Probability Random Sampling Method Research Articles

Insights into tuberculosis burden in Karachi, Pakistan: A concurrent adult tuberculosis prevalence and child Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection survey.

Pakistan is one of the five highest tuberculosis burden countries globally. We estimated prevalence of adult bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis and annual risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection in children aged 2-4 years in Karachi, Pakistan. The survey design enabled exploration of tuberculosis burden by whether the population had previously been exposed to widespread tuberculosis active case-finding (ACF) activities or not. We conducted a concurrent adult pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence survey and a child M. tuberculosis infection survey using interferon gamma release assays in four districts (Korangi, South, West and Central). A cluster-based unequal probability random sampling method was employed with the a priori plan to oversample Korangi district which had been the focus of tuberculosis ACF activities since 2011. We defined Korangi district as the 'prior ACF' zone and remaining districts as the 'no prior ACF' zone. Between March 2018 and May 2019, 34,962 adults (78·5% of those eligible) and 1,505 children (59·9%) participated. Overall estimated prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis was 387 cases per 100,000 population (95% CI 276-498) with a prevalence of 421 cases [95% CI 276-567] per 100,000 in the 'no prior ACF' and 279 cases [95% CI 155-403] per 100,000 in the 'prior ACF' zone. We estimated the annual risk of M. tuberculosis infection in children to be 1·1% (95% CI 0·7-1·5) in the 'no prior ACF' zone and 0·6% (95% CI 0·3-1·1) in the 'prior ACF' zone. We observed consistent differences in the population distribution of tuberculosis between the 'prior ACF' and 'no prior' ACF zones with a trend towards lower estimates of burden and M. tuberculosis transmission in the 'prior ACF' zone. A plausible explanation is that intensive ACF activities that have been ongoing in Korangi district for the preceding years have noticeably reduced the burden of tuberculosis and transmission.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHATANI PADI VARIETAS INPARI 32 DI KELOMPOK TANI MARDI LESTARI DESA BUNGO KECAMATAN WEDUNG KABUPATEN DEMAK

Bungo Village is one of the villages that produces the most rice in Wedung District. This research aims to determine total costs, revenues, income, BEP and the feasibility of farming based on the RC ratio value. In determining the sample of respondents using the probability random sampling method involving a sample of 30 respondents. Based on lan ownership status, namely own lan (proprietary rights), leased land and sharecropped land, so the research shows that the total costs incurred for rice farming per planting season per hectare consecutively are Rp 14,043,000,-, Rp. 22,793,000,- and Rp. 13,969,000,-. Revenue from rice farming is Rp. 37,092,600,-, Rp. 34,489,800,- and Rp. 16,402,300,-. Rice farming income is Rp. 23,703,600,-, Rp.13,783,800,- and Rp. 8,427,300,-. BEP units are 2,600.5 kg, 4,220.9 kg and 2,586.9 kg. BEP price Rp. 2,044.4, Rp. 3,568.7 and Rp. 2,104.1. The RC ratio values are 2.64, 1.51 and 1.5 respectively, which means that Inpari 32 variety rice farming is worth the effort.

Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety among older adults: A large-scale cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundTo determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety among older adults in China, and explore the associated factors. MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited participants between October 2022 and December 2022. The sample collection utilized a multi-stage stratified equal probability random sampling method. This study included 8436 older adults who underwent interviews utilizing standardized assessment instruments. The assessment of depressive symptoms employed the Patient Health Questionnaire 9, while the evaluation of anxiety utilized the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine the odds ratio and 95 % confidence interval (CI). ResultsThe weighted prevalence rates for depression and anxiety were 2.79 % (95 % CI: 2.38 %–3.28 %) and 1.39 % (95 % CI: 1.12 %–1.74 %), respectively. Older adults who were female, widowed, had irregular dietary habits, spent <1 h per day using electronic devices for socializing and entertainment, engaged in >8 h of sedentary behavior per day, and had chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, insomnia, and Chronic gastroenteritis) displayed a higher likelihood of encountering symptoms indicative of depression and anxiety. Conversely, older adults living in rural areas and those who walked daily were less prone to experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. ConclusionsThis study suggests that the psychological well-being of older adults should be cared for when treating chronic diseases. Moreover, families, communities, and clinics should recognize that supporting regular diets, providing social engagement and recreational activities, encouraging physical activity, and minimizing sedentary behavior can reduce the risk of depression and anxiety.

