Probiotic Feed Research Articles

The Effect of Using Bovine Colostrum and Probiotics on Performance, Egg Traits, Blood Biochemical and Antioxidant Status of Laying Japanese Quails.

The present paper aims to evaluate the effect of different levels of bovine colostrum and probiotic dietary supplementation on egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails. For the trial, 240 laying quails, aged between 24 weeks and 30 weeks, were involved in a 3 × 2 factorial experimental design, with 3 levels of bovine fresh colostrum (0, 2, and 4 percent of the total ratio) and 2 levels of probiotics (0 and 0.01 percent of the total ratio) administration. The colostrum supplementation improved the egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status (p < 0.01). Probiotics used without colostrum did not affect the investigated traits of laying Japanese quails (p > 0.05), but a synergistic effect was observed when combined with colostrum. The overall results recommended that using 4% of bovine colostrum in laying Japanese quails, with the addition of 0.01% of probiotic feed additive results in positive effects on egg production performance, egg traits, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, and antioxidant status of laying Japanese quails in the late laying period.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and Lactobacillus plantarum JL01 improved nitrogen metabolism in weaned piglets by regulating the intestinal flora structure and portal vein metabolites.

At present, most studies have shown that probiotics have a positive regulatory effect on the nutritional metabolism of the body, but the mechanism is still unclear. Here, 48 piglets were divided into four groups. The control group was not fed probiotics, the Lac group was fed L. Rhamnosus GG ATCC53103, the Rha group was fed L. Plantarum JL01, and the mix group was fed two types of probiotics. Nitrogen metabolism and mRNA levels of mTOR and S6K in skeletal muscle were observed in each group. Then, metagenome and non-targeted metabonomics were used to observe the changes of intestinal microorganisms and plasma metabolites in portal channels after probiotics feeding. Finally, we combined the results of omics analysis to reveal the mechanism of probiotics on nitrogen metabolism in weaned piglets. The results showed that L. Rhmnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. Plantarum JL01 increased nitrogen apparent digestibility, nitrogen deposition rate, and nitrogen utilization rate of weaned piglets (P < 0.05); the relative expression of mTOR and SK6 mRNA in skeletal muscle increased significantly (P < 0.05). When L. rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. plantarum JL01 were combined, we found that Clostridium and Prevotella significantly increased in the jejunum (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus, and Prevotella in the ileum increased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, L-Tryptophan, 3-Phosphonyloxypyruvate, cis-Aconitate, and Carbamoyl phosphate were significantly increased in the mixed group portal vein. The result of the combinatorial analysis showed that the significantly increased microorganisms could encode the enzyme genes for the synthesis of L-Tryptophan, 3-Phosphonooxypyruvate, cis-Aconitate, and Carbamoyl phosphate. In summary, our results demonstrated that L. Rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 and L. Plantarum JL01 could stimulate the expression of skeletal muscle protein synthesis genes of weaned piglets by modulating the structure of the gut microbiota and its metabolites, thereby improving nitrogen metabolism in weaned piglets.

Effects of feeding probiotic on daily gain, fecal characteristics and blood metabolites in calf

Feed substrate containing probiotic culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis and Sacharomyces cerevicae were prepared for feeding calves. Twelve 2 weeks old calves were distributed equally in two groups (6 calves in each) and supplemented with (treated) or without probiotic feed (Control). Calves were reared in an individual pan and provided with ad libitum suckling, calf starter, and soft green grass. In 90 days trial period data were collected on growth performance, blood metabolic profile, immune status, fecal microbial load, morbidity etc. It was observed that milk intake, dry matter intake (DMI), daily gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not differed (P&gt;0.05) between treatments. Claves under the probiotic fed group voided feces of better physical properties (color, odor and consistency) compared to the control. Weekly E. coli count (log10CFU/g) in feces was found lower (P&lt;0.01) in the probiotic group compared to the control. The plasma IgG (ng/ml) concentration was found higher (P&lt;0.05) in probiotic group than in the control, and total cholesterol level tended to be high (P=0.071) in the same group. It is concluded that, probiotic feed improved fecal characteristics, lesser E. coli load in feces, lowered diarrheal incidence and improved immunoglobulin status of calves from 15th to 105th days of age. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 52 (2): 45-54

Use of marine microorganisms in designing anti-infective strategies for sustainable aquaculture production.

