Probing Questions Research Articles

The reasons for seeking dental services from unqualified operators: A qualitative study

Dental services are widely available in Malaysia, but individuals are continuously reported seeking the services of non-dentist. This study was aimed at exploring the reasons for seeking dental services by individuals from unqualified operators. A qualitative study was carried out and recruited individuals who sought dental treatment from the operators. The participants were identified from the operators’ online advertisement, social media and using a snowball sampling method. Interviews were conducted face-to-face and through online meetings and recorded digitally. Structured, open-ended, and probing questions were asked using a list of topical guided questions. The recordings were transcribed, and thematic analysis was carried out using Atlas.ti Version 9. The eight participants included in this study had fitted orthodontic appliances and dental veneers, and tooth whitening services done by unqualified operators. The reasons were classified into two main themes. The dental aesthetic reasons are related to the dissatisfaction with teeth presentation including malocclusion, dental spacing and teeth whitening. The theme of non-dental related reasons is categorised into four subthemes: following the trend, cost of services, naïve and access to services. The reasons for seeking dental services from unqualified operators are multifactorial. Individuals who seek services from unqualified operators have a valid need for treatment, but their decision is strongly influenced by non-dental reasons, of which the high cost of treatment at private dental clinics and being naïve about dental services are likely the most important. More public campaigns should be done to educate and raise awareness on the issue to the public.

Taken, blessed, broken, and shared: lived experiences of parish catechists teaching religion in public schools

Catechists play a significant role in the church’s evangelization. Despite the numerous problems they experienced, they remained faithful to their vocation. Thus, this phenomenological study intends to explore the lived experiences of the parish catechists teaching religion in public schools. Using a purposive sampling method, the data were gathered from six conversation partners coming from the north, south, and central of the diocese through an unstructured in-depth interview. There was only one overarching question and probing questions were asked to cull out significant information. The data were analyzed using recursive textual analysis adopting the framework of Lichtman's 3C's. The findings of the study reveal that in teaching religion in public schools, catechists found meaning in their vocation, encountered numerous challenges in their teaching ministry, utilized different strategies in overcoming the challenges, and experienced joy in teaching religion. Generally, they are happy and committed in their teaching ministry despite the challenges they encountered. With these results, full support is necessary to address their needs and to ensure the quality of their teaching performance.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the eHealth Literacy Scale for Brazilian adolescents.

The aim of this study was to undertake a cross-cultural adaptation of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) instrument to measure digital health literacy of Brazilian adolescents. eHEALS is a scale consisting of 8 items that measure self-perception related to the consumption of electronic health information. This is a methodological study of cross-cultural adaptation, conducted out from February 2022 to June 2022. The following steps were carried out: a) assessment and adequacy of cultural equivalence by a committee of experts; b) back-translation; c) synthesis of back-translations; d) cognitive testing with 42 Brazilian adolescents, using cognitive interviews with probing questions. All items that were difficult to understand were adapted to the (language) context of Brazilian adolescents. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for eHEALS-BrA was 0.81 and, if one of the items were excluded from the instrument, it ranged from 0.75-0.81. This version of the eHEALS proved to be culturally well-adapted to the context of Brazilian adolescents, and has the potential to measure digital health literacy in this population after having its validation confirmed through psychometric analyses.

The Effect of Probe Thinking Strategy (Application of Principles) on Acquisition of Some Basic Offensive Skills in Handball

Probe thinking is the structure that emerges from the interaction between the student and what he encounters, rather than what he is taught, and thinking that is focused on posing questions and coming up with solutions, the spark that keeps a learner interested. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to investigate the possible effect of probe thinking strategy on acquisition of some basic offensive skills in handball. A control group and an experimental group were utilized in a pre-post-test design. Following the pre-test, the experimental group received the treatment whereas the control group did not. For the analysis, 20 learners from Cihan University-Erbil, Iraq, were taken into consideration. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the statistical analysis (i.e., Independent samples t-test) in terms of how the two groups performed on the pre- and post-tests. The results revealed that the use of probe questions strategy is effective for the Sports Sciences students to get better results regarding pass-test, dribble-test, and shot-test. The findings of the present study can benefit all the educators and the students as well to have a better performance in practical courses. At the same time, these results can be double checked for the other sports so that they can be generalized to all the branches of Sports Sciences.