Investigation of the Influence of Organisational Internal Factors on e-Business Diffusion in the Small-to-Medium Enterprise (SME) Sector in Zimbabwe.

This research investigates the influence of ten selected organisational factors on e-business diffusion. A survey design was engaged, using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. Data was collected electronically through survey monkey platform to reach firms recorded in the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority’s (ZIMRA) Small and Medium Enterprises register which was taken as the sampling frame. A quantitative research design was adopted, using probability random sampling method. Seven hundred (700) questionnaires were e-mailed to owners and managers of the firms and 590 of the 603 returned were usable. The data analysis was based on the demographic information which depicted organisational factors. ANOVA tests were carried out to determine the factors that were significant in influencing the respective firms’ ability to adopt e-business. These were further tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) (AMOS SPSS v26) and goodness of fit tests to reaffirm their significance. Overall, the study concluded that SME characteristics have a significant influence on e-business diffusion in the SME sector in Zimbabwe. The researcher recommended that Government should develop a fully equipped modern national ICT infrastructural network to anchor the internal systems of the SMEs. They should also provide adequate financial support to enable the SMEs develop the requisite internal ICT systems and training of personnel. The SMEs, on their part, should modernise their operational systems to be in line with the current wave of virtual business models necessitated by the ravaging COVID-19 pandemic.

Pengaruh Budaya Organisasi dan Sikap Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Di Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Bandung

The background in this research is that there are problems with organizational culture and work attitudes that are being faced by Dinas Kebudayaan and Pariwisata Kota Bandung. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of organizational culture and work attitudes on employee performance. Researchers want to know and overcome the problems that are happening to the object being addressed. The method used is a quantitative method with descriptive and causal techniques. Sampling used a non probability random sampling method, with a saturated sample of 68 employees. The results of the analysis using software SPSS 21 which proves that organizational culture and work attitudes have a positive and significant effect simultaneously and partially on the performance of the intended object. Partial influence of organizational culture is 23.6% and work attitude is 13.8%. Meanwhile, simultaneously at 37.4%. The conclusion of this study is organizational culture, work attitudes, and employee performance as seen from the results of the overall description analysis included in the good category. This shows that the higher the organizational culture and employee work attitudes, the higher the employee performance at the Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Bandung.

The Effect of Price, Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction Mediated by the Purchase Decision tt PT Maybank Indonesia Finance during the Covid-19 Pandemic

This study discusses the effect of price, service quality on customer satisfaction mediated by purchase decisionss at PT Maybank Indonesia Finance during the covid-19 pandemic. This type of research is descriptive with probability random sampling method that uses 100 online questionnaires from 121 consumer respondents of PT MayBank Indonesia Finance. The data analysis technique in this study is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) using SmartPLS 3.0. Tests were carried out with the outer model, inner model and hypothesis testing of p-value and t-statistics. The results showed that price had a significant effect on customer satisfaction and purchase decisionss, service quality had a significant effect on purchase decisionss and had no effect on customer satisfaction, purchase decisions had a significant effect on customer satisfaction, then price had an effect on customer satisfaction mediated by purchase decisionss and service quality. influence on customer satisfaction which is mediated by purchase decisionss.

Meeting Spiritual Needs to Improve The Quality of Life of Patients in Supervision COVID-19 in Medan

Introduction: Covid-19, a new disease, has been becoming a pandemic. One of the terms in patients exposed to this virus is Patient Under Surveillance. Currently,Covid-19 are under psychological pressure which is one of the factors that affect the patients’ immunity so they need adequate spiritual support from nurses. The purpose of this study is to identify the fulfillment of spiritual needs in improving the quality of life of Covid-19 patients under supervision in Medan. Methods: This type of research is a quantitative study with a correlative approach and a cross sectional study design to determine the fulfillment of the spiritual needs of patients in improving the quality of life of Covid-19 patients under supervision in Medan. Probability random sampling method is used as sampling with simple random sampling technique. There are 40 patients as respondents. A questionnaire contains 14 statements to fulfill the patients’ spiritual needs and 25 statements for the patients’ quality of life using a Likert scale as the instruments. Data analysis with bivariate analysis to identify the fulfillment of spiritual needs in improving the quality of life of Covid-19 patients under supervision in Medan. Chi Square is analyzed using a computer program and used as statistical test. Results: The results of the analysis showed the results of the bivariate test in this study show 19 patients with enough needs, 11 (57.9%) patients who have a good quality of life and 8 (42.1%) patients have a very good quality of life. Among 21 patients with good fulfillment of needs, there are 3 (14.3%) patients have a good quality of life and 18 (85.7%) patients have a very good quality of life. The results of the Chi Square test showed that there is a relationship between patients’ fulfillment and quality of life (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Fulfilling spiritual needs can improve the quality of life of Covid-19 patients under supervision.