Aquaculture, a noteworthy food production sector, is confronted with disease occurrences. Treatment of aquaculture pathogens with antibiotics is often rendered ineffective due to biofilm formation and the development of resistant strains. Marine ecosystems encompass unusual microorganisms that produce novel bioactive compounds, including agents that could be used as alternatives to antibiotics. Moreover, biomass and/or biomolecules associated with these microorganisms could act as feed supplements to enhance overall health of aquaculture species' and improve water quality parameters. The present review summarizes contents of studies on such marine microorganisms with the potential to be developed as agents for tackling bacterial diseases in the aquaculture segment. Bioactive compounds produced by marine bacteria are known to inhibit biofilm associated infections mediated by their bactericidal properties (produced by Bacillus, Vibrio, Photobacterium and Pseudoalteromonas species), surfactant activity (obtained from different species of Bacillus and Staphylococcus lentus), anti-adhesive activity (derived from Bacillus sp. and Brevibacterium sp.) and quorum sensing inhibition. Several marine fungal isolates capable of producing antibacterial agents have also been effective in inhibiting aquaculture associated pathogens. Another strategy followed by investigators to reduce severity of infections is the use of bacterial, yeast and microalgae biomass as feed supplements, probiotics and immunostimulants. In some cases, marine microalgae have been employed as sustainable alternatives to fish oil and fish meal without compromising on nutritional quality. Their inclusion in aquaculture feed have enhanced growth, favoured better survival of cultured species and improved water quality parameters. Marine microorganisms (by providing effective bioactive compounds and being used as feed supplements) could enable aquaculture practices to be more sustainable in the future.

Bacillus pfraonensis sp. nov., a new strain isolated from a probiotic feed additive with low cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity

Probiotic products containing living microorganisms are gaining popularity, increasing the importance of their taxonomic status. A Bacillus-like isolate, 70 b, cultured from a probiotic feed additive, was ambiguity in taxonomic assignment and could be a novel member of Bacillus cereus group. The results of colony and cellular morphology, physiological and biochemical analysis mainly including growth performance, carbon source utilization, and rMLST and MLST were not conclusive. Fatty acids profile and molecular genetic analysis especially ANI, DDH, and core genome SNPs-based phylogenetic tree confirmed 70 b as one novel species of B. cereus group and proposed as Bacillus pfraonensis sp. nov. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the genetic differences between 70 b and other species of B. cereus group. Pseudomycoicidin was identified in 70 b. 70 b was active against multidrug-resistant pathogenic strains MRSA. The findings support 70 b is a novel species with low cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity, and provides a better understanding of its unique characteristics and probiotic potential, and exploration of bioactive potential.

Hepatic Symbiotic Bacterium L. reuteri FLRE5K1 Inhibits the Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Activating the IFN-γ/CXCL10/CXCR3 Pathway.

Symbiotic bacteria participate in the formation of the structure and function of the tissues and organs in which they live, and play an essential role in maintaining the balance between health and disease. Lactobacillus reuteri FLRE5K1 was isolated from the liver of healthy mice and proved to be a probiotic with anti-melanoma activity in previous studies. The relationship between hepatic symbiotic probiotics and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been reported yet. In the present study, L. reuteri FLRE5K1 was initially confirmed to successfully enter the liver after being administered by gavage, and the efficacy of probiotic feeding on HCC and its potential mechanism of inhibiting tumor progression were investigated by an orthotopic liver cancer model established. The results showed that L. reuteri FLRE5K1 significantly reduced the tumor formation rate and inhibited tumor growth in mice. From the perspective of mechanism, activation of the IFN-γ/CXCL10/CXCR3 pathway, as well as its positive feedback on the secretion of IFN-γ, induced the polarization of Th0 cell to Th1 cells and inhibited the differentiation of Tregs, which played a key role in the inhibitory effect of L. reuteri FLRE5K1 on the development and progression of HCC.

