychiatric health, cardiac health and weight management. The present study explores the potential of using probiotic microorganisms from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) leaves as sources for starter culture bacteria for curd preparation. Four types of curd were developed: cow's milk with colocasia leaf starter culture (MC), cow's milk with lotus leaf starter culture (ML), red sorghum and cow's milk mixture with colocasia leaf starter (MRC), and red sorghum and cow's milk mixture with lotus leaf starter (MRL). Metagenomic analysis showed that MC curd contained Acetobacter sp., (51%), Lactococcus sp., (26%), and Leuconostoc sp., (18%), while ML curd had Lactococcus sp., (67%), Leuconostoc sp. (20%), and Lactobacillus sp., (10%). Physicochemical study of MRC and MRL showed 2.94 ± 0.84 % and 2.84 ± 0.14 % of carbohydrate content, respectively. The analysis of MRC and MRL showed a significant increase in the color parameter “a*” probably due to the presence of anthocyanin in red sorghum milk. The MRC and MRL showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The MRL curd showed the highest glucose uptake and cytotoxicity in the L6 cell line and also demonstrated potent α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 2.383 ± 0.286 μg/ml) compared to MRC (IC50 = 13.02 ± 0.112 μg/ml). Thus, in-vitro anti-diabetic activity of red sorghum-fortified curds was found superior to MC and ML curds. This study suggests that red sorghum fortification enhances curd quality and provides notable health benefits.

Topical Application of Cha-Koji, Green Tea Leaves Fermented with Aspergillus Luchuensis var Kawachii Kitahara, Promotes Acute Cutaneous Wound Healing in Mice

“Koji” is one of the most well-known probiotic microorganisms in Japan that contribute to the maintenance of human health. Although the beneficial effects of some probiotics on ulcer healing have been demonstrated, there have been no reports on the wound healing effects of koji to date. In the present study, we investigated the effects of “cha-koji”, green tea leaves fermented with Aspergillus luchuensis, on cutaneous wound healing, using a linear incision wound mouse model. Topical application of autoclave-sterilized cha-koji suspension on the dorsal incision wound area healed the wound significantly faster and, notably, with less scarring than did the green tea or the control distilled water treatment. Further in vitro experiments revealed that the accelerated effects of cha-koji could be attributed to its increased anti-bacterial activity, enhanced epidermal cell proliferation and migration, augmented expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β1, reduced expression of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in macrophages, and decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, we conducted a skin sensitizing potential test, which revealed that cha-koji had no adverse effects that posed a sensitizing risk. Thus, cha-koji may have a potent therapeutic effect on cutaneous wound healing, opening up a new avenue for its clinical application as a medical aid.

Probiotic microorganisms affect the reproductive and nervous systems of male rats treated with acrylamide

Objective: To evaluate the protective effects of probiotic microorganisms on the reproductive and nervous systems of male rats treated with acrylamide. Methods: Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and received normal saline through gavage (control), acrylamide 20 mg/kg body weight, acrylamide plus probiotic microorganisms (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Streptococcus thermophilus and fructooligosaccharides, all mixed in sachets) 20 or 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively. After 30 days, the testis, prostate, seminal vesicle and cerebellum were removed, fixed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H & E). The Johnsen score was used to classify spermatogenesis. Cavalieri's principle method was used to evaluate the total volume (in mm3) of the testes. The number of each intratubular cell type as well as intertubular Leydig cells in whole samples was measured using the physical dissector counting techniques. Stereological analysis and the grids were used to determine the volume of cerebellar layers as well as the Purkinje cell number. Results: The testis weight decreased significantly in the acrylamide- treated group compared to the other groups (P<0.001). The number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and Leydig cells in the acrylamide-treated group were significantly less compared to the control group (P<0.05), while they were increased significantly in the acrylamide+200 mg/kg probiotic group (P<0.05; P<0.01). The mean Johnsen score in the acrylamide-treated group was lower than in the control group (P<0.001). Acrylamide-induced changes including congestion, vacuolization in the secretory epithelial cells, and epithelial rupture were observed in the prostate and seminal vesicle. The volumes of cerebellar layers were decreased in the acrylamide group compared to the control group while recovered in both probiotic treated groups. Conclusions: Probiotic microorganisms alleviate acrylamide- induced toxicities against the reproductive and cerebellar tissues in rats.