Enhancing nursing students' reflection through Padlet: an action research.

Reflective practice is encouraged amongst healthcare students, including nursing students. However, students do not have a 'safe space' to practice reflection before being assessed. Padlet is an interactive platform that can potentially facilitate students' reflection via its features that enables anonymous participation, asynchronous participation and collaborative learning environment. This study aims to explore the influence of current reflection teaching method on students' reflective practice and how Padlet can facilitate students' reflective practice. An action research was undertaken with 22 first year nursing students from Feb to May 2023. Participants answered questions anonymously pre-class and post-class in two Padlet boards. The researcher gave constructive feedback and signposted good examples of reflection to participants thus enabling 'champion' students to emerge during the process. Anonymous texts from two Padlet boards were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis technique. Three themes were generated: i) Unpacking variation in students baseline understanding of reflection; ii) Co-constructed understanding of reflection and iii) Prompting reflective practice through tools and triggers. Students joined the study with different presumptions and understanding of reflection, ranging from descriptive understanding of the concept, a total misunderstanding of the concept and in-depth understanding of reflection. They all indicated a changed understanding of reflection post-class and emphasized the benefits of a socially constructed learning process. Participants suggested the use of reflective tools (via reflective models) and triggers (via probing questions and feedback) as useful to facilitate their reflection. This study indicates that the current teaching materials enable students to enhance their understanding of reflection. Nevertheless, students could potentially benefit from tools and triggers that will initiate and support their reflection. To that end, Padlet proves a promising tool to enhance students' reflection via its function to enable anonymity, asynchronous participation and socially constructed learning environment.

Development of a Qualitative Assessment Instrument for Cognitive Processes in Gaming Decision

Indonesia ranks 6th with the highest number of online gamers in Asia and 12th in the world gaming market. When online gamers become addicted, they lose the ability to halt or control their gaming behavior, leading to problematic behavior. Decision-making processes at the cognitive level are considered relevant in various addictive behaviors, including inappropriate gaming behavior. Exploratory research can be conducted using a qualitative technique, with data collected through in-depth interviews, to acquire an in-depth understanding of the comparison of the interaction process of each cognitive component in decision-making to play online games. This research was conducted in Bandung from December 2021 to December 2022. Steps are needed to develop guidelines that explore the functioning of affective and cognitive responses (coping, cognitive and affective bias, and craving and urge) and executive and inhibitory control. The guideline used a cognitive theoretical framework in addictive behavior, namely the I-PACE model, with a multidimensional theoretical basis. Through theoretical deepening, it was derived as a guideline divided into three main aspects, four sub-aspects, 32 main questions, and 36 probing questions.

Ghost Gardens: The Intersection Between Electronic Archives and Artistic Research

Drawing on the works of Jaques Derrida (1930–2004) – principally Archive Fever (1995) and Cinders (1987) – and Mark Fisher’s (1968–2017) Ghosts of My Life (2014) as interlocutors, I engage with concepts surrounding the electronic archive in artistic creation and research. I discuss my recent composition Ghost Gardens, a sixty-minute digital soundscape derived from the histories of Lascar sailors employed by the British East India Company during the 19th century, and current issues pertaining to climate change, habitat and species loss. I reflect upon the nature of the archive in a period of rapid environmental change, vanishing acoustic terrain and its preservation, through the lens of Ghost Gardens as a creative project which explores the intersection between sound, film, ecology and deconstruction in the digital domain. The creation of the soundscape has both utilised and generated digital film, audio and photographic archives, while the research process involved archival research pertaining to the East India Company. The sonic seascape forms part of a multi-layered, technologically enabled, interdisciplinary body of work; an ocean of sound that probes questions pertaining to the nature of recording and inscription of electronic documentation and retrieval.