Regulation of host gene expression by gastrointestinal tract microbiota in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Differences in gut microbiome composition are linked with health, disease and ultimately host fitness; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying that relationship are not well characterized. Here, we modified the fish gut microbiota using antibiotic and probiotic feed treatments to address the effect of host microbiome on gene expression patterns. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gut gene expression was evaluated using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) on hindgut mucosa samples from individuals treated with antibiotic, probiotic and control diets to determine differentially expressed (DE) host genes. Fifty DE host genes were selected for further characterization using nanofluidic qPCR chips. We used 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to characterize the rearing water and host gut microbiome (bacterial) communities. Daily administration of antibiotics and probiotics resulted in significant changes in fish gut and aquatic microbiota as well as more than 100 DE genes in the antibiotic and probiotic treatment fish, relative to healthy controls. Normal microbiota depletion by antibiotics mostly led to downregulation of different aspects of immunity and upregulation of apoptotic process. In the probiotic treatment, genes related to post-translation modification and inflammatory responses were up-regulated relative to controls. Our qPCR results revealed significant effects of treatment (antibiotic and probiotic) on rabep2, aifm3, manf, prmt3 gene transcription. Moreover, we found significant associations between members of Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae with host gene expression patterns. Overall, our analysis showed that the microbiota had significant impacts on many host signalling pathways, specifically targeting immune, developmental and metabolic processes. Our characterization of some of the molecular mechanisms involved in microbiome-host interactions will help develop new strategies for preventing/ treating microbiome disruption-related diseases.

Feeding-Regime-Dependent Intestinal Response of Rainbow Trout after Administration of a Novel Probiotic Feed

Intensive fish farming is associated with a high level of stress, causing immunosuppression. Immunomodulators of natural origin, such as probiotics or phytoadditives, represent a promising alternative for increasing the immune function of fish. In this study, we tested the autochthonous trout probiotic strain L. plantarum R2 in a newly developed, low-cost application form ensuring the rapid revitalization of bacteria. We tested continuous and cyclic feeding regimes with regard to their effect on the intestinal immune response and microbiota of rainbow trout. We found that during the continuous application of probiotic feed, the immune system adapts to the immunomodulator and there is no substantial stimulation of the intestinal immune response. During the cyclic treatment, after a 3-week break in probiotic feeding and the reintroduction of probiotics, there was a significant stimulation of the gene expression of molecules associated with both cellular and humoral immunity (CD8, TGF-β, IL8, TLR9), without affecting the gene expression for IL1 and TNF-α. We can conclude that, in aquaculture, this probiotic feed can be used with a continuous application, which does not cause excessive immunostimulation, or with a cyclic application, which provides the opportunity to stimulate the immunity of trout, for example, in periods of stress.

Influence of probiotics on growth dynamics and blood parameters of Zaanen goats

Relevance. In the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in the rearing of young animals, the restoration of intestinal biocenosis with the use of probiotics — bacterial preparations from live microbial cultures is of great importance.The purpose of the research is to study the effect of probiotic feed additives Klyuver Pro and BeneFIT Basic on growth dynamics, feed costs and blood parameters of Saanen goats.Methods. The studies were carried out at LLC «Lukoz Saba» of the Sabinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The object of the study is the kids of the Saanen breed at the age of seven days. Scientific and economic experience was carried out according to the method of analogues. The chemical composition and nutritional value of feed, the dynamics of changes in live weight, the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of goats were studied. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel. A difference of p ≥ 0.05 was considered significant.Results. Probiotic feed additives Kluver Pro and BeneFIT Basic activate metabolic processes in the body of kids, increase the digestibility and assimilation of feed, which has a positive effect on the growth and development of animals, and reduce feed costs. The live weight of goats treated with probiotics increased (compared with the control) by 7.7% (p ≥ 0.05) and 3.6%. Feed costs decreased per 1 kg of live weight gain decreased by 13.6% and 10.1%.In the blood of animals treated with probiotics, there was an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocytes. In animals of the second group, these indicators increased by 17.4%, 31.7 g/l (39.3%) (p ≥ 0.001) and 4.45 ˟ 1012/l (77.1%) (p ≥ 0.001), in animals the third group — respectively, by 7.5%, 7.7 g / l (9.5%) (p ≥ 0.001) and 1.63 ˟ 1012/l (28.2%), as well as a significant decrease in ESR — by 0, 37 mm/g and 0.18 mm/g (p ≥ 0.001), calcium content by 20% and 24.2% (p ≥ 0.05).