Study on the Participation of Environmental Protection NPO in Air Pollution Prevention and Control

Environmental NPO can effectively make up for the absence of government i n the prevention and control of air pollution, and play an important role in environmental protection rights protection, citizens' awareness of environmental protection, environmental conflict regulation and environmental protection international cooperation. At the same time, there are some problems in the participation of environmental protection NPO in the prevention and control of air pollution. In this study, 36 environmental protection NPOs were selected from East, central and Western China by using probability random sampling method, and analyzed by means of triangulation and in-depth inter views. There were some problems in the current environmental protection NPOs' participation in air pollution prevention and control, such as low professional level, lack of organizational resources, laws and regulation lagged, lack of external supervision and voluntary participation. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen the professional capacity building of environmental NPO, improve the laws and regulations system, optimize the internal self-discipline mechanism and external supervision mechanism, and construct the integrity evaluation system and information disclosure system, so as to effectively play the role of environmental NPO in environmental protection, and promote the construction of a community of human destiny to deal with climate change.

Exploring Socio Economic Determinants of Attitude Towards Female Managers in Private and Public Banks: A Case of Bahir Dar City

Businesses and organizations that fail to fully understand attitudes towards female as managers will limit their success. For organizations, uncovering employee’s attitudes about the ability of female to serve in managerial positions will affect the extent to which female are trained and developed for managerial positions or are assigned to supervisors who will encourage them and serve as mentors. Thus, the study aimed to examine socio economic determinants of attitude towards female mangers in private and public banks: a case of Bahir Dar city. The demographic information of employees was independent variables and attitudes towards female mangers was the dependent variable of the study. A total sample of 238 employees was selected by employing probability random sampling method. Enumerator administered schedule that has three sections was distributed to all the selected employees to collect the necessary primary data. Stratified sampling technique was used at the time of data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools such as; frequency tables, percentages, means, standard deviations, and multiple regression were used to data analysis. The value of adjusted R Square obtained were 0.663, demonstrates that 66.3 percent of attitude variation towards female managers can be explained by the independent variables. Based on the statistical analysis, the variables namely gender, age, education level, and direct experience have found a significant influence on attitude towards female managers. The result indicates that significant differences were found on the basis of the above mentioned variables. However, no significant influence on attitude towards female managers were found on the basis of marital status and sector type of the employees.

Factors that Influence the Customer Adoption of Fintech in Hyderabad, India

In the era of digitalisation, financial institutions are transforming in a sea way, providing new variant of services, and adopting new technology to meet customer expectations. Fintech (an innovation enabled with new technology to provide new applications, services, processes, services and business models by financial service companies) is emerging fast in this digitisation process, and financial service firms are at great advantage applying the same. Penetration of E- commerce and smart phone boosted Fintech in the cash driven economy like India. The existing studies on this subject are limited needing further probe into the matter. This is primarily the reason for undertaking the present study. The study aimed at identifying the factors influencing bank customers in the adoption of Fintech in Hyderabad. This study is empirical in nature based on a sample of respondents, selected by adopting probability random sampling method. The data have been analysed using ANOVA, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Multi Variant Regression Model. The results show that there is no significant difference between venture capital backed funding among select continents. This study identified three factors Conducive, Adaptability and Security which influence the usage of Fintech. Conducive is the most enabling influencing factor for usage and adoption of Fintech among bank customers. It is hoped that the findings of this empirical study, based on a reliable sample and valid statistical analysis would have facilitated adding to the existing contributions on the subject.