Paint company’s entry decision into putty market

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students will be able to understand the putty industry, consumer behaviour for putty, comparative advantage of putty to different industries and within industry and market entry strategy for newly introduced product. Case overview/synopsis Putty market in India grew at a compound annual growth rate of 15% over the period FY07–FY20. Many organized and unorganized players entered the putty market since its introduction. Putty was invented by cement companies to increase offtake of cement which otherwise declined owing to reduced use of marble. Painters are purchasing putty to be used before the paint to improve the texture of the walls and to fill cracks. Therefore, to take advantage of distribution channels and dealers’ network, paint companies introduced putty. Consumers, who use putty to improve aesthetics of their home, have very less knowledge about putty. They depend on painter or contractor for it. XYZ colourant company wanted to enter the white putty market to use the market opportunity along with coloured putty for economic project where cost is the constraint. This case study culminates with the probing question about the peculiarity of industry where two different industries are involved for the same product. This case study is designed to understand the target consumers’ behaviour and the entry decisions of the company to the growing market. Complexity academic level This case study is designed for use in second-year management programmes, especially for the students of strategic management and marketing strategy courses. Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Mental model of the influence of reactant properties on reaction rate

Reaction rate is still considered difficult by students because it contains abstract concepts and mathematical equations, so students' mental models are not complete. To connect the three levels of representation in the process of addressing chemical problems, learning has to employ mental models as a whole. Therefore, this study aims to obtain students' mental models regarding the influence of reactants properties on reaction rates. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with the Mental Model Diagnostic Test-Interview About Event (MMDT-IAE) instrument. Based on the research results, there are two types of mental models, namely Partial Understanding (PU) and Partial Understanding with Certain Misconceptions (PU/SM). The effect of surface area on reaction rate, students 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 answered correctly but could not connect the three levels of representation, while student 5 could not explain the relationship between effective collisions and reaction rate. The influence of structure on reaction rates, students 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 can answer structure, reactivity and collision theory, while student 5 cannot explain collision theory. Students 1, 4, and 7 can answer all the probing questions but cannot connect the three levels to the influence of ionization energy on the reaction rate. The conclusion of this research is that students' mental models regarding the influence of reactant properties are not complete and there are students who experience misconceptions. The implications of this research are as a basis for teachers to design appropriate learning strategies.

What does better look like in individuals with severe neurodevelopmental impairments? A qualitative descriptive study on SCN2A-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy

PurposeThere are limited psychometric data on outcome measures for children with Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEEs), beyond measuring seizures, and no data to describe meaningful change. This study aimed to explore parent perceptions of important differences in functional abilities that would guide their participation in clinical trials.MethodsThis was a descriptive qualitative study. Semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with 10 families (15 parent participants) with a child with a SCN2A-DEE [8 male, median (range) age 7.5 (4.5–21)] years. Questions and probes sought to understand the child’s functioning across four domains: gross motor, fine motor, communication, and activities of daily living. Additional probing questions sought to identify the smallest differences in the child’s functioning for each domain that would be important to achieve, if enrolling in a traditional therapy clinical trial or in a gene therapy trial. Data were analyzed with directed content analysis.ResultsExpressed meaningful differences appeared to describe smaller developmental steps for children with more limited developmental skills and more complex developmental steps for children with less limited skills and were different for different clinical trial scenarios. Individual meaningful changes were described as important for the child’s quality of life and to facilitate day-to-day caring.ConclusionMeaningful change thresholds have not been evaluated in the DEE literature. This study was a preliminary qualitative approach to inform future studies that will aim to determine quantitative values of change, applicable to groups and within-person, to inform interpretation of specific clinical outcome assessments in individuals with a DEE.

Information needs when deciding to start a new line of therapy for advanced cancer: Are patients, caregivers, and oncologists aligned?