Probiotics formulated from indigenous bacteria from goat digestive tract and fed with fermented mixed feed Eichhornia crassipes and Zea mays cobs

Abstract. Isnawati, Muhaimin FI, Rahayu DA, Fitrihidajati H, Ratnasari E. 2023. Probiotics formulated from indigenous bacteria from goat digestive tract and fed with fermented mixed feed Eichhornia crassipes and Zea mays cobs. Biodiversitas 24: 2906-2911. The provision of cellulolytic bacteria as probiotics in goat feed is crucial to their growth and health. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor the effects of providing cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of goats as probiotics in feed rations. Probiotic cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from the digestive tract of goat food fed with a fermented feed containing a combination of hyacinth and corn cob. In this study, the probiotic types are also different from other studies, namely Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus brevis, and Pseudomonas diminuta. Therefore, its effects on the vegetative and generative growth from various age groups and sexes of test goats are investigated. The goats tested were divided into two groups: fed with and without probiotics, with subgroups based on their sexes (male and female) and age groups (baby, juvenile, and adult). The tested goats were fed for 35 days, and their weight gain and sperm quality were observed; in general, weight gain was observed in goats fed the probiotics. Furthermore, the quality of spermatozoa in adult male goats fed with probiotics is higher than without probiotics, which includes its viability (52.2% to 36.9%), motility (48.1% and ++++ to 33.2% and ++), volume and concentration (1.05 mL/ejaculate with 3.7×109 cells/mL to 0.55 mL/ejaculated with 2.6×109 cells/mL). Based on the results, adding cellulolytic bacterial probiotics to the feed promotes the vegetative growth of goats in different age groups, in male and female goats. Also, it improves reproductive performance in adult male test goats.

Effect of the Supplementation of Endogenous Probiotics in Feed on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, and Non-Specific Immunity Gene Expression of Sandfish, Holothuria scabra Juveniles

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of endogenous compared to commercial probiotics on the growth, digestive enzyme activity, and non-specific immunity of sandfish juveniles. Treatments were: A. diet without probiotic; B. diet supplemented with endogenous probiotics Gamma proteobacterium strain M-4, Bacillus subtilis strain Q-1, Bacillus sp. strain E-2; C. diet supplemented with a commercial probiotic containing B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. pumilus. The research was conducted for 4 months using 12 plastic containers, 30 juveniles each (initial weight of 2.72±0.37 g, mean ± standard deviation). From each container, ten samples were taken randomly every 14 days and weighed and three intestine samples at initial and every following month to analysis enzyme activities. At the end the study, all juveniles were counted and weighed individually, and performed a challenge test by injected a 106 CFU ml-1 Vibrio azureus strain 4C-1 at 0.1 ml/ind. Immune response observed were: total coelomate and gene expression (SOD, CAT, LZM) by Quantitative real-time PCR. The specific growth rate of juveniles fed by diet B was significantly different from treatment A (P&lt;0.05), its final weight was higher compared to diets A and C (P&lt;0.05). Protease, lipase, and amylase activity in treatment B was higher compared to C and A (P&lt;0.05). The survival rate, total coelomocyte count, gene expression after being challenged were higher in treatment B compared to C and A (P&lt;0.05). The present study showed endogenous probiotics promote growth, improve digestion enzyme activity, and stimulate non-specific immune responses.