GÖĞÜS CERRAHİSİ ALANINDA GÖREV YAPAN DOKTORLARIN COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ ÖNCESİ VE PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE ALGILANAN STRES DÜZEYLERİNİN ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Stress is one of the main problems experienced today. The behaviors that people show in these situations of pressure and limitation are defined as stress. In this study, the perceived stress levels of the assistant physician, specialist physician and faculty physicians working in the field of thoracic surgery before and during the pandemic period of COVID-19 were determined. In addition, the perceived stress levels of doctors working in the field of thoracic surgery were examined in terms of variables such as gender, marital status, job position, experience, satisfaction with the institution and monthly income level. The research was carried out with the doctors selected by the probability random sampling method. A total of 66 assistant physicians, specialist physicians and academic staff, 23 women (34.8%), 43 men (65.2%) from different hospitals participated in the study. Questionnaire method and semi-structured interview technique were used in the research as data collection tools. In the research, The Perceived Stress Scale, which is developed by Cohen, Kamarc and Mermelstein (1983) and adapted to Turkish by Eskin et al (2013), designed to measure the perception of how stressful they are in some negative situations that people face in their lives was used. Demographic information and Perceived Stress Scale were prepared and delivered to physicians in an online format. Semi-structured interviews were made by phone or face-to-face. While the satisfaction rate of the physicians involved in thoracic surgery from the working environments before the COVID-19 pandemic and the pandemic process were 89.2%and 69%, respectively. This difference in satisfaction rates for both periods was statistically significant. The analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the total scores of the perceived stress before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the pandemic period. When the perceived stress levels differed according to various variables before and during the COVID-19 pandemic process, it was seen that the perceived stress levels of the physicians who were satisfied and not satisfied with the institution they worked in the pandemic process differed significantly. The results of the logistic regression analysis carried out were the satisfaction of the workplace, the inability to control the important things in the life of the scale (question 2), the frequency of feeling nervous and stressed (question 3), the feeling that everything went well (question 7) and the situations to deal with the things to be done (8th question) showed that the answers given to the questions differ statistically according to the periods.

A Study to Assess the Compliance on “Utilization of Selected Government Health Services” Among the Residents of Rural Areas of Dharwad Taluka.

BACK GROUND OF THE STUDYUtilization is a measure of a relationship between service capacity and service out. Health coverage is a concept expressing the extent of interaction between the service and the people for whom it is intended. Many people do not know when they need care and what the optimal time to seek care is and many conditions not easily diagnosed or treated. Aims and Objectives To determine the Compliance of Rural residents towards the ldquoUtilization of selected Government Health Services and find an association between Compliance of rural respondents and selected Socio Demographic Variables. Design A descriptive co-relational survey research design used. Samples amp Sampling Technique The population of the study was rural residents in selected rural communities of Dharwad Taluka. The sample size was 200 selected by Non probability Random sampling method. The setting of the study was selected rural residents in selected rural communities of Dharwad Taluka. Tools Data was collected with the help of following tools administering structured knowledge and attitude questionnaire. Results The result showed the gender educational status ante natal mothers in the family previous utilization of government health services and participation in the health program were found significant association with their levels of knowledge at 0.05 levels of significance. There will be significant association between compliance of utilization of selected government health services and selected demographic variables of respondents. There is a significant association between the level of utilization score and gender x2 9.8162 at 2 DF. Plt0.05 level of significance however Chi-square value of other variables were not found significant at 0.05 level of significance. Data shows that 66.50 subject had Moderate knowledge 18.50 had adequate knowledge and 15 of subjects had inadequate knowledge. Data shows that majority of subjects 63 were utilizing moderate govt. health services low utilization by 19 and 18 subjects were utilizing highest level of govt. health services. Conclusion satisfied level of knowledge of the rural respondents towards utilization of govt. health services and satisfied level of utilization of health services but it is necessary to improve the level of knowledge and utilization for their better health especially for the low socio economic status of people.

GAYA HIDUP DENGAN KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI DI WILAYAH PEGUNUNGAN DAN PESISIR KABUPATEN BULUKUMBA

Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg while the diastolic pressure is at least 90 mmHg. The incidence of hypertension in the mountainous and coastal areas of Bulukumba Regency increased from year to year, because it was influenced by unhealthy lifestyles, there were several things that led to hypertension, namely smoking, consumption of alcoholic beverages and habits of fast food, coconut milk and fatty foods. consume high sodium levels. The purpose of this study is to know the relationship between smoking lifestyle, diet, and consumption of alcoholic beverages with the incidence of hypertension. This research method uses analytic design with cross sectional design. The sample in this study were 82 people taken by the Probability Random Sampling method with Cluster Sampling technique. Data analysis in this study uses two tests, namely chi square test and fhiser alternative with a significant level of a (<0.05). The results of this study indicate that smoking is obtained (p = 0.046) so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The pattern of eating is obtained (p = 0.012) then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Consumption of alcoholic beverages obtained value (p = 0.027) then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The conclusion in this study is that the lifestyle is closely related to the incidence of hypertension in the mountainous and coastal regions of Kab. Bulukumba. It is recommended for patients with hypertension to always control blood pressure and maintain or avoid risk factors that can increase blood pressure and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