315 Background: Effective decision-making on whether to start the next line of therapy for advanced cancer requires comprehensive, tailored information aligned with needs and preferences of patients and caregivers. Our study aimed to compare patient and caregiver information needs to information that oncologists consider and share when discussing prognosis before starting a new line of therapy. Methods: Our study used Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)-based topic modeling, a text mining method, to extract topics embedded in semi-structured interview transcripts from patient and caregiver (n=20) and oncologist (n=10) participants. Transcripts were collected as part of a larger study to design an interface for a prognostic tool. Patients and caregivers were asked to identify information needs when deciding to start a new line of therapy. Oncologists were asked through critical incident technique to recall a recent patient encounter and, with probing questions, describe information they consider and how they communicate expected survival time. Two members of the study team identified extracted topics using an interactive, intertopic distance map, then compared topics between patient/caregiver and oncologist datasets. Results: Results revealed 6 distinct topics from patients and caregivers and 6 distinct topics from oncologists that we grouped into 3 overall themes (Table 1). While topics across both participant groups were similar, two notable differences were found in patient and caregiver interviews: 1) the desire for information about support-related resources, which was not noted by oncologists, and 2) topics included keywords like “helpful” and “clear” to describe information needs, highlighting the importance of how information is presented by oncologists. Conclusions: LDA-based topic modeling was useful to identify topics from transcripts, highlighting information needs and what is shared when discussing prognosis and starting a new line of therapy. Limitations include use of self-reported descriptions and lack of actual conversations between patients and oncologists. However, findings show the ongoing gap in communication about support-related resources when discussing prognosis. Opportunities exist to enhance communication about prognosis and promote access to resources using decision support tools.[Table: see text]

Norms and necessity: replies to critics

ABSTRACT The critics in this volume raise several important challenges to the modal normativist position developed in Norms and Necessity, including whether the relation I claim holds between semantic rules and necessity claims generates spurious claims of metaphysical necessity, whether the view is circular (implicitly relying on a more 'robust' form of modal realism), and whether it conflicts with truth-conditional semantics. They also raise probing questions about how it compares to other views of modality, including a Lewisian view and an essentialist view. In these replies, I respond to these challenges in ways that precisify the relevant understanding of ‘semantic rules' and the forms they can take, that make clearer the direction of explanation in modal normativism in ways that show the view doesn't rely on a more ‘robust’ form of modal realism, and that give reason for thinking that there is actually no conflict between modal normativism and truth-conditional semantics. I also aim to give a fuller assessment of how it compares to other approaches to modality, including an essentialist approach.

Adaptation of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument and testing with German school-aged children

Abstract Background Children and adolescents in particular navigate in the digital space intensively and use the Internet, social media, and apps to seek health related information. From a public health perspective, the increasing amount of online-based information requires them to possess the abilities to find, understand, evaluate, and apply health information, making digital health literacy more and more important. The Digital Health Literacy Instruments (DHLI) is a psychometrically tested instrument for assessing digital health literacy in adults, which has been adapted for children and adolescents in the United States, using cognitive interviews. However, this version has not yet been adapted for Germany. Hence, the aim of this study is to adapt and test a German version of DHLI for secondary schoolchildren. Methods The pretest tool was translated into German by three native speakers. To test the translated version of the DHLI adapted for secondary schoolchildren, cognitive pretests were conducted with N = 12 children and adolescents aged 10-17 years. The thinking aloud method and probing questions were used during the pretests. The aim of the evaluation was to maximize usability and comprehensibility of the adapted version for schoolchildren in Germany. Results In order to adapt the instrument for a German target group, preferred synonyms were identified during the pretests, as well as a preferred word collocation for health information, namely ‘information about health,’ which was used consistently for all items. Furthermore, two explanations were added in one instruction and one item. Conclusions Based on the results of the pretest analysis, a German version of the DHLI for children and adolescents is now available. Psychometric properties and the methodological quality of the schoolchildren's version of the DHLI have been analyzed in a representative quantitative study, shown in the subsequent presentation.