Infl uence of probiotic feed additives on the blood parameters of the lactating cows

In the practice of dairy cattle breeding, low-quality feed is often used in the animal rations, which have an adverse effect on their physiological state, thereby reducing the productivity. This is especially true for highly productive cows, so the development and application of new feed additives is one of the ways to solve this problem. The purpose of the research was to study the possibility of using probiotic feed additives Diatomite, Monosporin and Zaslon 2+ when feeding dairy cattle and their infl uence on morphological and biochemical blood parameters. In order to conduct scientifi c and practical experiment on the principle of balanced groups, four groups of cows of Black-and-White breed were formed for the third lactation, taking into account their live weight, productivity for the previous lactation, physiological condition and calving date. There were 10 cows in each group. Cows of the 1st control group received the main ration (MR) including haylage, hay and compound feed, cows the 2nd experimental group received MR and additionally probiotic Diatomite (100 g/head/day), cows of the 3rd experimental group received MR and probiotic Monosporin (70 g/head/day), cows 4th experimental group received MR and probiotic Zaslon 2+ (20 g/head/day) mixed with concentrated feed one time per day, in the morning during milking. It was concluded as a result of the research that the use of probiotic feed additives Diatomite, Monosporin and Zaslon 2+ can improve the physiological state of lactating cows and increase the intensity of metabolic processes in the body.

In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of the Probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 Isolated from Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) Honey.

This study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicity of B. amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 (isolated from stingless bee honey) in female Sprague Dawley rats. In an acute toxicity study, the rats received a low dosage (1 × 109 CFU·mL-1), medium dosage (3 × 109 CFU·mL-1), or high dosage (1 × 1010 CFU·mL-1) of B. amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 daily orally by syringe-feeding for 14 days. For the subacute toxicity study, rats received a low dosage (1 × 109 CFU·mL-1) or a high dosage (1 × 1010 CFU·mL-1) for 28 days. The probiotic feeding in acute and sub-acute toxicity studies showed no mortality or significant abnormalities in rats throughout the experimental period. In week 2 of the acute study, the body weight of the rats showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) compared to the control. By gross and microscopic examination of organs, no evidently significant changes were observed in the morphology of organs. Serum biochemical tests and blood hematology tests also revealed no treatment-related changes. Overall, these data indicated that oral administration of B. amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 up to 1 × 109 CFU·mL-1 for 28 days can be considered safe.

Effect of Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum on solid-state fermentation of soybean meal.

As feeding probiotics, Bacillus subtilis FJAT-4842 and Lactobacillus plantarum FJAT-13737 were employed to improve the nutritional value and reduce the risk of contamination in the solid-state fermentation of soybean meal (SBM). After fermentation with bacterium starters, the crude protein, free amino acid and lactic acid increased, with higher protease and cellulose activity. The addition of L. plantarum could increase the crude protein and lactic acid content by 50.1% and 94.9%, respectively. After fermentation, the contents of crude fiber and phytic acid decreased by 45.9% and 48.1%. Compared with control treatment, the addition of both B. subtilis FJAT-4842 and L. plantarum FJAT-13737 could effectively elevate the production of free amino acid and esters. Moreover, the addition of bacterium starter could prevent the production of mycotoxin and promote bacterial diversity of the fermented SBM. Especially, the addition of B. subtilis could reduce the relative content of Staphylococcus. After fermentation for 7 days, lactic acid bacteria including Pediococcus, Weissella and Lactobacillus became the main bacteria in the fermented SBM. The addition of bacterium starter is of benefit with respect to improving the nutritional value and reducing the risk of contamination in the solid-state fermentation of soybean. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

PENAMBAHAN PROBIOTIK Bacillus subtilis DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP BERAT TELUR, TINGGI ALBUMEN, DAN HAUGH UNIT PADA AYAM PETELUR

The increasing need for protein, both meat and eggs, still continues to increase. Antibiotics addition can increase egg growth and production. Based on Law No.18 of 2009 along with Law No.41 of 2014 concerning existing livestock, there is a prohibition on the use of antibiotics mixed with feed. The use of probiotics mixed with feed, is used to increase livestock productivity. This study aims is to determine the effect of Bacillus subtilis probiotics addition on egg weight, albumen height and haugh unit values. 18 Laying hens aged 39 weeks were randomized into 3 treatments with 8 reiterations. The treatment consisted of P0 without the addition of probiotics, P1 with the addition of Bacillus subtilis 0.1 gram / kg of feed probiotics and P2 with the addition of Bacillus subtilis 0.2 gram / kg of feed probiotics. The results of the analysis using the test (ANOVA) showed a significant difference (p &lt;0.05) to the egg weight value, the albumen height values were significant (p &lt;0.05) and (p &lt;0.05) in the haugh unit value . In conclusion the addition of probiotics in concentrations of 0.1 and 0.2 grams can increase the value of egg weight, albumen height and haugh unit.