Production and evaluation of new microbic strains on zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants and control of Powdery mildew and Cladosporiosis

Research objective: The main objective of this article is to report the results obtained from the use of new microbial strains on vegetable plants. In particular, the article will deal with two important topics: i) the study of the effect of microorganisms on the biomass of vegetable plants; ii) the possible control of mortality due to diseases such as powdery mildew and Cladosporiosis. The information reported in this research work can support the design of cropping systems in which agricultural sustainability is fundamental due to the presence of microorganisms with biostimulating activity and as a possible alternative to synthetic plant protection products. Materials and Methods: The plants were grown in pots under controlled conditions; 30 seedlings per thesis, divided into 3 replications of 10 plants each, were planted in early February 2024. The plants used in the trial were Cucurbita pepo L.. The six experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group without microorganisms, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate; ii) group with Paecilomyces lilacinus, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (4.5 x 106 spores/ml), 5ml of product sprayed per kg of substrate; iii) group with Azospirillum sp., irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (4 x 108 spores/g), 1g of mixed product per kg of substrate; iv) group with Glomus sp., irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (3 x 109 spores/g), 1g of mixed product per kg of substrate; v) group with Trichoderma viride, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (3.6 x 108 spores/ml), 5ml of product sprayed per kg of substrate; vi) group with mix Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma viride, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate, (2.3 x 108 spores/ml) 5 ml of product sprayed per kg of substrate. On 5 June 2024, plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area per plant (mm2), primary root length (mm), biomass of the aerial and root system, number and weight of fruits, flowers number and the number of plants dead from powdery mildew and cladosporiosis attacks were recorded. Results and Discussion: The experiment showed that the use of of different types of probiotic and plant defence microorganisms can indeed significantly improve the vegetative and root growth of Cucurbita pepo L.. All treatments showed a significant improvement over the untreated control for the agronomic parameters analysed. The Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma viride treatment with a mix of microorganisms was significantly the best in terms of increasing vegetative and root biomass. Improvements were also found in plant height, number of leaves, leaf area and root length. In addition, significant effects were found on the number of flowers and fruits as well as fruit weight. The trial also revealed the significant effect of the products on the control of powdery mildew and Cladosporiosis, in which case the product PL (Paecilomyces lilacinus) was the best on the two diseases. Conclusions: Experiments have shown that the use of microorganisms can significantly improve the growth, vegetative and root biomass of Cucurbita pepo L.. The treatment also offers increased resistance to mortality that can occur in nursery cultivation. A variety of horticultural and ornamental species have already been tested with microorganisms in previous trials, which highlight other interesting and innovative aspects of the use of microorganisms. Due to the importance of using microbial inoculums in plants, the new agricultural experiments are extremely important as they may allow the development of new products for organic and sustainable farming systems and lead to better results.

Impact of <i>Tritrichomonas</i> spp. on the immune system of Muc2<sup>–/–</sup> mice after antibiotic therapy

While pathogenic protists inhabiting the reproductive tract are well studied, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains a constitutive protist microbiota that is an integral part of the vertebrate microbiome. Currently, the effect of protozoan infections on the host immune system and their potential contribution to disruption of mucosal immune homeostasis are not well understood. Protists, along with bacteria and viruses, are permanent representatives of the human microbiota. The main attention of researchers is focused on studying their pathogenic role in gastrointestinal diseases. However, their role in symbiotic relationships with hosts is relatively little studied. It was previously shown that the closest human ortholog of mouse Trichomonas (Tritrichomonas spp.) is Trichomonas Dientamoeba fragilis, which can cause symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. It is currently unclear whether Dientamoeba fragilis and other protist species such as Enteromonas spp., Entamoeba dispar are commensals, pathobionts, or pathogens of the human intestinal tract. Thus, information about the mutualistic relationships between protists, the gastrointestinal microbiota, and the immune system of mice can be used to understand host-protozoan relationships in humans. The data obtained allow us to evaluate the potential contribution of commensal protozoa in the formation of protective mechanisms of the mucous membrane of animals and humans. We have previously shown that antibiotic therapy leads to an increase in the number of Tritrichomonas spp. along with a reduction in bacteria in the gut of mice with a mutation in the Muc2 gene. A mutation in this gene leads to impaired formation of the intestinal mucosa in mice. Mice with a mutation in the Muc2 gene can be used as model to study human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In this work, we conducted a comparative study of the immunological status of Muc2–/– mice harboring Tritrichomonas spp. after antibiotic therapy for 2 weeks followed by gavage of Lactobacillus johnsonii into mice and mice without introduction of probiotic microorganisms (self-recovery). Analysis of the main populations of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and lymph nodes showed that the introduction of Lactobacillus johnsonii after antibiotic therapy leads to a significant increase in the population of T-lymphocytes in the blood and spleen, and an increase in the number of helper T cells in the lymph nodes of Muc2–/– mice compared to mice without the addition of probiotic microorganisms.