Enhance nursing students’ reflection through Padlet: an action research

Background: Reflective practice (RP) is encouraged amongst healthcare students, including nursing students. However, students do not have a ‘safe space’ to practice reflection before being assessed. Padlet is an interactive platform that can potentially facilitate students’ reflection via its features that enables anonymous participation, asynchronous participation and collaborative learning environment. This study aims to explore the influence of current reflection teaching method on students’ RP and how Padlet can facilitate students’ RP. Methods: An action research was undertaken with 22 first year nursing students from Feb to May 2023. Participants answered questions anonymously pre-class and post-class in two Padlet boards. The researcher gave constructive feedback and signposted good examples of reflection to participants thus enabling ‘champion’ students to emerge during the process. Anonymous texts from two Padlet boards were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis technique. Results: Three themes were generated: i) Pre-class variable baseline understanding of reflection; ii) Co-constructed reflection and iii) Tools and triggers for reflection. Students joined the study with different presumptions and understanding of reflection, ranging from descriptive understanding of the concept, a total misunderstanding of the concept and in-depth understanding of reflection. They all indicated a changed understanding of reflection post-class and emphasized the benefits of a socially constructed learning process. Participants suggested the use of reflective tools (via reflective models) and triggers (via probing questions and feedback) as useful to facilitate their reflection. Conclusions: This study indicates that the current teaching materials enable students to enhance their understanding of reflection. Nevertheless, students could potentially benefit from tools and triggers that will initiate and support their reflection. To that end, Padlet proves a promising tool to enhance students’ reflection via its function to enable anonymity, asynchronous participation and socially constructed learning environment.

Implementation of Generative Learning Models with Probing Question Methods in Static Fluid Learning

Learners who cannot connect the new knowledge received with previous knowledge will find it difficult to understand learning, causing low learning outcomes. The solution offered is to apply a generative learning model with the probing question method. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of applying a generative learning model with probing question method on the learning outcomes of students in Static Fluid material class XI SMAN 14 Padang. The type of research is Quasi Experimental. The study population was all students of class XI MIPA. Sampling using purposive sampling technique. The research sample is XI MIPA 4 class as an experimental class and XI MIPA 5 class as a control class. A written page in the shape of an objective serves as the tool. The findings revealed a substantial contrast between classes using PBL learning models with probing question techniques and classes using generative learning models with these techniques in terms of the learning outcomes of the students. When compared to the control class, the experimental class's average learning outcomes were 81, while it was 78.4. At a significant threshold of alpha = 0.05, it was determined that tcount = 8.704 and ttable = 1.995 based on the equality test of the two averages. If ttable< tcount, then H0 must be disregarded. The significance of tcount lies in the rejection of H0 and acceptance of H1, which demonstrate that the generative learning model with the probing question method has a beneficial impact on learning outcomes.

Access and Mobility to Transportation for the Rural Poor: Examining the Role of Intermediate Means of Transportation (IMT) in Kafin Lemo, Burra District Ningi Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria

The research examine the role of Intermediate Means of Transportation (IMT) in addressing the transportation needs of the rural poor of KafinLemo ward of Burra district in Ningi local Government area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study was undertaken from a qualitative perspective because of the need to ask more probing questions than just limiting the participants to a set of responses. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The responses highlight the fact that in the absence of the conventional vehicle.

Cognitive Testing of Items Measuring Movement Behaviours in Young Children Aged Zero to Five Years: Development of the Movement Behaviour Questionnaires for -Baby (MBQ-B) and -Child (MBQ-C).

This paper describes the cognitive interview phase of the development of two brief surveys, the Movement Behaviour Questionnaire-Baby (MBQ-B) and Movement Behaviour Questionnaire-Child (MBQ-C), which measure the duration of physical activity, screen time, and sleep of children aged 0-5 years. The aims were (1) review the format, content, and clarity of questionnaire items and response options, (2) understand how parents retrieve, encode, and formulate responses when asked about their child's movement behaviours, and (3) identify potential sources of response error and make appropriate modifications. Interviews with parents of children aged 0-5 years were conducted using concurrent think-aloud techniques and probing questions. Parents reviewed the MBQ-B and/or MBQ-C depending on the developmental stage of their child(ren). Twenty-nine interviews were conducted with 20 parents, over four iterative rounds. Participants recalled usual family routines and rules when estimating the duration/frequency of behaviours. To estimate active play, parents referred to the child's daily routine considering wake and bedtimes, naps, and mealtimes. Participants were influenced by the examples provided, being unable to interpret these as exemplars only. Decomposing general items into specific questions with examples was well received. Use of numeracy skills when estimating duration was evident. Interviews informed revisions to item wording, examples, and recall prompts, which will be taken forward into the MBQ-B and MBQ-C validation studies. Utilising cognitive interviewing can enhance confidence that questionnaire items are correctly interpreted and understood by participants.