GAYA HIDUP DENGAN KEJADIAN HIPERTENSI DI WILAYAH PEGUNUNGAN DAN PESISIR KABUPATEN BULUKUMBA

Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg while the diastolic pressure is at least 90 mmHg. The incidence of hypertension in the mountainous and coastal areas of Bulukumba Regency increased from year to year, because it was influenced by unhealthy lifestyles, there were several things that led to hypertension, namely smoking, consumption of alcoholic beverages and habits of fast food, coconut milk and fatty foods. consume high sodium levels. The purpose of this study is to know the relationship between smoking lifestyle, diet, and consumption of alcoholic beverages with the incidence of hypertension. This research method uses analytic design with cross sectional design. The sample in this study were 82 people taken by the Probability Random Sampling method with Cluster Sampling technique. Data analysis in this study uses two tests, namely chi square test and fhiser alternative with a significant level of a (&lt;0.05). The results of this study indicate that smoking is obtained (p = 0.046) so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The pattern of eating is obtained (p = 0.012) then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Consumption of alcoholic beverages obtained value (p = 0.027) then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The conclusion in this study is that the lifestyle is closely related to the incidence of hypertension in the mountainous and coastal regions of Kab. Bulukumba. It is recommended for patients with hypertension to always control blood pressure and maintain or avoid risk factors that can increase blood pressure and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

ANALISIS SEGMENTING, TARGETING, POSITIONING PRODUK ( Kajian pada Kopi Bali Banyuatis)

A company can not serve all customers in the vast market. It should observe themarket segment it can serve most effectively. A marketer should perform a strategyof 3 (three) major steps; identify and classify different customers (segmenting);choose one or more market segment to approach (targeting); and to make image oropinion and to communicate the major benefit to the customers that distinguish it tothe other (positioning). And this research aims to formulate a particular marketingstrategy; which consist of segmenting, targeting and positioning of “ Kopi BubukBali Banyuatis” The study was done in Denpasar, 140 sample was taken usingnon probability random sampling method, accidentally. Ordinal data 1 to 5 Likertscale was taken using questionnaire, transformed into interval data using IntervalSuccessive Method. The market segment of Kopi Banyuatis was formulated basedon the analysis of consumers behaviour and psychographic using Cluster Analysiswith K- Mean Cluster, result 3 clusters that are cross-tabulated with demographicvariable to obtain segmented consumer’s profile. The computer software SPSSVer 13.0 and Microsoft Excel-XP were used to assist all calculation steps in theanalysis. The output are: Segment-1, 42,9%, frequent consumption level, readinessto buy is high because they understand the product, positive attitude toward theproduct and its benefit. In terms of psychographic, segment-1 are active, modern,optimistic and secure.Various income, from low into high class. Potential as maintarget of the market. Segment-2, 35,7%, infrequent consumption level, moderate inreadiness to buy, positive attitude toward the product and its benefit. Psychographic:simple, optimistic. Potential as market target next to segment-1. Segment-3, 21,4%,consumption level rare, readiness to buy low, negative toward product and its benefit.Psychographic: logic, normative, homebody. Less potential as market target. Basedon the market size, structure, and the goal and capacity of the company , segment-1choosen as the target of the company. Product positioning on customers head andtheir perception are mapped using Correspondent Analysis and Multi DimensionalScaling (MDS). It shows that Kopi Banyuatis is in tight competition with Kopi BolaDunia regarding quality, discount, gift, and product diversity. Its advantages in quality, discount, gifts and product diversity will not be effective in the long run, because Kopi Banyuatis could easily imitate by its competitors. That’s why itsmarketing mix strategy upon the choosen segment, and product positioning shouldbe adjusted. Outstanding packaging will distinguish it from others. Various taste forthose who always like to try new product, and equal price for the middle-low classconsumers should be considered. Outstanding outlets make them easily seen by thecustomers and other promotion mix through advertising, sales promotion, publicrelations and personal selling should also be considered.