35 Effects of Supplementing Pre- and Pro-Biotic Feed Ingredients on Performance, Health, and Physiological Responses in Feedlot Cattle

Abstract This experiment examined the effects of a synbiotic supplement (yeast-derived prebiotic + Bacillus subtilis probiotic), which replaced or was fed with feed-grade antimicrobials (monensin and tylosin), on performance and health responses of feedlot cattle. Angus-influenced steers (n = 192) from 4 different sources were weaned and transported 800 km to an experimental feedlot. Steers arrived on d 0 and a shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded. Steers were then ranked by source and shrunk BW and allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (8 steers/pen). Steers a received free-choice diet of 3 treatments: 1) monensin and tylosin (RT; 360 mg/steer/day from Rumensin and 90 mg/steer/day from Tylan; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN), 2) yeast-derived ingredient and B. subtilis probiotic (CC;8 g∙steer-1∙day-1 of Celmanax and 28 g∙steer-1∙day-1 of Certillus; Church and Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ), or 3) a combination of RT and CC (RTCC). Animals were adapted to diets in a stepwise manner which consisted of a receiving diet (d 0 to 56), two step-up diets (step-up: d 57 to 63; step-up 2: d 64 to 70), and a final diet (d 71 to slaughter). The cattle were slaughtered in four groups according to BW and balanced by treatments. More specifically, 33 steers were slaughtered on d 200, 33 steers on d 230, 63 steers on d 257, and 63 steers on d 285. Upon slaughter, hot carcass weight, backfat thickness, Longissimus muscle area, USDA marbling score, USDA yield/quality grades, and liver abscess score were recorded. Overall, feed intake during the duration of the experimental period (d 0 to slaughter) was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in CC compared with RT and RTCC. However, no differences were observed for ADG (P = 0.61), final BW (P = 0.67), or morbidity (P = 0.15). With increases in intake but no differences in ADG the CC group had lower feed efficiency (P = 0.02) when compared with RT and RTCC. Upon slaughter, CC had higher marbling scores compared with RT (P = 0.04). Both the CC and RTCC cattle had larger Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.07) and more carcasses grading choice or better (P &amp;lt; 0.01) when compared with RT. Whereas, hot carcass weight, backfat thickness, and yield grade did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.20). There was tendency observed for liver abscesses (P ≤ 0.09) to be greater in CC compared with RT and RTCC. Overall, supplementing feedlot steers with RT and CC improved feed intake and some carcass measures despite the decreased feed efficiency experienced by these cattle but combining CC and RT did not yield any additional performance or health benefits.

Does the upper respiratory tract microbiome change in dairy calves fed milk replacer containing probiotics?

Abstract Our overall hypothesis is that feeding probiotics to dairy calves will alter overall immunity and may additionally change the microbiome in the respiratory tract as well as the gut. A group of 20 dairy calves were split into two treatment groups: Control (N=10, milk replacer), and Probiotic (N=10, milk replacer + 0.5 g/day Bovamine Dairy). On day 0 birth weight was obtained and the calves were provided colostrum as per the dairy SOP. On day 2, probiotics were added to the milk replacer of the treated group. Blood was collected along with nasal and tonsil swabs on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 48. Calves were monitored daily for fecal, nasal, and ocular discharge scores. Our preliminary data showed no significant differences (P&amp;lt;0.5) between the Control and Probiotic groups in immune cell populations in peripheral blood. DNA was extracted from nasal and tonsil swabs to evaluate the bacterial populations in the upper respiratory microbiome. Hypervariable regions 1 through 3 along the 16S ribosomal RNA gene were amplified by PCR and sequenced by Illumina MiSeq to determine the bacterial taxa present. Evaluation of these samples revealed a greater percentage of operational taxonomy units (OTU) were classified at the genus level in the tonsil compared to the nasal samples. The microbiome of the tonsils was more stable over time points compared to the nasal samples. Evaluation of each timepoint for nasal and tonsil samples identified bacterial taxa that changed in relative abundance with the addition of the probiotic compared to the control diet. Addition of probiotic changed the relative abundance of OTU (P&amp;lt;0.01) in the nasal and tonsil sampling sites and at multiple timepoints. Analyses are ongoing. Project supported by fund from the USDA Agricultural Research Service.