The Impact of Audit Committee Skepticism and Reward Power on Auditor Communications with the Audit Committee

ABSTRACT Auditing standards emphasize the importance of strong auditor communications with the audit committee to enhance financial reporting quality. This study examines the effects of audit committee skepticism and reward power, two pervasive audit committee characteristics, on auditor communications with the audit committee. Drawing on accountability theory, we predict and find that greater audit committee skepticism and reward power induce the auditor to communicate more information and report on a more timely basis. Seventy-nine audit partners and managers participated in an experiment where we manipulate between-subjects high or low audit committee skepticism (quantity of probing questions) and high or low reward power (exercising full authority to hire/compensate the auditor versus relying on management). Participants responded to a realistic case regarding an inventory obsolescence issue. A follow-up experiment with 30 participants indicates significant mediation for accountability. The findings underscore the importance of audit committee skepticism and reward power in enhancing auditor communications.

Medication supply chain resilience during disasters: exploration of causes, strategies, and consequences applying Strauss and Corbin's approach to the grounded theory

BackgroundDue to the importance of procurement of medicines and medical supplies during disasters and the significance of an existing resilient supply chain, the present study aimed to explore the causes, strategies, and consequences of the medication supply chain resilience during the Kermanshah, Iran, earthquake experience in 2018.MethodsThis was a qualitative study based on the grounded theory method. The suggested approach by Strauss and Corbin was used. Thirty-two in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted via theoretical sampling, and data were saturated. Open-ended and probing questions were used, and all the interviews were recorded with the prior permission of the participants. Field notes and memoing were also used along with the interviews. Transcribed data were analyzed in three levels of open coding, selective, and axial coding by two researchers with sufficient reflexivity without any conflict of interest.ResultsThe results led to the identification of eight main categories, including "Disaster Management Structure", "Information Management", "Supply Chain Monitoring", "Socio-Cultural Factors", "Planning", "Resource Management", "Medical Service Coverage", and "Waste of time and resources". According to Strauss and Corbin's model, socio-cultural factors and inappropriate structures and planning related to the health system during disasters may waste time and resources.Conclusions"Waste of time and resources” during disasters can be considered the main determinant that can damage the resilience of the medication supply chain. Policymakers need to seek applied strategies for decreasing waste. Socio-cultural interventions, preparedness of information infrastructures and coordination among the stewards and the community during disasters can help the supply chain preserve its resilience and act more effectively.

Girl, Boy, Bakla, Tomboy: Lived Experiences of Mothers with Gay and Lesbian Children

This research explored the personal and social challenges experienced by parents with both gays and lesbians’ children. Phenomenological research was used to investigate some of these challenges experienced by the parents. The participants were selected through snowballing techniques. Six (6) participants were selected to be the research participants. An in-depth interview guide was used to uncover the participants’ experiences. The interview questions were unstructured, validated by experts, and complemented by possible probing questions that will be used if deemed necessary. The researchers had one-on-one interviews with the participants. The researchers transcribed the entire recorded interview and thematically analyzed each conversation. It may be difficult to accept their child’s coming out as gay or lesbian at first, but as a parent, they have a broad mind, and as a mother, they choose to accept and understand their children’s feelings and personalities. Acceptance of gay and lesbian children raises concerns as well. In general, parents welcome their gay and lesbian children’s gender disclosure, in terms of fully accepting their children’s gender representations and responsiveness in which they express sympathy when their child is hurt or frustrated. However, it cannot deny that there is a deep conviction that being a man is meant for a woman, and being a woman is meant for a man, which results of not accepting their children as gender-diverse individuals.