Combination of Probability Random Sampling Method with Non Probability Random Sampling Method (Sampling Versus Sampling Methods)

Combination of Probability Random Sampling Method with Non Probability Random Sampling Method (Sampling Versus Sampling Methods)

Does Survival Vary for Breast Cancer Patients in the United States? A Study from Six Randomly Selected States.

Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Disparities in some characteristics of breast cancer patients and their survival data for six randomly selected states in the US were examined. Materials and Methods A probability random sampling method was used to select the records of 2,000 patients from each of six randomly selected states. Demographic and disease characteristics were extracted from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. To evaluate relationships between variables, we employed a Cox Proportional Regression to compare survival times in the different states. Results Iowa had the highest mean age of diagnosis at 64.14 years (SE = 0.324) and Georgia had the lowest at 57.97 years (SE = 0.313). New Mexico had the longest mean survival time of 189.09 months (SE = 20.414) and Hawaii the shortest at 119.01 (SE = 5.394) months, a 70.08-month difference (5.84 years). Analysis of stage of diagnosis showed that the highest survival times for Whites and American Indians/Alaska Natives were for stage I cancers. The highest survival times for Blacks varied. Stage IV cancer consistently showed the lowest survival times. Conclusions Differences in breast cancer characteristics across states highlight the need to understand differences between the states that result in variances in breast cancer survival.

Does Breast Cancer Drive the Building of Survival Probability Models among States? An Assessment of Goodness of Fit for Patient Data from SEER Registries

Background:Breast cancer is a worldwide public health concern and is the most prevalent type of cancer in women in the United States. This study concerned the best fit of statistical probability models on the basis of survival times for nine state cancer registries: California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Michigan, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington.Materials and Methods:A probability random sampling method was applied to select and extract records of 2,000 breast cancer patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database for each of the nine state cancer registries used in this study. EasyFit software was utilized to identify the best probability models by using goodness of fit tests, and to estimate parameters for various statistical probability distributions that fit survival data.Results:Statistical analysis for the summary of statistics is reported for each of the states for the years 1973 to 2012. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and Chi-squared goodness of fit test values were used for survival data, the highest values of goodness of fit statistics being considered indicative of the best fit survival model for each state.Conclusions:It was found that California, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, New Mexico, and Washington followed the Burr probability distribution, while the Dagum probability distribution gave the best fit for Michigan and Utah, and Hawaii followed the Gamma probability distribution. These findings highlight differences between states through selected sociodemographic variables and also demonstrate probability modeling differences in breast cancer survival times. The results of this study can be used to guide healthcare providers and researchers for further investigations into social and environmental factors in order to reduce the occurrence of and mortality due to breast cancer.

Perbedaan Efikasi Diri Berdasarkan Tipe Pola Asuh Orangtua pada Remaja Tengah di Denpasar

Parenting style are all forms of interaction process between parent and child that will give effect to the personality development of children. The growth of self-efficacy in adolescents is evolve regularly. Beginning of the growth of self-efficacy focused on the elderly, then influenced by siblings, peers, and other adults. In this case the parents and family members have an important role in the formation of adolescent self-efficacy. Patterns of parenting and good interaction with family members is a contributing factor to form a positive self-efficacy in adolescents. Different dynamics of parenting style will also form a different self efficacy in adolescents. The aim of this research is to investigate the difference of self-efficacy based on parenting style of middle adolescents in Denpasar. This research is quantitative comparison. The subjects were middle adolescents in Denpasar as many as 380 people to the criteria of Grade X and XI Senior High School in Denpasar. The sample were selected using Area Probability Random Sampling Method. Method of data collection using the Parenting Scale has tested its validity, the reliability of 0.952 as well as Self-Efficacy Scale also has reliability 0.962. Distribution of the data obtained indicates normal data and homogeneous. Statistical analysis methods with techniques of comparative One Way Anova. Results obtained F = 22.275, p = 0.000 and analysis of Post Hoc get results indicate that the authoritative parenting has a significance of 0.000 Authoritarian, authoritative parenting with 0,000 Permissive, Authoritarian parenting Permissive amounted to 0.163. It means that the difference in self-efficacy based on the type of authoritative parenting with authoritarian, self-efficacy differences with Permissive parenting authoritative, and there is no difference in self-efficacy on the Authoritarian Permissive parenting adolescents in the middle of Denpasar. Keywords : Parenting Style, Self-Efficacy, Middle Adolescents