Effect of Moringa leaves fermented by probiotics (Saccharomyces spp.) on abdominal fat and pathogenic bacteria in the intestines of ducks

The use of probiotics in feed is expected to have a synergistic effect with phytochemicals in herbal leaves (Moringa leaves), so that it can improve the growth and health of ducks. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the inclusion of fermented Moringa oleifera leaf powder (FM) by probiotics, on growth and pathogenic bacteria in the jejunum of ducks. A total of 240 male ducks (Anas sp.) aged 2 weeks were randomized into 4 treatment groups with an FM-added diet, namely: 2% (B); 4% FM (C), and 6% FM (D), respectively. Feed without the addition of FM as a control (A). Each treatment was repeated 6 times with 40 ducks. The results, the final body weight (BW), live weight gain (LWG) and feed efficiency (FE) in group B, C, and D ducks were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than group A ducks. In contrast, abdominal fat, the number of Coliform bacteria and E. coli in group B, C, and D ducks, significantly (P≤0.05) lower than control (A). It was concluded that giving 2-6% FM in feed can increase growth and feed efficiency, and conversely, by reducing abdominal fat and pathogenic bacteria in the intestine of ducks.

Effect of dietary Pediococcus pentosaceus MR001 on intestinal bacterial diversity and white spot syndrome virus protection in Pacific white shrimp

This study investigated the effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus MR001 on white spot disease (WSD) resistance and the intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei. In a two-way white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, probiotic supplementation significantly increased the survival of L. vannamei (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group. This result coincided with the upregulation of immunity (hemocyanin, prophenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, LvToll, and STAT) and the reduced WSSV copy number in shrimp given P. pentosaceus MR001 treatment. The probiotic feeding group also significantly enhanced the expression of intestinal digestion (amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, fatty acid binding protein, and fatty acid synthase) -related genes. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene analysis was performed using Illumina sequencing technology to investigate the bacterial composition in the intestine of shrimp during probiotic administration. The results showed that P. pentosaceus MR001 could considerably increase the abundance of potential probiotics and reduce the abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria in the shrimp intestine. Additionally, the metagenomic prediction showed that gut microbiota in shrimp with and without probiotic feedings are related to the diverse pathways. In the probiotic feeding group, the microbiota was mostly related to metabolism, especially the degradation pathway. Our findings suggest that MR001 can improve immune responses and alter the gut microbiota, which may help in preventing WSD in L. vannamei.

Performance of Local Peking Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) with Commercial Probiotics (Probac) at Different Levels

Peking duck is one of the superior ducks that breeders are interested in keeping. Maintaining broiler ducks often occurs with several obstacles including mortality, high feed conversion and target body weight couldn’t achieve. The use of probiotics generally gives a positive response on livestock performance. This study aims to determine the performance of local Peking ducks with the addition of commercial probiotics (Probac) with different levels. The study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Experimental level with P0 (without probiotics), P1 (1g/kg feed probiotics), P2 (2g/kg feed probiotics), P3 (3kg/kg feed probiotics) The variables observed were body weight, feed conversion and mortality. The best results showed that the use of a commercial probiotic (Probac) with a P2 level (2g/kg feed) had an effect on body weight, but had no effect on feed conversion and mortality in local Peking ducks. It is recommended to use a commercial probiotic (Probac) at a dose of 2g/kg of feed to increase the performance of local Peking ducks