Yinchenhao Decoction mitigates intestinal impairment induced by high carbohydrate diet in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): insights from inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, tight junctions, and microbiota homeostasis.

As a major source of energy, carbohydrates have a protein-saving effect. However, excessive consumption of carbohydrates can lead to the disruption of the intestinal barrier in fish, especially for carnivorous fish. Therefore, traditional Chinese medicine component Yinchenhao Decoction (YD), was used to detect the effect on intestinal barriers and microbial community equilibrium for largemouth bass in current research. In this research, a series of NC (normal carbohydrate diet) and HC (high carbohydrate diet) with graded YD treatments during 10 weeks feeding trial. Results suggested that 2% and 4% YD treatments significantly reduced gut inflammation and mucosal loss caused by HC. Compared with NC, HC significantly decreased the relative expression of intestinal tight junction-related genes (zo1, claudin1, claudin7, and occludin). However, with the application of YD, the expression of tight junction-related genes (zo1, claudin1, and claudin7) increased significantly (p < 0.05). Likewise, administration of YD significantly reduced elevated plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity caused by HC (p < 0.05). Additionally, YD significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related genes (grp78, atf6, chopα, ire1, xbp1, and eifα) and pro-apoptosis genes (casp3, casp8, and bax) (p < 0.05), while upregulating the anti-apoptosis gene bcl2 (p < 0.05). Moreover, YD significantly increased the mRNA expression of antioxidant genes and the enzyme activities of CAT and GPX, while decreased MDA concentration significantly (p < 0.05). Whereas, YD markedly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (il1β, tnfα, il8, and nf-κB) and the immune enzymes activity (ACP and AKP) (p < 0.05) by up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory genes (ikb and il10). Notably, YD modulated the largemouth bass intestinal microbial community, enhanced the diversity and increased the abundance of probiotic microorganisms in the intestinal microbiota. In summary, YD supplementation in HC alleviated inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, tight-junction injury, and microbiota disequilibrium in the intestine, which suggested that YD could be a valuable functional additive in aquaculture.

Synbiotics as Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Review.

Irritable bowel syndrome is a persistent disturbance of the function of the gastrointestinal tract with a prevalence of about 11.2% in the population at large. While the etiology of the disorder remains unclear, there is mounting evidence that the disturbance of the gut microbiota is at least one contributing factor. This insight resulted in clinical trials investigating the therapeutic effects of products containing probiotic microorganisms. Most studies with IBS patients have evaluated the therapeutic effects of mono- and multi-strain probiotics, but only a few studies have investigated the efficacy of synbiotics (combinations of probiotic bacteria and one or more prebiotic components). This review summarizes the results from eight randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials that investigated the efficacy of synbiotic preparations (three mono-strain and five multi-strain products) in adult IBS patients. While data remain sparse, some of the surveyed clinical trials have demonstrated interesting efficacy results in IBS patients. To allow a judgment of the role played by synbiotics in the treatment of IBS patients, more high-quality clinical trials are needed.

Role of Probiotic Microorganisms in the Brain Plasticity Development

Probiotics are defined as beneficial microorganisms that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis mechanisms within the host system, especially in humans. Other than homeostasis, it is also used to improve a host system's cognition, immune functions, and antioxidant levels. Over the past decades, probiotic microorganisms have been used most commonly as traditional fermented foods in our country and some parts of southeast asia. These fermented food products majorly consist of Lactobacillus species, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. plantarum. The present study explored the potential role of three different lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. Plantarum) in forming brain plasticity changes (BPC) with the help of a cue-based learning paradigm (CBLP). Two staged behavioral studies were conducted for all behavioral analysis groups (BAG) before (without probiotic infusions - WiPI) and after probiotic infusions (with probiotic infusions - WPI) in RBLP. Behavioral responses of the WiPI &amp; WPI phases showed the effect of a stress-free habituated environment in developing BPC and strengthening of BPC by oral infusions of probiotic microorganisms (PM). WiPI and WPI behavioral analysis were used in this study to validate BPC in a laboratory-controlled environment. Infusion of probiotic microorganisms through oral passage may have a more significant impact on the synthesis, production, and transmission of neurotransmitter precursor compounds (NPC) from the gut to the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Increased transmission of the NPC strengthens the formed plasticity changes, which results in the formation of cognitive memory functions. Thus, the present study proved that probiotic microorganisms may play a major role in cognition development through the BPC.